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ERJ Research Journal Faculty of Engineering Menoufia University

Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria El Adawy, Amr M.* (*Correspondent: Eng. Amr M. El Adawy, Teaching Assistant and MSc Candidate, Architectural Engineering and Environmental Planning Department, Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime , [email protected])

Abstract: Alexandria city is the second largest and second most populated city in Egypt. It suffers from high levels of congestion and air pollution. In order to reverse this decline in the quality of life in cities, attempts should be encouraging people to reduce the usage of private and impress the usage of different public transportation. Taking in consideration that existing public transportation mode choices are unsustainable and undeveloped mode. Hence, the Governments must seek for sustainable modes of , which make use of the space more efficiently than private transport. The aim of the paper is to provide a study of Urban System (UMS) as a successful tool that is used all over the world to improve the urban development, activities and the overall urban environment. The paper method is Qualitative. Finally, the researcher sets out a Transport Questionnaire directed to the users of the recent transit mode under study concluding with recommendations that reflect their needs and points of view which can be implemented in the current policies governing Alexandria for the future. Keywords: Sustainable Public Transport System, Monorail Transit, Heavy Rail Transit, Transport Questionnaire ملخص: اٌ يذُٚت االسكُذسٚت ْٗ ربَٗ اكبش يذُٚت ٔ ربَٗ يذُٚت يٍ حٛذ االصدحبو فٗ يظش ٔ ْٗ حعبَٗ يٍ يسخٕٚبث عبنٛت يٍ االصدحبو ٔ حهٕد انٕٓاء. ٔ نعالس ْزا االَخفبع فٗ َٕعٛت انحٛبة فٗ انًذٌ فبٌ انجٕٓد البذ اٌ حبزل نحذ انًٕاُٛؽٍ نخفغ اسخخذاو انسٛبساث انخبطت ٔ انذفع فٗ احجبة اسخخذاو ٔسبئم انُقم انعبيت , يع االخز فٗ االعخببس ببٌ ٔسبئم انُقم انعبيت انحبنٛت ببَٕاعٓب انًخخهفت نٛسج راث ؽبٛعت يسخذايت ٔ غٛش يخطٕسة. فٗ ػٕء رنك فبٌ انحكٕيبث البذ اٌ حبحذ عٍ ؽشق َقم عبيت راث ؽبٛعت يسخذايت ٔ انخٗ حسخخذو يسبحت ) سعت ( انطشق بطشٚقت اكزش كفبءة يٍ انُقم انخبص. اٌ انٓذف يٍ ْزِ انٕسقت اٌ َقذو دساست السخخذاو َظبو انًَٕٕسٚم انحؼشٖ ) UMS ( كأدِ َبجحت يسخخذيت فٗ جًٛع اَحبء انعبنى نشفع كفبءة اَشطت انخطٕٚش انحؼشٖ ٔ ببنخبنٗ كم انبٛئت انحؼشٚت . فٙ انُٓبٚت فبٌ انببحذ ػٔع اسخقظبء نهُقم يٕجّ نًسخخذٖ خؾ انسكت انحذٚذٚت بٍٛ ابٕقٛش ٔ سٛذ٘ جببش ٔانٕاقع ححج انذساست َخهض يُّ ببحخٛبجبحٓى ٔ سؤاْى انخٗ ًٚكٍ اٌ حذسس فٗ انخطؾ انحكٕيٛت نًحبفظت االسكُذسٚت .

الكلمات الدالة: ؽشق َقم عبيت راث ؽبٛعت يسخذايت, َظبو انًَٕٕسٚم, انسكك انحذٚذٚت , اسخقظبء نهُقم

1. Introduction In Alexandria at present, people's uses are more private, which leads to more cars on the road, heavy congestion and air pollution. To solve this problem, people must be encouraged to use Urban Public Transport, which is introduced in easy and reliable service. Using Urban Public Transport have many advantages, which can be summarised as follows in Table 1.1:

Engineering Research Journal, Vol. 40, No. 4, October 2017, PP: 943-357 349 © Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Egypt

El Adawy, Amr M. “Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria”

