DOCSLIB.ORG

Sexual and Reproductive Health in Early and Later Adolescence

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sexual and Reproductive Health in Early and Later Adolescence DHS COMPARATIVE REPORTS 45 DHS COMPARATIVE SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN EARLY AND LATER ADOLESCENCE: DHS DATA ON YOUTH AGE 10-19 SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH IN EARLY AND LATER ADOLESCENCE AND LATER IN EARLY SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH DHS COMPARATIVE REPORTS 45 AUGUST 2017 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The report was prepared by Kerry L.D. MacQuarrie, Lindsay Mallick, and Courtney Allen. DHS Comparative Reports No. 45 Sexual and Reproductive Health in Early and Later Adolescence: DHS Data on Youth Age 10-19 Kerry L.D. MacQuarrie1 Lindsay Mallick1 Courtney Allen2 ICF Rockville, Maryland, USA August 2017 1 The DHS Program, Avenir Health 2 The DHS Program, ICF Corresponding author: Kerry L.D. MacQuarrie, The DHS Program, ICF, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; phone: +1 301-572-0282; fax: +1 301-407-6501; email: [email protected] Acknowledgments: The authors wish to express their gratitude to Thomas Pullum, ICF, for developing a Stata program to produce early adolescent fertility rates, an invaluable contribution to this study. We also extend our appreciation to Jessica Williamson, Avenir Health, for a thoughtful review of an early draft and Erica Nybro, ICF, for recommendations on data visualizations. Their suggestions resulted in numerous improvements. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Tom Fish, ICF, who prepared maps for several indicators in the study. The report benefited from the able editing of Diane Stoy and Chris Gramer’s skills with graphics. Thank you. Editor: Diane Stoy Document Production: Chris Gramer This study was carried out with support provided by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through The DHS Program (#AID-OAA-C-13-00095). The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. The DHS Program assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. For additional information about The DHS Program, contact The DHS Program, ICF, 530 Gaither Road, Suite 500, Rockville, MD 20850, USA; phone: 301-407-6500; fax: 301-407-6501; email: [email protected]; Internet: www.dhsprogram.com. Recommended citation: MacQuarrie, Kerry L.D., Lindsay Mallick, and Courtney Allen. 2017. Sexual and Reproductive Health in Early and Later Adolescence: DHS Data on Youth Age 10-19. DHS Comparative Reports No. 45. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF. Contents Tables .................................................................................................................................................................... v Figures .................................................................................................................................................................. v Preface ................................................................................................................................................................ vii Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ ix 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. Methods and Data ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. Adolescents and Marriage ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Median Age at First Marriage ................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Age Distribution of First Marriage ............................................................................................ 8 3. Adolescents and Sexual Debut .............................................................................................................. 17 3.1. Median Age at First Sex .......................................................................................................... 17 3.2. Age Distribution of Sexual Debut ........................................................................................... 21 4. Intersections between Marriage and Sex ............................................................................................... 29 4.1. Premarital Sex ......................................................................................................................... 29 4.2. Current Marital and Sexual Activity Status ............................................................................. 32 5. Contraception ........................................................................................................................................ 35 5.1. Contraceptive Use During Adolescence .................................................................................. 35 6. Fertility .................................................................................................................................................. 39 6.1. Adolescent Fertility ................................................................................................................. 39 6.2. The Initiation of Adolescent Fertility ...................................................................................... 43 6.3. Adolescent Fertility Rates and the Total Fertility Rate ........................................................... 45 7. Maternal Health ..................................................................................................................................... 