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Chad Page 89 5 © 2003 Center for Reproductive Rights www.reproductiverights.org formerly the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy LAWS AND POLICIES AFFECTING THEIR REPRODUCTIVE LIVES CHAD PAGE 89 5. Chad Statistics GENERAL Population I In 1997,the total population of Chad was approximately 6.9 million.1 I The average annual population growth rate between 1995 and 2000 was estimated to be 2.8%.2 I According to the 1993 general census, women comprise 51.6% of the total population.3 I In 1995, 21% of the population resided in urban areas.4 Territory I Chad covers an area of 1,284,000 square kilometers.5 Economy I In 1997,the estimated per capita gross national product (GNP) was U.S.$240.6 I Between 1990 and 1997,the average annual growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) was 1.8%.7 I Approximately 30% of the population have access to primary health care.8 I In 1993, 5.8% of the national budget was devoted to the health sector.9 Employment I In 1997,women comprised 44% of the workforce, or a 1% increase since 1980.10 I The distribution of women in the different sectors of the economy was as follows: 80% in agriculture,19% in services, and 2% in industries.11 I Of persons identified as unemployed, 81.9% are male and live in cities. The unemployed are mainly young people (44% are between 15 and 30 years old) and have a relatively high level of education: 32.1% of the unemployed women have at least a prima- ry education certificate, compared to 40.9% of the men.12 WOMEN’S STATUS I In 1997,the average life expectancy for women was 49.3 years, compared to 46.3 for men.13 I The adult illiteracy rate was 65% for women, compared to 38% for men.14 I In 1997, 39% of women lived in polygamous unions.15 I The average age at first marriage for women aged 20 to 49 was 15.9 years.16 FEMALE MINORS AND ADOLESCENTS I Approximately 48% of the population is under 15 years of age.17 I In 1993, primary school enrollment for school-aged girls was 28.38%, compared to 51.8% for boys.18 I In 1995, the fertility rate of adolescents aged 15 to 19 was estimated at 192 per 1,000.19 I Adolescents, who make up 23% of all women of childbearing age, contribute almost 15% to the total fertility rate.20 I The prevalence of female circumcision/female genital mutilation is estimated at 60%.21 MATERNAL HEALTH I The average total fertility rate (TFR) is estimated at 6.6 children per woman. In the capital, N’djamena, the TFR was 5.8, com- pared to 6.8 in the rural areas.22 I Maternal mortality is estimated at 800 per 100,000 live births.23 PAGE 90 CHA D WOMEN OF THE WORLD: I Infant mortality is estimated at 180 per 1,000 live births.24 I Approximately 15% of births are assisted by trained birth attendants.25 I The average age at first birth is estimated at 18 years.26 CONTRACEPTION AND ABORTION I Contraceptive prevalence for all methods combined (traditional and modern) is estimated at 3.9% and at 1.2% for modern methods.27 I Of those using modern methods in 1993, 0.6% used the birth control pill, 0.2% used injectables, 0.3% used condoms, and 0.1% were sterilized.28 I Data from the N’Djamena general referral hospital show that between 1988 and 1992, post-abortion complications represented 6.35% to 25% of maternal deaths.29 HIV/AIDS AND OTHER STIS I In 1997,the number of HIV-positive adults was estimated at 83,000, or 2.72% of the adult population.30 I Among HIV-positive adults, the number of HIV-positive women was estimated at 42,000.31 I Since the beginning of the epidemic, 75,000 confirmed cases of AIDS have been recorded among adults and children.32 I In 1997,there were an estimated 4,200 HIV-positive children and 55,000 orphans due to AIDS.33 ENDNOTES 1. U NITED NATION S POPULATION FUND (UNFPA), THE STAT E OF WORLD POPULATION, at 70 (1998). 2. Id. 3. BUREAU CENTRAL DU RECENSEMENT,DIRECTION DE LA STATISTIQUE, DES ÉTUDES ÉCONOMIQUES ET DÉMOGRAPHIQUES,ENQUÊTE DÉMOGRAPHIQUE ET DE SANTÉ,1996- 1997,at 2 (May 1998) [hereinafter,1996-97 DHS]. 4. T HE STAT E OF WORLD POPULATION, supra note 1, at 70. 5.1996-97 DHS, supra note 3, at 1. 6. THE WORLD BANK,WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT, at 190 (1998/99). 7. Id., at 210. 8. THE STAT E OF WORLD POPULATION, supra note 1, at 70. 9. M INISTÈRE DU PLAN ET DE LA COOPÉRATION,DIVISIONDELAPOPULATION,POPULA- TION ET DÉVELOPPEMENT AU TCHAD, at 12 (October 1994). 10. WORLD DEVELOPMENT REPORT, supra note 6, at 194. 11. U NITED NATION S,THE WORLD’S WOMEN, at 147(1995). 