Table 1.1: Advantages of Urban Public Transport Each current unsustainable public transit mode in Advantages Alexandria has its problems, such as: Social -It helps promote a sense of • Public : it needs a large number of labours community. For example, for operation, causing pollution, causing street people who are travelling congestion, it is a slow service, having a low together are more likely to capacity and is not comfortable transit mode. feel the connected • ( System) and Heavy Rail community of those who (Commuter Railway System): They need huge travel in cars in isolation. investments, high cost for maintenance, high cost -People are encouraged to for salaries to be paid, government monopolised, lifestyle healthier activity, lacks door -to- door service, less coverage and it especially if they are walking interferes with street traffic. or cycling to the station or stop. -It helps reduce injuries and deaths from car accidents. -Availability of transportation to get to people regardless of Figure 2.1: The diversity of unsustainable and demographics such as undeveloped mode choices of transportation: income or age. Public Bus, Light and Heavy Rail System. (Ahkâm, -It is less stressful. Instead of 2016) (Tram, 2016) (www.waterkingdom.in) driving in traffic or wasting time searching for the elusive The paper focuses on the line of Heavy Rail car park, passengers can (Commuter Railway System) in Alexandria. Heavy public transport to relax and Rail (Commuter Railway System) considers as the listen to music or read a fastest Urban Transport in Alexandria. book. Using Heavy Rail (Commuter Railway System) has Economic -Travel is cheaper than many reasons to exercise caution in Alexandria, owning and operating a car. which can be summarised in the downward table -It reduces the need for the (Table 2.1): construction of car parks on valuable land that could Table 2.1: Heavy Rail’s reasons to exercise caution otherwise be used as an Caution office of great value or Huge The railways require a huge space. investment investment. This is because the cost -Reduces dependence on of a is many times higher than rapidly diminishing oil that of a road . Also, the supplies. construction of the tracks involves a lot of money. Environmental -Reduce pollution and Cost The railways have to incur high congestion on the . overhead costs. This is because of -It requires less land use of maintenance of and tracks. road infrastructure. Also, the salaries paid to the technical and another staff is quite All of these advantages will reflect on the reduction high as compared to the salaries of of and wasting of time whenever road drivers and others. Public Transport is developed to be faster and Government Railways are operated and managed convenient for citizens. monopoly by the government. At times, the (UNITED NATIONS, BUREAU INTERNATIONAL railway authorities are negligent in DES EXPOSITIONS, & CITY OF SHANGHAI, 2010) their duties. They also do not (Public Transport Victoria, 2013) provide personalised services. Lacks door- Railways cannot provide door-to- 2. Unsustainable Urban Public Transport to-door door service. The rail service is Systems service available along the railway routes The diversity of unsustainable and undeveloped only. It is only the Road Transport mode choices of Urban Public Transport in that can provide door-to-door service. Alexandria (Figure 2.1) is a major problem and Less coverage The railways operate partly in an there is a demand to be developed to achieve a urban area, because of high costs. sustainable system. (Lynn) ( Erdemir)

350 Engineering Research Journal, Menoufiya University, Vol. 40, No. 4, October 2017

El Adawy, Amr M. “Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria”

(Kennedy, Considering Monorail for 3. Urban Monorail System (UMS) as North American Cities) (Japan Monorail Sustainable Urban Public Transport System Association Guide) (Tarighi, 2011) (Kuwabara, et al., 2001) (Ishikawa, Ohazama, Sora, & Sekitani, 3.1 Sustainable Urban Public Transport System 1999) ‘Sustainable transportation is the maintenance of (Figure 3.1) mobility and accessibility at some socially predetermined level and perhaps subject to selected social and environmental constraints, for example, maintaining predetermined levels of environmental residuals’. (Rietveld & Stough, 2010)

