Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 133

Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 133 Editors: J. Reitner, Göttingen M. H. Trauth, Potsdam K. Stüwe, Graz D. Yuen, USA Founding Editors: G. M. Friedman, Brooklyn and Troy A. Seilacher, Tübingen and Yale For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/772 Stephen G. Evans · Reginald L. Hermanns · Alexander Strom · Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza Editors Natural and Artificial Rockslide Dams 123 Editors Stephen G. Evans Dr. Reginald L. Hermanns University of Waterloo International Centre for Geohazards Department of Earth and Geological Survey of Norway Environmental Sciences Landslide Department Landslide Research Programme Trondheim University Avenue W. 200 Norway N2L 3G1 Waterloo Ontario [email protected] Canada [email protected] Alexander Strom Dr. Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza Russian Academy of Sciences University of Rome “La Sapienza” Institute of the Geospheres Dynamics Department of Earth Sciences Leninskiy Avenue 38 Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 119334 Moscow 00185 Rome Bldg. 1 Italy Russia [email protected] [email protected] ISSN 0930-0317 ISBN 978-3-642-04763-3 e-ISBN 978-3-642-04764-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04764-0 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011930516 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Pondicherry Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedication We wish to dedicate this volume to Dr. John Neville Hutchinson, Professor Emeritus at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College, London. He is a leading scientist and a master practitioner in the field of engineering geomorphology and is internationally recognised as one of the foremost landslide researchers of the last five decades. After graduating in Civil Engineering in 1947, he began his professional career working in construction and structural design. In 1957 he joined the Swedish Geotechnical Institute where he mainly worked on road and airport foundations but also investigated the Gota quick clay landslide with Sven Odenstad. In 1958 he moved to the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute where he initially worked on settle- ments and friction piles in soft clays as a research engineer under the guidance of L. Bjerrum and O. Eide. In 1959 he led the investigation of two large-scale quick clay landslides in Central Norway at Vibstad and Furre [2]. He published the results of his work on the Furre landslide in Geotechnique in 1961 [5]. In doing so he began a 50 year research career in engineering geomorphology with a specific focus on the mechanisms and behaviour of landslides. In 1961, John returned to England joining the Building Research Station. Concurrently, he studied for a PhD at Cambridge University completing his disser- tation on the stability of coastal cliffs in south–east England under the supervision of the noted coastal geomorphologist, Professor J.A. Steers. In 1965 he joined the Soil Mechanics Section at the Department of Civil Engineering, Imperial College London, becoming Professor of Engineering Geomorphology in 1977. At Imperial College he was both a gifted teacher and successful research mentor and he became v vi Dedication Professor Emeritus in 1992. In his early years at Imperial College he made important contributions to the understanding of landslide mechanisms [6] and to the subject of landslide classification culminating in the State-of-the-Art report at the 1969 ISSMFE Conference co-authored with Professor A.W. Skempton [19]. The themes of landslide mechanisms, the role of geology in instability and aspects of landslide classification were further developed in later State-of-The-Art lectures at International Symposia on Landslides in 1988 [10] and 1992 [12], and in a multi-authored paper on landslides of the flow-type published in 2001 [4]. Amongst other achievements in landslide research, we recall six major contributions. His research on undrained loading together with R. K. Bhandari published in 1971 [16] represents a milestone in the investigation of mudslide processes. The undrained loading mechanism, discovered by Hutchinson and Bhandari through detailed field measurements of pore pressure, is not only fundamental in mudslide behavior but is now recognised as an important mechanism in some long run-out landslides. His work on the re-examination of the Folkestone Warren landslides produced a benchmark paper published in 1969 [6] as did his work on the geomorphological evolution of London Clay cliffs published in 1973 [8]. Fourthly, John