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A Study of the Rise of Modern Jewish Consciousness in Ludwig August Frankl's "Jews in the East"

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A Study of the Rise of Modern Jewish Consciousness in Ludwig August Frankl's A STUDY OF THE RISE OF MODERN JEWISH CONSCIOUSNESS IN LUDWIG AUGUST FRANKL'S "JEWS IN THE EAST" NANCY MORRIS DEPARTMENT OF JEWISH STUDIES MCGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL SUBMITTED JULY, 1990 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. (c) NANCY MORRIS, 1990 l T A BLE 0 F CON T E N T S A C K N 0 W L E D G E M E N T S · · · · · iv A B S T R A C T . · · · · · , · · · · · · v A B R E G E . · · · · vi CHAPTER l INTRODUCTION A. THE PROBLEM · · · · · · · · · 1 B. THE METHOD · · · · · · · · · · · · 5 C. FRANKL AND 1848 · · · · · · · · · · 6 D. THE EMPIRE · · · · · · · · 8 E. ENLIGHTENMENT AND LIBERALISM 9 F. NATIONALISM AND THE EMPIRE · · · · 11 G. THE CONCEPT OF "MODERN" JEWISH CONSCIOUSNESS 15 H. JEWISH ACTIVITY IN THE EMPIRE · · · · 18 1. CENSORSHIP IN THE VORMAERZ · · · · 21 J. JEWISH ORGANIZATION IN VIENNA · · · · 22 K. FORESHADOWING OF LATER EVENTS 24 L. SUMMARY . · · · · · · · 25 N 0 T E S . · · · · · · · · · · · 27 CHAPTER II LUDWIG AUGUST FRANKL AND HIS TIME A. EARLY LIFE (1810-1827) · · . · · · · 29 B. VIENNA STUDENT YEARS · · · . · · · · · 33 C. THE 1840'S AND SONNTAGSBLAETTER 35 1 · · · · · -- ---------------------------....... ii 1 D. FRANKL AND HIS RELATION TO JUDAISM · · .1 ~') E. JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY · · · . ·1 B F. FRANKL AND THE HABSBURGS 51 G. FRANKL AND THE HOLY LAND 55 H. SUMMARY · · · · 58 N 0 '1' E S · · · · · · · · · · · · hO CHAPTER III "THE JEWS IN THE EAST" AND MODERN CONSCIOUSNESS A. THE LAEMEL FAMILY · · · · · · · · · · · · 62 B. EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTIONS BEHIND THE LAEMEL SCHOOL · · · · · · · · 64 C. THE "HOLY LAND" IN NINETEENTH CENTURY TllOUG 1 HT 70 D. NATIONALISM AND FRANKL · · · · · 75 E. THE IMPERIAL POWERS IN PALESTINE · · · · . 84 F. SUMMARY . · · · · · · · · · · · 92 N 0 TES · · · · · · · · · · · · 94 CHAPTER IV FRANKL AND THE JEWS IN JERUSALEM A. GENERAL ATMOSPHERE: FACTIONS AND SOCIAL SITUATION . · · · · · · · · · lJ / B. IDEAS OF JEWISH RESTORATI0N TO THE HOLY LAND 104 C. IDEAL AND REALITY · · · · 108 D. THE LAEMEL SCHOOL · · · . 11G E. SUMMARY . · · · · · · · · · · · · Ln N 0 TES · · · · · · · · · · · 12 ~J A STUDY OF THE RISE OF MODERN JEWISH CONSCIOUSNESS IN LUDWIG AUGUST FRANKL 1 S "JEWS IN THE EAST" NANCY MORRIS DEPARTMENT OF JEWISH STUDIES MCGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL SUBMITTED JULY, 1990 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES AND RESEARCH IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS. (c) NANCY MORRIS, 1990 ~-- 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. A C K N 0 W L E D G E M E N T 8 · · · IV A B S T R A C T · · · · · · · · V A B R E G E . · . · · · · · · · vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION A. THE PROBLEM · · · 1 B. THE METHOD :., C. FRANKL AND 1848 h D. THE EMPIRE · · · · 11 E. ENLIGHTENMENT AND LIBERALISM C) 1 F. NATIONALI8M AND THE EMPIRE 1 l G. THE CONCEPT OF "MODERN" JEWI8H CONSCIOUSNESS 15 H. JEWISH ACTIVITY IN THE EMPIRE . 18 I. CENSOR8HIP IN THE VORMAERZ · · · 21 J. JEWISH ORGANIZATION IN VIENNA · · · 22 K. FORESHADOWING OF LA'l'ER EVENTS 7.4 L. SUMMARY ?C"• .J N 0 T E 8 . · · · · 7"/ CHAPTER II LUDWIG AUGUST FRANKL AND HIS TIME A. EARLY LIFE (1810-1827) . · · ? ') B. VIENNA STUDENT YEARS · · . ~' J C. THE 1840'8 AND SONN'I'AGS BLAETTER ~ .) 1 ii of 4 D. FRANl<L AND HIS RELATION TO JUDAISM 42 E. JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY · · · · · · · · 48 F. FRANKL AND THE HABSBURGS · · · · 51 G. FRANKL AND THE HOLY LAND · · · · · · · · 55 H. SUMMARY · · · · · 58 N 0 l' E S . · · · · 60 CHAPTER III "THE JEWS IN THE EASTII AND MODERN CONSCIOUSNESS A. THE LAEMEL FAMILY · · · · · · · · · · · 62 B. EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTIONS BEHIND THE LAEMEL SCHOOL · · · · · 64 C. THE "HOLY LAND" IN NINETEENTH CENTURY of' THOUGHT · . · · · · · · 70 D. NATIONALISM AND FRANKL 75 E. THE IMPERIAL POWERS IN PALESTINE · · · · 84 F. SUMMARY · · · · · · · · · · · · · 92 N 0 '1' E S . 94 CHAPTER IV FRANKL AND THE JEWS IN JERUSALEM A. GENERAL ATMOSPHERE: FACTIONS AND SOCIAL SITUATION . · · · · · · · · 97 B. IDEAS OF JEWISH RESTORATION TO THE HOLY LAND 104 C. IDEAL AND REALITY · · · · · · · · · · · · · 108 D. THE LAEMEL SCHOOL 116 E. SUMMARY · · · · 123 'f N 0 TES . 125 .4. · . · · · · · · · · · · · iii CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 127 NOTES. 