This definition has other aspects to meet the basic needs of people and communities, as well as justice in every generation, and between generations. Sustainable transport means following a model that Figure 3.1: Seattle Alweg Monorail, Straddle despite the population growth, the city, and the Monorail (1962). Source: (Kennedy, Considering development and growth of its economy and social Monorail Rapid Transit for North American Cities) and other community activities is suitable to transport passengers without causing a traffic 3.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of UMS problem. This model has demanded the growth of the community and human activity management (Table 3.1) because it is still efficient and sustainable. ( Joodi, Momeni, Kooshki, & Azizi, 2011) (Black, Table 3.1: Advantages and Disadvantages of UMS 2010) ( Desmond, 2015) Advantages All these characteristics are are 3.2 UMS approximately the same for nonpolluting, any electrically powered quiet, and The monorail is a railway system in which the track modern transport system on a automated consists of a single rail, typically elevated and with guide- way or rails. the trains suspended from it. The term is also used Safety • The record has been to describe the beam of the system, or the extremely good, with serious travelling on such a beam or track. UMS have been operational accidents not yet built in many countries around the world, many of encountered. them on elevated tracks through crowded areas that • Personal safety has also would otherwise require the construction of been exceptional, and expensive underground lines or have the systems operate in disadvantages of surface lines. UMS stations have controlled environments, been the urban nodes of the city with activities and and extensive surveillance land uses. programs done by monitors ( Wang, 2003) (Kennedy, Considering Monorail and safety personnel are in Rapid Transit for North American Cities) (Tarighi, place. 2011) Suitability for • All the dimensions of UMS There are 2 Types: constrained elements are measurably • Suspended Urban Monorail spaces smaller than those of • Straddle Urban Monorail conventional transit. This paper will focus on Straddle Monorail. • Little noise or vibration is generated. 3.2.1 Straddle UMS • Placed in a separate path, so there is no interference with The most common monorail type is the straddle traffic on already overloaded monorail, that has been put into operation. It is the surface streets. most visually pleasing type and fits into urban • There are better environments better than suspended monorails. It is opportunities to thread lines composed of a train running on a or steel through intensely developed guideway. The train’s load bearing run on top districts, and even of the guideway beam while the guidance tires run can be penetrated. along the two sides of the said beam.

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El Adawy, Amr M. “Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria”

Vehicles are not • It is practically impossible (while the passenger likely to derail for the vehicle to leave the compartments can be identical beam or channel, although other mechanical problems to those of any other rail car). are not precluded. Since the slender beam or • Suspended monorails claim Evacuation of a stalled or to be weatherproof because channel does not provide for disabled train is rain and snow cannot enter a problem any walkway, the safe the guideway channel. accommodation of passengers Low labour Since there are no drivers or input along the elevated structure conductors on the vehicles and under emergency conditions passengers may not see any will require special employee of the operating arrangements and catwalks. agency, there are considerable Cost factors • Capital investments will be savings on the personnel side considerable because a of the ledger. completely new exclusive guideway has to be created. Advanced • Monorails are associated in • Advanced technology technology the public mind with vehicles have to be acquired, image technological advancement and sophisticated and visionary concepts. maintenance facilities have • This may be a considerable to be made available which positive force, possibly are considerably expensive. generating considerable public and civic support for (Grava, 2004) (Monorails For Public Transit Pros implementation. & Cons, 2009) (Green) (The Pros and Cons of the Monorail Pub Crawl, 2014) (He, 2015) (Japan Disadvantages Monorail Association Guide) (Hitachi, 2013) Switching is While vehicles can certainly cumbersome 3.2.3 UMS Stations be switched from one line to another, an entire section of They are the major nodes placed on the railway tracks, acting as starting and ending points for the the supporting beam has to be rail trips. Stations are like external magnets to moved to accomplish each projects and internal commercial centres with shops and hotels. The station no longer acts as a manoeuvre. travel alone , but it is an independent space Fragility of Automated types of monorails with retail, social and cultural facilities (Edwards, system 1997). are characterised by highly advanced technology with Stations consist of four main elements: components that can be • The main station concourse, where passengers, visitors and shoppers gather together. somewhat delicate. • The platform, where passengers enter or leave Monorails can The lines can’t be placed on the trains. only operate in • The offices, stores, maintenance yards and the surface because cross an elevated tracks. configuration traffic can’t be accommodated • The transition Plaza, which is the place that is responsible for passenger gatherings and for the on the same level. movement from parking areas or modal access to The vehicles are The suspension or straddling the station. more expensive mechanisms are more complex (Edwards, 1997) (RailnetEurope, 2013) than regular bodies or

sunder standard rail cars

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El Adawy, Amr M. “Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria”