47 7.1. Adolescent Birth ...................................................................................................................... 48 7.2. Antenatal Care ......................................................................................................................... 51 7.3. Delivery Care ........................................................................................................................... 57 7.4. Low Birth Weight .................................................................................................................... 60 7.5. Postnatal Care .......................................................................................................................... 60 8. Violence ................................................................................................................................................ 63 8.1. Physical Violence .................................................................................................................... 64 8.2. Sexual Violence ....................................................................................................................... 69 9. Discussion and Conclusions .................................................................................................................. 75 References ........................................................................................................................................................... 77 Appendix 1. Calculation of Adolescent Fertility Rates ...................................................................................... 81 Appendix 2. School Attendance ......................................................................................................................... 85 Appendix 3. Household Wealth Quintiles .......................................................................................................... 87 Appendix 4. Rural Residence ............................................................................................................................. 89 Appendix 5. Female Headed Households ........................................................................................................... 91 Appendix 6. Adolescent Fertility Curves ............................................................................................................ 93 iii Tables Table 1. Adolescent Data and Survey Attributes............................................................................................ 4 Table 2. Maternal health indicators to be included in the adolescent report ................................................ 47 Table A3.1. Percent of women and men age 10-19 among the poorest and richest wealth quintile .................. 87 Figures Fig 1. Median age at first marriage among women age 20-24 ................................................................... 6 Fig 2. Median age at first marriage among men and women age 25-29 ..................................................... 7 Fig 3. Probability of marriage in West Africa ............................................................................................ 9 Fig 4. Probability of marriage in East Africa ............................................................................................ 10 Fig 5. Probability of marriage in Southern and Middle Africa ................................................................. 11 Fig 6. Probability of marriage in North Africa, West and Central Asia ................................................... 12 Fig 7. Probability of marriage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Thesis Jonna Both
    Navigating the urban landscapes of uncertainty and human anchorage: girl migrants in N’Djamena 30-08-08 Mphil thesis African Studies University of Leiden/ African Studies Centre Jonna Both Student number: 0166251 1st supervisor: Prof Dr. M.E. de Bruijn (African Studies Centre Leiden) 2nd supervisor: Dr. M.L.J.C. Schrover (History department, University of Leiden) 1 Abstract The capital of Chad can be best described as the place where the countries insecurity and possibilities interact in enlarged and specific forms. N’Djamena is a very specific urban landscape to its residents. The capital in the last years has been the stage to a number of coup-attempts. Corruption, seizure, everyday violence and livelihood insecurity shape and are being shaped by its different inhabitants in different ways. N’Djamena is a city that is characterized by what could be seen as a religious divide, a city in which people of different ethnic groups tend to approach each other based on historical and contemporary hurts and competition. It is a city in which the displacement of houses, traders and market women form a daily “governmental” threat, a city in which military forces influence street life. It is also a city in which people create alliances daily and try to make things work. To understand the interaction between such a specific social-political environment and girls and young women –internal migrants and refugees- living in this environment, this thesis explores the room for manoeuvre of the research groups in the urban landscape. The closeness of peers in very specific ways seems to have been of underestimated value in studies of young female migrants so far.