Hutchinson’s work on the stability of Chalk cliffs led to a greater understanding of landslide mechanisms in actively-eroding steep rock slopes [14]; his study of the Joss Bay Chalk fall [7] remains a classic in rock slope failure analysis. In addi- tion, work on the Senise Landslide, Italy, with M. Del Prete, published in 1988 [3] documented an important mechanism of brittleness in landslide initiation. Lastly, in the early 1990s, his studies of a suite of coastal landslides in the Isle of Wight Undercliff showed the importance of careful geomorphological survey and geological interpretation in understanding the mechanisms and development of deep compound retrogressive landslides [11]. John Hutchinson took part in the investigation of the 1966 Aberfan disaster [1], one of the most significant geotechnical events of the late twentieth century, as part of a team led by Professor A.W. Bishop. Partly based on this work, his highly-cited sliding-consolidation model [9] has provided insight into catastrophic flowslides and other flow-type slides both in the subaerial and submarine environment. His work (with E. Kojan) on the 1974 Mayunmarca rock avalanche [13, 17, 18]inthe Peruvian Andes provided key data on a giant catastrophic landslide and the behavior of one of the major rockslide dams that formed and failed in the twentieth century. He was also involved in field and laboratory research on other catastrophic rock slope failures, such as the Vaiont rockslide [20]. In 2001 he gave the 4th Glossop Lecture entitled “Reading the ground: mor- phology and geology in site appraisal ”. His lecture [13] painted a vast canvas and included a strong message on the importance of integrating Quaternary geology and geomorphology into engineering geology to enhance site assessment for engineering works. John was awarded the Varnes Medal of the International Consortium of Landslides in 2004. In 2002 we invited Professor Hutchinson to present a State-of-the-Art review of landslides from massive rock slope failures at the NATO Advanced Research Dedication vii Workshop convened in Celano, Italy. There, he identified some of the critical research issues in the understanding of catastrophic rock slope failures and identified new directions for future research activities in this field [15]. On that occasion, as always, he participated with his usual enthusiastic curiosity, thirst for knowledge, and a strong direct desire to discuss new data and fresh views related to catastrophic landslides. Once again he showed the breadth of his research mind, his open and supportive personality, and his modest character. These qualities make him a true “maestro” to all of us and it is a pleasure to dedicate this volume to Professor J.N. Hutchinson. Waterloo, ON, Canada Stephen G. Evans Trondheim, Norway Reginald L. Hermanns Moscow, Russia Alexander Strom Rome, Italy Gabriele Scarascia-Mugnozza References 1. Bishop, A.W., Hutchinson, J.N., Penman, A.D.M. and Evans, H.E. (1969) Geotechnical investigation into the causes and circumstances of the disaster of 21st October, 1966: A selection of Technical Reports submitted to the Aberfan Tribunal, London, Welsh Office. 2. Bjerrum, L. and Hutchinson, J.N. (1962): Skredet ved Furre i Namdalen. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute. Publication No. 49, 11 pp. 3. Del Prete, M. and Hutchinson, J.N. (1988) La frana di Senise del 26-7-1986 nel quadro mor- fologico del versante meridionale della collina Timpone, Rivista Italiana di Geotecnica 22, 7–33. 4. Hungr, O., Evans, S.G., Bovis, M.J. and Hutchinson, J.N. (2001) A review of the classification of landslides of the flow type, Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 7, 221–238. 5. Hutchinson, J.N. (1961) A landslide on a thin layer of quick clay at Furre, Central Norway, Geotechnique 11, 69–94. 6. Hutchinson, J.N. (1969) A reconsideration of the coastal landslides at Folkestone Warren, Kent, Geotechnique 19, 6–38. 7. Hutchinson, J.N. (1972) Field and laboratory studies of a fall in Upper Chalk cliffs at Joss Bay, Isle of Thanet, Roscoe Memorial Symp., G.T. Foulis & Co. Ltd., Cambridge, pp. 692–706. 8. Hutchinson, J.N. (1973) The response of London Clay cliffs to differing rates of toe erosion, Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia 8, 221–239. 9. Hutchinson, J.N. (1986) A sliding consolidation model for flow slides, Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23, 115–126. 10. Hutchinson, J.N. (1988) General Report: Morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology. Proc. 5th Int. Symp. Landslides, Lausanne, Vol. 1, pp. 3–35 11. Hutchinson, J.N.

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