4. Case Study: Alexandria’s Internal Urban 4.1.2 Weakness Commuter Railway System Social Analysis: Internal Urban Commuter Railway System • The imbalance between the number of (IUCRS) in Alexandria travels passengers with the number of IUCRS cars at along Alexandria passing through 16 rush-hour congestion. stations. Each station is acting as • Lack of social awareness and presence of street Urban Nodes for the district it vendors in the IUCRS cars. exists along the rail. (Figure 4.1) Accessibility and Traffic: Abuqir Railway Stations: • The IUCRS stations are not accessible for all 1. Abuqir Station neighbourhoods’ people along Alexandria. 2. Tosson Station • No sidewalks or bridges that lead to IUCRS 3. El Maamoura Station stations. 4. El Eslaah Station • Lack of safety due to the overcrowding platforms 5. El Montazah Station since arrival IUCRS cars. 6. El Mandara Station 7. El Asafra Station Environmental Analysis: 8. Sidi Beshr Station • No maintenance for shades and benches for 9. Victoria Station passengers at IUCRS stations. 10. El Raml El Amiri Station • Reduce of air quality and the amount of oxygen 11. Ghubrial Station needed by every passenger due to the rush-hours. 12. Bakous Station • Lack of acoustics preservation from IUCRS cars. 13. El Dahreya Station 14. Sidi Gaber Station Site Analysis: 15. El Hadara Station • There are not paths leads to IUCRS stations. 16. Mhatet Masr Station • Lack of coordination among neighbourhoods’ land uses. Figure 4.1: Abuqir Railway 4.1.3 Opportunities Stations Social Analysis: • Spreading awareness among people to decrease The case study starts from Abuqir Station till Sidi social problems and crimes. Gaber Station. • Community engagement in development and rehabilitation services and maintained railway 4.1 SWOT Analysis cars and stations to serve the people. 4.1.1 Strength Accessibility and Traffic: Social Analysis: • Making the stations accessible from all directions The presence of social interaction among people for people and provide walking paths and from different levels. bridges. • Depending on the railways as main mean of Accessibility and Traffic: transportation to decrease of usage of cars and • Railways infrastructure is already built. traffic jams. • Railways network connects the Middle and Eastern parts of Alexandria. Environmental Analysis: • The presence of shades and benches for Environmental Analysis: passengers. • The moderate temperature throughout the year • Combine the infrastructure with natural and sea breeze. functions. • In winter, the temperature is not too low. • Use Green Buffer Zone to prevent the dust carried by winds and to increase air quality. Site Analysis: There are a lot of landmarks and places in Site Analysis: Alexandria. • Preservation of shades and benches for passengers. • Provide the stations with services and public toilets. • Adaptive reuse of buildings which are in good condition. • The increase of mixed use buildings.

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El Adawy, Amr M. “Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria”

4.1.4 Threats  Road and Streetscape Enhancements Through organising streets into each serving Social Analysis: , cars, motorcycles, bikes and pedestrians. • Poverty and unemployment lead to major crimes. Enhancing streetscape through the implementation • Overcrowding in IUCRS cars leads to social of light units, shelters and seating units, etc. problems and sexual harassments.  UMS and City Urban Expansion Accessibility and Traffic: According to the expansion of the city, it is a must • The absence of safety for the passengers. to settle the principle of Smart Growth of the UMS • Delay of IUCRS trains leads to rushing people to line to be spread over the whole city and its it causing a lot of accidents. suburbs. • Social problems and sexual harassments.  UMS Environmental and Health Benefits Environmental Analysis: It will be reflected on: • Spreading of diseases due to low air quality. • Reduction of construction material consumption • Rain falls may cause drainage problems because and energy consumption. of the bad infrastructure of the stations and along • Reduction of emissions by tonnes of carbon railway path. monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) over the Site Analysis: course of the year. • Missing of mixed uses may encourage crime and • Reduction of acoustic pollution. illegal actions at night. • Planting and greenery along the route of UMS • Buildings of the stations may collapse over time which is a big health benefit. if the remained unpreserved.