    [Show full text]
  • Download This Publication
    MEASURE DHS+ assists countries worldwide in the collection and use of data to monitor and evaluate population, health, and nutrition programs. Funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), MEASURE DHS+ is implemented by ORC Macro in Calverton, Maryland. The main objectives of the MEASURE DHS+ project are: 1) to provide decisionmakers in survey countries with information useful for informed policy choices, 2) to expand the international population and health database, 3) to advance survey methodology, and 4) to develop in participating countries the skills and resources necessary to conduct high-quality demographic and health surveys. Information about the MEASURE DHS+ project or the status of MEASURE DHS+ surveys is available on the Internet at http://www.measuredhs.com or by contacting: ORC Macro 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300 Calverton, MD 20705 USA Telephone: 301-572-0200 Fax: 301-572-0999 Email: [email protected] DHS Comparative Reports No. 2 Reproductive Preferences in Developing Countries at the Turn of the Century Charles F. Westoff Akinrinola Bankole April 2002 ORC Macro Calverton, Maryland USA Recommended citation: Westoff, Charles F., and Akinrinola Bankole. 2002. Reproductive Preferences in Developing Countries at the Turn of the Century. DHS Comparative Reports No. 2. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro. Contents Page Preface .................................................................................................................. v Acknowledgments.................................................................................................vi
    [Show full text]
  • Humanitarian Debate: Law, Policy, Action Women CONTENTS
    Volume 92 Number 877 March 2010 Humanitarian debate: Law, policy, action Women CONTENTS 5 Editorial Women 9 Interview with Mary Robinson President of Realizing Rights: The Ethical Globalization Initiative Articles 19 Between Amazons and Sabines: a historical approach to women and war Ire`ne Herrmann and Daniel Palmieri 31 The dialogue of difference: gender perspectives on international humanitarian law Helen Durham and Katie O’Byrne 53 Women fighters and the ‘beautiful soul’ narrative Laura Sjoberg 69 Women’s participation in the Rwandan genocide: mothers or monsters? Nicole Hogg 103 From helplessness to agency: examining the plurality of women’s experiences in armed conflict Medina Haeri and Nadine Puechguirbal 123 Women in detention Julie Ashdown and Mel James 143 Women, armed conflict and language – Gender, violence and discourse Laura J. Shepherd 2 Volume 92 Number 877 March 2010 Articles published by the Review reflect the views of the author alone and not necessarily those of the ICRC or of the Review. Only texts bearing an ICRC signature may be ascribed to the institution. 161 Women, economy, war Carolyn Nordstrom 177 ‘They came with two guns’: the consequences of sexual violence for the mental health of women in armed conflicts Evelyne Josse 197 The Security Council on women in war: between peacebuilding and humanitarian protection Alain-Guy Tachou-Sipowo 221 UN Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820: constructing gender in armed conflict and international humanitarian law Amy Barrow 235 Between rhetoric and reality: exploring
    [Show full text]
  • Women with an Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries and Their Reasons for Not Using a Method
    Women with an Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries and Their Reasons for Not Using a Method Gilda Sedgh, Rubina Hussain, Akinrinola Bankole and Susheela Singh Occasional Report No. 37 June 2007 Acknowledgments This report was written by Gilda Sedgh, Rubina Hussain, Suggested citation: Sedgh G et al., Women with an Akinrinola Bankole and Susheela Singh, all of the unmet need for contraception in developing countries Guttmacher Institute. Input was provided by Jacqueline and their reasons for not using a method, Occasional Darroch, Guttmacher Institute Senior Fellow. Special Report, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2007, No. 37. thanks are due to the following individuals, who re- viewed drafts of this work and provided invaluable com- To order this report, go to www.guttmacher.org. ments: Jacob Adentunji, Bureau for Global Health, U.S. Agency for International Development; Stan Bernstein, ©2007 Guttmacher Institute, a not-for-profit corpora- United Nations Population Fund; Florina Serbanescu, tion advancing sexual and reproductive health world- Division of Reproductive Health, Centers for Disease wide through research, policy analysis and public edu- Control and Prevention; and Charles Westoff, Office of cation. All rights, including translation into other Population Research, Princeton University. languages, are reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the Protection This reported was edited by Haley Ball and pro- of Literary and Artistic Works and the Inter- and Pan duced by Kathleen Randall and Judith Rothman. Re- American Copyright Conventions (Mexico City and search assistance was provided by Alison Gemmill. Buenos Aires). Rights to translate information con- tained in this report may be waived.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from Burundi, Liberia, and Chad Emily Myers Union College - Schenectady, NY