142 W 0 R R S CONSULTED 1 <1 3 iv A C K N 0 W LED G E MEN T S l would like to thank my advisor, Professor Eugene Orenstein, and aIl the other professors who guided me through my years at the Department of Jewish Studies. l must express my gratitude to the Austrian Government for providing a large part of the funding for my research in Vienna, and for having the courage to allow an exploration of this too undervalued aspect of its own history. l would like to thank Dr. Nikolaus Vielm2tti for his invaluable help, and aiso to thank the staff at the various l!braries and archives, especially the most helpful librarian at the Handschriftensammlung in the Wiener Stadtbibliothek, Herr Meesar. Finally, l would like to thank the friends who supported me through my challenging year in Vienna, and 1 without whom it would not have been as enjoyable. t t v A B S T R ACT In tl1 e history of Austrian Jewry, the year 1848 marked a cruciaL turning point. Although there had becn ~ rapid succession of changes in the lives oi Jews ln Centr~l Europe, 1848 was a definitive beginning on the road to "modernity" from which there could be no turning back. Ludwig August Frankl was a distinguished representative 01 this generation of Jews living in the Habsburg realm. He believed in the revolutionary ideals of 1848, and yet was paradoxically not a radical. He was, rather, a representative of that now often forgotten group of Jews who believed in an evolutionary path to modernity that seemed to offer the loqical and triumphant culmination of a hundred years of culturnl asslmilation. Modernity became their identification and their aspiration, and also led to a new perception of their own Judaism. Ludwig August Frankl brought the elements of this new identity to his mission to found the first secular Jewish school in Jerusalern in 18SG, the Laernel School. t vi A B REG E 1848 marque un point tournant dans l'histoire des Juifs Autrichiens. Apres une rapide succession de changements dans la vie des Juifs d'Europe centrale, l'annee 1848 peut être interprétée comme le début d'un mouvement sans retour vers la modernité. Ludwig August Frankl etait un digne représentant de cette génération juive vivant sous la juridiction des Habsbourg. Bien qu'adherent aux ideaux revolutionnaires de 1848, Ludwig August Frankl ne peut être qualifié de radical. Il était plutôt un membre representatif de cette faction juive, maintenant souvent oubliee, qui croyait en une évolution graduelle vers la mOdernite, dénouement logique et triomphant, selon eux, d'un siecle d'assimilation culturelle. Ils s'identifjerent et aspirèrent a la modernité ce qui les mena à une nouvelle perception de leur judaisme. Ludwig August Frankl apporta 1 avec lui les éléme~ts de cette nouvelle identification lorsqu'il fonda la première école lalque juive à Jérusalem en 1856: l'école Laemel. 1 vii The ultimate cause of all great revolutions, which lies deeper than the effective cause, is not in the accumulation of unwholesome conditions, but in the exhaustion of the cohesjve factor that has enabled the souls to enjoy an artificial contentment. --Robert Musil, The Man without Qualities, Volume Two Adapting themselves to the milieu of the people or country where they live is not only an external protective measure for Jews, but a deep internal desire. Their longing for a homeland, for rest, for security, for friendliness, urges them 1 to attach themselves passionately to the culture of the world around them. And never was such an attachment more effective--except in Spain in the fifteenth century--or happier and more fruitful than in Austria. --stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterdqy . the possibility of political understanding, the ability to write a newspaper article, the vigour required to believe in new mOVéments in art and literature, and countless other things, are wholly founded on a talent for being at certain hours convinced against one's own conviction, for splitting a part otf from the whole content of one's consciousness and for spreading it out to form a new state of entire conviction. --Robert Musil, The Man without 1 Qualities, Volume Two 1 CHAPTER l INTRODUCTION A. THE PROBLEM The Laemel School, founded in 1856 by LUdwig August Frankl, still stands today on Isaiah S~reet 13 in Jerusalem. Its German inscription "Simon Edler von Laemel­ Schule," (school named after the noble, Simon von Laemel), stills bears testament to its fundamental roots in the history of the German-speaking Jews of Vienna. The connection of the Laemel School to the evclution of Viennese Jewry is a crucial one, and will be the focus of this thesis. Jews had had a long connection with the city of Vienna, from the first settlement in the twelfth century, to their return in the 1690's after the expulsion of 1670, and 1 subsequent steady influx and growth throughout the nineteenth century, until the final tragic results of the Anschluss of 1938 with Germany. The early settlement in the middle ages grew, synagogues were built, and Jews flourished to the point where in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, vienna was recognized as the leading community of German Jewry. It became a refuge for victims of persecution from other areas cturing the late fourteenth century, but with an expanding burgher class came an increasing resentment against the Jews who were seen as competitors, and ultimately the Jews were expelled in 1421.
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