• Buildings with illegal heights might become more common.

4.2 Proposal Implementation of the Urban Monorail System will Figure 4.2: Existing IUCRS – Cross Section promote better urban development along the path of urban transit in Alexandria. It will be an initial step for sustainable urban transportation in Alexandria, after which the rest modes of transit will be developed in the future to be sustainable.

The proposal includes also the keeping of the recent IUCRS beside the new UMS as a support till Figure 4.3: Proposed UMS – Cross Section the finish of implementation of the UMS and its stable operation as mentioned Figure 4.4.

Impacts of UMS on Urban Planning:  Reducing Traffic Congestion • Increasing Accessibility: It will be reflected on the access to residential, business activities, educational facilities and city centre which are always overcrowded. Figure 4.4: Proposed UMS Platform – Cross • Integration with other modes of transit Impact: Section Ease the achievement of Door-to-door Service.

 Revitalization and Region’s Development Figure 4.2 refers to a cross-section for the existing It will help to create an integrated regions IUCRS indicating the distribution of lanes of including: several transit modes and its width the cross the • Commercial investments and business centres to road. overcome the phenomena of a peddler and Random Markets. Figure 4.3 refers to the proposed development of • Garages for private cars to serve public the past cross-section including the UMS and the passengers. rearrangement of the lanes after the development. • Bus/taxi hubs to serve public passengers.

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El Adawy, Amr M. “Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria”

Figure 4.4 explains the distribution of platforms in • Availability of seats on the train? presence of the recent IUCRS and the new • Feeling the comfort of seats on the train? implemented UMS. • The degree of temperature level on the train? • Feeling full comfort throughout the trip? 4.3 Transport Questionnaire Part 8: Ticketing: This Questionnaire presents many ideas for the • Easy access to information on places of purchase promotion of Transportation. From the reasons, and tariff of tickets? why it is vital and necessary, to how to design for • Easy to buy a ticket? it, support it and promote it, the guidelines given • Currently, the applicable tariff is appropriate? are intended to help the passenger makes transportation an integral part of Urban Part 9: Safety: development. • Feeling safe at the ? • Feeling safe on the move of the train? The questionnaire is addressing 100 passengers of the recent railway system under process, it goes Part 10: Easiness: into 12 parts. • Availability of private parking near the train station? Part 1: General Questions: • Ease of passenger transport by intermediate • Preferring Private cars or Urban Public means near the train station? Transport? • Easy communication with other public transport? • Does Urban Public Transport cause pollution and congestion? Part 11: The proposed new (sustainable) mode • Does Urban Public Transport help in link of transport-UMS: passengers’ community? • Agree with whether (the people/government) wants to develop a mean of transportation that is Part 2: /Getting off: lifted from the ground (which reduces the • How to buy train’s ticket? internal transport of the city, saves time, • What is train travel trip purpose? improves the quality of the environment and • How many times travel by train? reduces travel fatigue), but on the other hand, it • How to reach the train station? needs a high budget? • Should the government take the opinion of the Part 3: Accessibility: people before taking this step? • Ability to pick up the train in case of intending to • Should be there a survey every three years to ride? look for the positive and negative effects of the • Ease of boarding the train? proposed new (sustainable) transport mechanism? Part 4: Timeliness: • Agree with commercial investments, bus • The timing of the train is appropriate? stations, parking places under each station and • The train comes on time (while keeping a green spaces along the way? schedule)? • Agree to raise tariffs in return for improving • Travel time due to travel distance, is long or service by introducing sustainable urban short? transport?

Part 5: Cleanliness: Part 12: Personal Information of the passenger: • The degree of train station cleanliness? • Male/Female? • The degree of the train (seats, floors and • Age? windows) cleanliness? • Job? • Alexandrian or not? Part 6: Information:

• Availability of schedule information at the train 4.4 Transport Questionnaire Results station? • Easy to understand visual banners (clear and This Questionaire was applied upon samples of 100 useful)? passengers using the line under study between • Easy to understand audio ads on the train Abuqir Station and Sidi Gaber Station. platform? • The presence of staff to serve people with special It was applied to passengers for both males and needs and invalids? females covering the age range between 16 years old up to 60 years old. The samples covered Part 7: Comfort: passengers of all sorts: clerks, students, • Comfort at the train station (shelter and seating)?