12. MINISTÈRE DU PLAN ET DE LA COOPÉRATION,RECENSEMENT GÉNÉRAL DE LA POPU- LATION ET DE L’HA BITAT -1993, RAPPORT DE SYNTHÈSE, at 42 (December 1994) [hereinafter, RGPH-1993]. 13. THE STAT E OF WORLD POPULATION, supra note 1, at 67. 14. Id. 15.1996-97 DHS, supra note 3, at 79. 16. Id., at 81. 17. Id., at 2. 18. RGPH-1993, supra note 12, at 25. 19. T HE STAT E OF WORLD POPULATION, supra note 1, at 67. 20.1996-97 DHS, supra note 3, at 52. 21. NAHID TOUBIA, FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATIONS: A CALL FOR GLOB- AL ACTION, at 25 (1995). 22.1996-97 DHS, supra note 3, at xxiii. 23. POPULATION ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT AU TCHAD, supra n o t e 11, a t 11. 24. Id. 25. THE STAT E OF WORLD POPULATION, supra note 1, at 70. 26.1996-97 DHS, supra note 3, at 50. 27. Id., at 63. 28. Id. 29.Magazine of the Association Tchadienne pour le Bien-être Familial (ASTBEF). 30. UNAIDS, REPORT ON THE GLOBAL HIV/AIDS EPIDEMIC, at 64 (June 1998). 31. Id. 32. Id., at 67. 33. Id., at 64. LAWS AND POLICIES AFFECTING THEIR REPRODUCTIVE LIVES CHAD PAGE 91 French and Arabic are the country’s official languages, there are I. Introduction more than one hundred languages and dialects; the most fre- A former French colony, the Republic of Chad (Chad) quently spoken are Sara, Ngambaye, and Sango, all spoken in obtained its independence on August 11, 1960,1 and is today a the south.14 constitutional democracy. Its current constitution was drafted Administratively, the country is divided into 14 prefectures, in 1996.2 Its first president, Mr. François (subsequently Ngar- 71 sub-prefectures, 23 administrative posts, 54 communes, 11 ta) Tombalbaye had been prime minister in 1959, when Chad sultanates, and 446 cantons.15 was an autonomous state within the French Community.3 Then in 1962 Tombalbaye outlawed all opposition parties,4 and II. Setting the Stage: Chad became a one-party state. Tombalbaye’s regime, which The Legal and remained in power until 1975, was characterized by political repression and a succession of revolts throughout the country.5 Political Framework The country experimented with liberalization from the end of To understand the various laws and policies affecting women’s the 1960s to 1971. During this time, conflicts with its Libyan reproductive rights in Chad, it is necessary to examine the neighbor and a severe drought weakened Tombalbaye’s presi- country’s legal and political systems.Without this background, dency.On April 13,1975,Tombalbaye was assassinated during a it is difficult to determine the manner in which laws and poli- military coup, and his regime was overthrown.6 cies are enacted, interpreted, modified, and challenged. The General Felix Malloum was the head of the High Military passage and enforcement of laws often involve specific formal Council from 1975 to February 12,1979.On that date, civil war procedures. Policy enactments, however, are not subject to such broke out in N’Djamena, and fighting continued throughout processes. the 1980s. On June 7, 1982, Hissein Habre, the leader of the A.THE STRUCTURE OF GOVERNMENT Armed Forces of the North (FAN), ousted Goukouni Wedd- eye, the president of the National Union Transitional Govern- Chad’s Constitution (the Constitution) was adopted by refer- 16 ment (GUNT). Habre again instituted a one-party system, the endum on March 31, 1996, and proclaimed Chad “a sover- National Union for Independence and Revolution-UNIR, eign, independent, secular, social, united, and indivisible and state police, the Documentation and Security Department republic, founded on the principles of democracy and the rule 17 (DDS). This regime was characterized by the bloody repression of law and justice.” The Constitution, the fundamental law of opponents, and resulted in roughly 40,000 deaths.7 of Chad, establishes three branches of government: the execu- On December 1, 1990, Colonel Idriss Deby, the head of a tive,legislative,and judicial. coalition of armed rebellions united within the Patriotic Salva- 1. Executive Branch tion Movement (PSM), drove Mr. Hissein HABRE from Executive authority lies with the President of the Republic power, and established a multi-party system. In 1996, Idriss (the President), who is the head of state.18 He monitors com- Deby was proclaimed general of the army and elected presi- pliance with the Constitution and ensures the smooth func- dent of the Republic through contested elections.8 The elec- tioning of the administration, as well as continuity of the tion was held in accordance with the reform passed the same State.19 As head of state, he is the guarantor of independence, year.
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