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2016 War and Women Wielding Power: Lessons from Burundi, Liberia, and Chad Emily Myers Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Myers, Emily, "War and Women Wielding Power: Lessons from Burundi, Liberia, and Chad" (2016). Honors Theses. 191. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/191 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WAR AND WOMEN WIELDING POWER LESSONS FROM BURUNDI, LIBERIA, AND CHAD BY EMILY HUDSON MYERS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR HONORS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE UNION COLLEGE MARCH, 2016 INTRODUCTION Since 1989, the world has seen civil war replace traditional war as the prevailing paradigm of conflict. Simultaneously, the world’s leading thinkers, international bodies, and aid organizations have encouraged the idea that women’s rights are human rights, and urged that policy issues be considered through a gendered lens. My thesis aims to connect these two concurrent shifts in geopolitics by examining the relationship between civil war and women. How do women experience civil war differently from men? How does the legacy of civil war change women’s lives? Specifically, my thesis examines the effects civil war has on women’s political power.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Maternal and Infant Health and Mortality in Chad DOI: 10.29063/Ajrh2020/V24i1.4
    Obiang-Obounou and Fuh Maternal and Infant Mortality in Chad ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE The State of Maternal and Infant Health and Mortality in Chad DOI: 10.29063/ajrh2020/v24i1.4 Brice Wilfried Obiang-Obounou1* and Manka Eunice Fuh2 Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea1; Department of Public 2 Policy and Administration, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea *For Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Phone: +82-53-580-5870 Abstract The level of Chad‘s government expenditure on health is a predictor of the general health of the population and, consequently, life expectancy. We used data from the World Bank‘s World Development Indicators and publications from the World Health Organization to assess the state of maternal and infant health and mortality. The primary objective of this research was to investigate whether Chad had reduced the risk of maternal and infant mortality after signing the Abuja Declaration in 2001. We hypothesised that increased general government health expenditure was associated with improved health mediated by increased numbers of skill health workers and minimum out-of-pocket health expenditure. Our secondary objective was to assess effective implementations of health policies in line with the Millennium Development Goals that Chad has agreed to achieve by 2015. We observed that, as of 2015, the government health expenditure was only 6.28% and the population out-of-pocket spending was over 56%. Furthermore, only 20% of women give birth in a hospital. These results led to three major policies recommendations in order to improve maternal and infant health in Chad: skilled birth attendants training, enhanced social status of nurses, and the development of a supplemental nutrition care program for women.
    [Show full text]
  • Partnering for the Well-Being of Women and Children in Chad
    PARTNERING FOR THE WELL-BEING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN CHAD UNICEF and the Government of Chad programme of cooperation since 2012 unitunite feor f orchildr childrenen © UNICEF 2015 Supervision: Bruno Maes Coordination: Lalaina Fatratra Andriamasinoro Writer, layout & design: Tamara Sutila Contents Dear Friends 2 UNICEF in Chad 4 What UNICEF and Partners want to achieve 7 What is it like to be a child in Chad? 8 Achieving success through partnership 10 Polio-free Chad 11 Refocusing on routine immunization 14 Combatting other diseases 16 Longer lives for mothers and children 16 Going for universal coverage 21 Revitalizing basic education 24 Saving lives in Chad’s Sahel Belt 28 Nutrition: on top of the government’s agenda 30 Delivering the basics of life 34 Protective environment for children 38 Complex and multiple emergencies 42 Advocating for children 46 Funding 50 Thank you! 52 PARTNERING FOR THE well-being OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN CHAD | 1 Dear friends, The past three years have been an exceptional journey for UNICEF in Chad. As the country began to rebuild itself after the end of the conf lict in 2008, doors have been opened for UNICEF and our many donors and partners to signif icantly advance children’s and women’s rights. 2 | PARTNERING FOR THE well-being OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN CHAD We seized these opportunities with energy and determination. And the results speak for themselves - polio eradicated in the country in a span of two years, prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services scaled up from 34 to 75 per cent coverage in just a year and close to half a million children on the brink of starvation treated successfully for severe acute malnutrition in the Sahel belt.