Engineering Research Journal, Menoufiya University, Vol. 40, No. 4, October 2017 355

El Adawy, Amr M. “Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria” housewives, and retirees. It was noticed that 92% green spaces along the way which will create an of the users were Alexandrians. integrated regions along the route.

Along the Questionaire we can conclude the following notes:

 The majority of the passengers are not satisfied with the recent the Railway service ie: 5. Conclusion • There is no fixed timetable for the trains, random timing is noticeable for almost 77% of the With the development towards monorail and its sample. advantages over conventional rail system, the • The cleanliness of both the train and the stations monorail is the technology of the future. The is not acceptable for almost 85% of the sample monorail will be the optimum solution for a new (ranging from Very bad to Fair). efficient, sustainable and environmentally friendly • The comfort of the passengers at the station and transit mode via rapid construction and operation, on the board of train is not acceptable for almost replacing the conventional systems. 60% of the sample. The operation of monorail will be saving the • The safety of the station and on board is not precious fuel, land, time and atmosphere. Many acceptable to almost 75% of the sample. types of research are under process to optimise • The lack of Garage adjacent to most of the monorail to be more advanced and environmentally stations is noticeable and there is a complaint of friendly. this lack for almost 60% of the sample. • Shortage of personnel responsible for the aid of With both the study done by the researcher and the disables is a common complaint about a majority questionnaire among the passengers of the recent of 88%. Urban Public Transport Systems, almost all • Air and sound pollution was also an issue of passengers agree upon the implementation of the complaint about majority 76% of the sample. Straddle UMS and the development of the stations

to achieve the optimum environmental and atheistic  On the other hand, it was found that the line is Urban Mode of Transit in Alexandria City. helpful and preferable for transportation for the majority of almost 71% of the sample (most of References them are students and clerks who use the line daily or weekly for a majority of almost 55% Desmond, G. (2015). The Effectiveness of Park and 44% for fewer rates than that) because it is and Ride as a Strategy for Sustainability, a a single mean of transportation running in Case Study of the Northern Dart Corridor. specific route without sharing with other means. Erdemir, S. M. (n.d.). Why Travel by Train?  There were some advantages that majority Retrieved from USA Today: appreciate, ie: http://traveltips.usatoday.com/travel-train- • The tariff is reasonable.(Cheap) 9946.html • They can reach the station through several intermediate means near the train station ( Tuk- Joodi, P., Momeni, M., Kooshki, H. S., & Azizi, H. tuk, bus, taxi, tram, and minibus ) or even walk. (2011). Impact Assessment of Sustainable Public Transportation System on Quality In a spot of so mentioned results a proposal to of Life in Tehran. implement a new mode of transit UMS was submitted to the passengers to develop the recent Wang, B. (2003). Constructability Analysis of service and overcoming the disadvantages and Monorail Project. suffers from it. (2013). Retrieved from Public Transport Victoria: The following points were gained: http://ptv.vic.gov.au/about-ptv/media- centre/student-media-enquiries/benefits- • Approval of a majority of 93% of the sample to of-public-transport/ implement the UMS project. • Approval of a majority of 73% of the sample for Ahkâm. (2016). City bus. Retrieved from the government to proceed as long as http://www.freeiconspng.com/img/40043 investments are available. • Approval to increase the tariff as long as they Black, W. (2010). Sustainable Transportation: will gain a better sustainable service. Problems and solutions. Guilford Press. • Approval for the commercial investments, bus stations, parking places under each station and

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El Adawy, Amr M. “Monorail System as Urban Sustainable Transit in Alexandria”

Ishikawa, K., Ohazama, A., Sora, H., & Sekitani, T. (1999). Straddle-type Monorail as a Leading Urban Transport System for the 21st Century. Hitachi Review Vol. 48, pp. 149-152.

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Lynn, P. R. (n.d.). Advantages & Disadvantages of Train Travel. Retrieved from USA Today: http://traveltips.usatoday.com/advantages- disadvantages-train-travel-39897.html

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