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Polar Adaptation of the Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes Weddelli, Lesson

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Polar Adaptation of the Weddell Seal, Leptonychotes Weddelli, Lesson Polar adaptation of the Weddell seal, Leptonychotes weddelli, Lesson Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Kooyman, Gerald L. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 28/09/2021 02:37:44 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565127 POLAR ADAPTATION OF THE WEDDELL SEAL, LEPTONYCHOTES. EEDDELLI. LESSON by Gerald L, Kooyman A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1966 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby reconmend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by OmrAld T,. Koovman_________________________ entitled Polar Adaptation of the Weddell Seal.______ Leptonychotes weddelli Lesson_______________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy________________________ A 2 L L 2 ■ )_ i K Dissertation Director After inspection of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* 2 *This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. The inclusion of this sheet bound into the library copy of the dissertation is evidence of satisfactory performance at the final examination. / STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Libraryo Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission* provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made0 Requests for permission for extended quotation from or re­ production of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Bean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the in­ terests of scholarshipo In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author<> SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was supported by National Science Foundation grants GA-60 and GA-139 awarded to Dr. Albert B.. Mead and administered by the University of Arizona. I am indebted to Dr. Mead for his support and encouragement during this.program of study. I should also like to thank Dr. Donald E. Wohlsehlag for introducing me to Antarctic research and offering many helpful suggestions regarding the conduct of the field work. Howard A. Baldwin, Glen Ingle, and Bernard Strothman, all of the Sensory Systems Laboratory, Tucson, Arizona were responsible for the design and construction of the depth-time devices. U. S. Navy Task Force 43 under Admiral James R. Reedy provided logistic support and special thanks go to the helicopter pilots of VX-6 for their willingness to fly and land almost anywhere, Charles M. Drabek provided invaluable field assistance during the austral summer season 1964-65. The conscientious efforts of US&RP representatives William C. Austin, Philip M. Smith and Jack Twiss were appreciated. USARP mechanic, Graham Johnston, built the seal haul­ ing sled. Ezekial Soza and his team from the U. S. Geological Survey plotted the station sites. Dr. Thomas C« Poulter of Stanford Research Institute offered many helpful suggestions and made available some of his equipment. Paul K. Dayton III, Arthur L. DeVries, Peter Koerwitz and George N. Somero assisted in many aspects of the field work. Murray S./R. Smith, Ian Spellerberg, Ian Harkess and Ian Stirling of the New Zealand Antarctic Research Programme assisted in the tag recoveries and blood iii iv .collections<, Joanna McComb drew most of the illustrations, Bart Cross of the University of Arizona Numerical Analysis Laboratory made some of the calculations and Ken Bimmick of the Speech Department did the spectrogram analysis of the seal calls. To all these people special thanks are due, as well as to Dr. William J. McCauley, Dr. Peter B» Pickens, and Dr. Donald A. Thomson for critically reading the manuscript Finally, and above.all 1 wish to acknowledge with especial appreciation my wife, Melba, whose enthusiasm and encouragement was a great source of motivation and whose typing' and proofreading of numerous manuscripts during this program were instrumental in its successful completion. m B L E OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES 6 6 0 0 0 0 0000000060 0 0 vii LIST OF TABLES e ............ O 6 O O O O O O O O ix ABSTBACT O 6 O O O O O O O O 0.0 O O 6 O O O O O O O O O O X INTRODUCTION 00060 60000 O O OO 6000 0 6 0 0 O 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS ......... 0600 00000 6 3 Diving Capacities 0 0 O O O O O O 6 6 O 6 O O O 6 O 3 Physiological Estimates O O O O O O O 6 O O O O O O O 19 RESULTS .............. 