    [Show full text]
  • Chad Page 89 5
    © 2003 Center for Reproductive Rights www.reproductiverights.org formerly the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy LAWS AND POLICIES AFFECTING THEIR REPRODUCTIVE LIVES CHAD PAGE 89 5. Chad Statistics GENERAL Population I In 1997,the total population of Chad was approximately 6.9 million.1 I The average annual population growth rate between 1995 and 2000 was estimated to be 2.8%.2 I According to the 1993 general census, women comprise 51.6% of the total population.3 I In 1995, 21% of the population resided in urban areas.4 Territory I Chad covers an area of 1,284,000 square kilometers.5 Economy I In 1997,the estimated per capita gross national product (GNP) was U.S.$240.6 I Between 1990 and 1997,the average annual growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) was 1.8%.7 I Approximately 30% of the population have access to primary health care.8 I In 1993, 5.8% of the national budget was devoted to the health sector.9 Employment I In 1997,women comprised 44% of the workforce, or a 1% increase since 1980.10 I The distribution of women in the different sectors of the economy was as follows: 80% in agriculture,19% in services, and 2% in industries.11 I Of persons identified as unemployed, 81.9% are male and live in cities. The unemployed are mainly young people (44% are between 15 and 30 years old) and have a relatively high level of education: 32.1% of the unemployed women have at least a prima- ry education certificate, compared to 40.9% of the men.12 WOMEN’S STATUS I In 1997,the average life expectancy for women was 49.3 years, compared
    [Show full text]
  • Sahel-Resilience-Brief.Pdf
    POPULATION Policy Brief REFERENCE BUREAU AUGUST 2015 BY JASON BREMNER, KRISTEN P. PATTERSON BUILDING RESILIENCE THROUGH FAMILY AND RACHEL YAVINSKY PLANNING: A TRANSFORMATIVE APPROACH FOR WOMEN, FAMILIES, AND COMMUNITIES In many developing countries, chronic poverty, repeated economic and environmental shocks, and poor health—including lack of access to and use BOX $24.5 of modern contraceptives—contribute to recurring cycles of crisis. Extreme weather events tied to Resilience Has BILLION climate change are increasingly threatening people’s Many Definitions property, livelihoods, and lives. To break these The amount spent on international humanitarian cycles, governments and development partners are The United States Agency for International response in 2014. creating strategies to reduce vulnerability and build Development (USAID)’s 2012 resilience policy resilience—the ability of individuals, households, and program guidance defines resilience as communities, institutions, and ecosystems to “the ability of people, households, communities, withstand crises, recover from them, and adapt so countries, and systems to mitigate, adapt to, as to better endure them in the future.1 and recover from shocks and stresses in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and The powerful combination Researchers and development practitioners from facilitates inclusive growth.”1 of family planning and diverse fields are studying resilience to better keeping girls in school understand different responses to crises (see Box). The Rockefeller Foundation defines resilience enables young women Research suggests that women are critical to building to make positive choices as “the capacity of individuals, communities and about their own health resilience and should be at the center of resilience systems to survive, adapt, and grow in the face and future.
    [Show full text]
  • Africa Regional Report About Indigenous Women and the Sustainable Development Goals
    Africa Regional Report about Indigenous Women and the Sustainable Development Goals 20 May 2021 RECOGNITION ©FIMI Editorial Dr. Mariam Wallet Aboubakrine and Zoé Boirin-Fargues. Acknowledgments Talbi Kahna and Fatma, Khaoula Sabri, Aroussia Tanfouri, Aminatu Gambo and colleagues from FIMI, the Association pour l'Autonomisation de la Femme Peule (AAFP) (Association for the Empowerment of Fulani Women) (AAFP) and Bornface Museke. Voices of Indigenous Women from Africa at the HLPF 2021 This report is presented by the International Indigenous Women's Forum (FIMI) as part of the High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF). FIMI is the largest global network of local, regional, and national organizations from Asia, Africa, the Arctic, the Pacific, and the Americas that advocate Indigenous Women's priorities at the international level. FIMI's work focuses on four main areas, namely the Research Program, the Leadership School, the Ayni Fund, and Participation and Advocacy. While these programs complement each other, the report presented here will focus solely on the Africa region and is part of the Participation and Advocacy program. HLPF 2019. Africa region debate at the media space: Voices of Indigenous Peoples. © Isabelle Flota pour Notimia et IPMG. SUMMARY Indigenous Women in Namibia and Chad make a significant de facto contribution to the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2 and 3. Their circumstances do not facilitate, and may even threaten, their ability to contribute to the implementation of these SDGs. The analysis of the situation of Indigenous Women in these two countries substantiate the lack of available data on the subject. Some programs exist but do not target these women and their unique situations.
    [Show full text]
  • Chad SIGI 2019 Category High SIGI Value 2019 45%
    Country Chad SIGI 2019 Category High SIGI Value 2019 45% Discrimination in the family 56% Legal framework on child marriage 50% Percentage of girls under 18 married 41% Legal framework on household responsibilities 75% Proportion of the population declaring that children will suffer if mothers are working outside home for a pay - Female to male ratio of time spent on unpaid care work - Legal framework on inheritance 50% Legal framework on divorce 50% Restricted physical integrity 32% Legal framework on violence against women 75% Proportion of the female population justifying domestic violence 74% Prevalence of domestic violence against women (lifetime) 29% Legal framework on female genital mutilation (FGM) 25% Share of women who think FGM should continue 29% Share of women who have undergone FGM 38% Sex ratio at birth (natural =105) 105 Legal framework on reproductive rights 25% Female population with unmet needs for family planning 23% Restricted access to productive and financial resources 62% Legal framework on working rights 100% Proportion of the population declaring this is not acceptable for a woman in their family to work outside home for a pay 16% Share of managers (male) 88% Legal framework on access to non-land assets 50% Share of house owners (male) 86% Legal framework on access to land assets 50% Share of agricultural land holders (male) - Legal framework on access to financial services 100% Share of account holders (male) 71% Restricted civil liberties 27% Legal framework on civil rights 0% Legal framework on freedom of movement 0% Percentage of women in the total number of persons not feeling safe walking alone at night 36% Legal framework on political participation 25% Share of the population that believes men are better political leaders than women - Percentage of male MP’s 87% Legal framework on access to justice 75% Share of women declaring lack of confidence in the justice system 32% Note: Higher values indicate higher inequality.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence Against Women and Girls and Resilience Links, Impacts and Perspectives from the Chadian Context
    VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS AND RESILIENCE LINKS, IMPACTS AND PERSPECTIVES FROM THE CHADIAN CONTEXT Virginie Le Masson, Colette Benoudji, Sandra Sotelo Reyes and Giselle Bernard ABOUT THE AUTHORS Colette Bénoudji is the coordinator of Lead Tchad, a Non- Governmental Organisation based in N’Djaména and also works as Knowledge Engagement Leader for the BRACED programme. Her interests focus on the development of local communities in the context of climate change and with a gender perspective. After obtaining a Bachelor diploma in Education Sciences form the University of Lyon, France, Colette conducted her Master studies in Innovation and Societies Development with the Fondation 2IE (International Institute for Water and Environment). Dr Virginie Le Masson is a Research Fellow at the Overseas Development Institute, leading the research theme ‘Gender and social equality’ within the BRACED programme. Her research interests combine disaster risk reduction, sustainable development, human rights and gender equality. She has recently co-edited a book documenting gender relations in the context of climate change. Sandra Sotelo is the Gender Justice and Resilience Advisor at Oxfam Spain. Sandra works on women’s empowerment and protection issues in relation to resilience, mostly in West and Central Africa, and the Caribbean, building on her previous experience working with country program teams and policy makers in aid agencies and non-governmental organisations including DFID and The International Rescue Committee. Her research interests aims at dissecting discriminatory power structures and addressing its impact on development. Giselle Bernard is a post-graduate student at the University of Oxford, department of international development. Before interning at the Overseas Development Institute, she volunteered in numerous civil society initiatives to support refugees across Europe.
    [Show full text]