6 O O O O O O O O 6 21 Diving Capacities 0 .0 00000600 21 Submersion Duration a o o o o o*-o o o o o o o o 21 Dive Depth 6000 0 0 0000 0 0600 OOO O 24 Rates of Descent and Ascent 00000000006 28 Swimming Velocity 6 6 0 -0 o o o o o o -oo a o e o 32 Physiological Studies . 00006000000 33 Blood Chemistry ...... OOOOOOOOOO© 33 Heart Rate. ........ 0000000060 33 Respiration OOOOOOO 06000 060 0 .0 0 0 38 Body Temperature. O 6 6 O O O 6 O O O 40 Behavior ............ O OOOOOOOOOO 43 Orientation ........ 06 0 06060000 43 Agonistic Behavior. o 0 6 O O O O 6 0 6 6 46 Population Movements. 0006000600 53 v vi Page DISCUSSION OF RESULTS , 63 Submersion Duration OOOOOOOO0OOOOO 63 Dive Depth 0 OOOOOOOOO © 0 O 0 O G 70 Orientation oooooooeoooooooeooeo 74. Population Movements «eoo*.oo««o«..oo 85 SUMMARY oooeooooe ooeoo ooo ee 'ooooooeo 91 ^APF ENDISC I o O O O 0 6 O O O O 0 0 O O O O 0 6 0 0 O O O O O 94 LITERATURE CITED O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 120 LIST OF FIGURES Page 1» Antarctica and McMurdo Sound , 4 20 Station and collection sites for both summer seasons 1963-64 and 1964-65 (Area B of Figo 1) 5 - 3, Co Mo Drabek and the author netting an adult Weddell seal with a purse net 8 4e Adult Weddell seal with depth-time recorder 9 5= Co Mo Drabek placing a depth transmitter on a Weddell seal while it is surfaced in a station hole 10 6o The sub-ice observation chamber being placed below 6 feet of ice 11 7o The depth-time recorder , 12 8o Diagram of the depth-time recorder 13 9e Glass capillary manometer tube in neoprene rubber case 15 IQ, Fifty ICC receiver and pressure transmitter with power source. 17 11* Exploded view of Tsurumi-Seikikosaku maximum depth recorder . 1 8 12. Submersion time summary of 31 adult and subadult seals 23 13o Submersion time summary of three, 7 week old female pups 25 14o Maximum diving depth summary 26 15o Deep dive profiles 30 16o Ascent and descent rates, and submersion times for deep dives 31 17. Oxygen capacity and packed cell volume in the Weddell seal 34 18. Regression of oxygen capacity on packed cell volume 35 19. Summary of adult and pup data on resting heart ratio dur­ ing apnea and eupnea and length of apnea and eupnea; resting respiration rates; and heart and respiration rates between dives ^ vii viii ' Page 20o Compass directions taken by seals during orientation experiments 44 21© Sonagrams of seal calls recorded during agonistic behavior 52 22© Major seal rookeries near McMurdo Station (Area A of Fig©l) 54 23© Regression of number of breaths on the length of dive 66 24© Pattern II type dives compiled from Experiments 4, 11, 14, 15 and 20 73 25= Seal 377 in the ice hole at station 64C 82 26© An example of Leptonychotes eye mobility and stereo­ scopic vision .. 83 27© Seal 207 with a fish, Dissostichus mawsoni 87 28© Profiles of Experiments 2 and 4 95 29= Initial orientation dives of seal 241 at;,63A 96 30© Seal 006 profiles while diving from station 64A 98 31© Profiles of Experiments 7, 10 and 11 99 32© Profiles of dives by seal 376 four days after release at station 64C 103 33© Dives of seal 395 (Exp© 15) shortly after entering the water at station 64C 106 34= Continuation of seal 395's dive profiles after release at station 64C 107 35= A profile series obtained from seal 395 on his third day of diving from station 64C 109 36= Continuation of profiles obtained from seal 395 on his third day of diving 110 37* Final series of profiles obtained from seal 395 on his third day of diving 111 38= Orientation dives of Experiment 16 112 39= Initial dive profiles of Experiment 17 114 40. Concluding series of dive profiles of Experiment 17 116 41. Profiles of Experiment 20 118 42. Concluding series of dive profiles of Experiment 20 119 LIST OF TABLES Page lo Summary of all dive experiments for 1963 and 1964 22 2, Diving depths of three, seven week old, female pups 29 3, Some blood estimates of diving maihmals 36 4o Pinniped body temperatures 42 5<> Date and time of seal releases and time required to find another hole 45 6o Gape Royds tagging results 56 7<> Recovery results of cows and pups after departure from the rookeries in mid-December of 1963 and 1964 58 8<, Recovery date and locality for yearlings and two year olds born at local rookeries in McMurdo Sound 60 9<, Estimates of tagged seals overwintering at or near Gape Armitage 62 10o Reported submersion durations and diving depths of pinnipeds 64 ix ABSTMCT The Weddell seal, Leptonvchotes weddelll Lesson, is circumpolar in distribution, breeds further south than any other mammal, and lives its entire life in the ice-covered coastal waters of Antarctica.
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