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Augmentation of European Earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for Biological Control of Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in an Apple Orchard

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Augmentation of European Earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for Biological Control of Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in an Apple Orchard Augmentation of European Earwigs (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for Biological Control of Apple Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in an Apple Orchard DEVIN P. CARROLL AND STANLEY C. HOYT Tree Fruit Research Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, Washington 98801 J. Econ. Entomol. 77: 738-740 (1984) ABSTRACT European earwigs, Forficula auricularia L., reared on dogfood in an insec- tary, were released five to six per tree in an experimental block of prebearing apple trees and provided with artificial retreats on the trees and straw spread on the ground. The number of apple aphids, Aphis pomi DeGeer, on these trees declined in 3 weeks from near 500 per tree to less than 50, compared with over 3,000 per tree in an adjacent block kept free of earwigs and nearly 2,000 in a control block. THE EUROPEAN EARWIG, Forficula auricularia L., watered from the top and a small amount of Gaines although often viewed as a minor pest of apples, Puppy Choice dog food was added to each cage. can be a useful aphid predator. In the Nether- More water and dogfood were added on 6 Janu- lands, earwigs have been credited with preventing ary, and most of the male earwigs were removed outbreaks of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lani- to prevent cannibalism. On 14 January, all pots gerum (Hausmann) (Ravensburg 1981). They are were placed in trays filled to a depth of several also regarded as important predators of apple centimeters with water to keep the soil continu- aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, (Asgari 1966, Carroll ously damp, and the chiffon coverings were re- and Hoyt 1984). Other earwigs including Labi- placed with tightly fitting lids made of cardboard dura riparia Pallas are effective predators of lep- disks with foam rubber stapled around the edges. idopteran eggs, larvae, and pupae (Strandberg Dogfood was added once or twice monthly there- 1981, Buschman et al. 1977). Subjective field ob- after as needed. Most of the remaining P, earwigs servations in north-central Washington suggest that were removed on 23 March. Between 19 and 25 European earwigs are present on most trees with April, the F, earwigs, now mostly mature, were adequate hiding places, and that these trees gen- removed and placed in small ice cream cartons (9 erally have fewer aphids than nearby trees without by 9 cm) filled with wadded, damp paper toweling earwigs. and a few crumbs of dogfood. The cartons were We report here on a pilot project to determine kept refrigerated at lOoC, with occasional addition the feasibility of using European earwigs to pro- of water, until the earwigs were needed. vide enhanced control of apple aphid in a young, On 13 June we selected three blocks of nine preproducing apple orchard. 'Red Delicious' apple trees in a 3-year-old orchard at the Research Center. In the" earwig block," we scattered straw on the ground around each tree Materials and Methods and stapled an "earwig retreat" on each tree trunk. A laboratory earwig colony was initiated with These retreats were made of thin cardboard ca. 20 44 female and 58 male earwigs collected on 27 cm wide and 60 cm long, folded around a wad of October 1982 from beneath boards and in sifted paper toweling (Fig. 1). Five or six laboratory- dirt and soil litter at field sites around the grounds reared earwigs were placed in each retreat. In the of the Washington State University Tree Fruit Re- "barrier block," a strip of two-sided, transparent search Center, Wenatchee. These earwigs were di- carpet tape with a thin strip of Stikem Special vided among five rearing cages consisting of plas- applied to its outer surface was wrapped around tic, draining-type pots (28 em deep by 33 cm in each tree trunk. In the "control block" the trees diameter) covered on top with nylon chiffon fabric were left undisturbed. Approximately 500 apple tied with string. Each pot was provided with damp aphids on apple shoots clipped from infested trees potting soil 5 to 10 cm deep, a square of carpet were added to each of the 27 experimental trees. (20 by 20 em), and several wadded paper towels All aphids on each tree were then counted on days as a dry refuge. The cages with earwigs were 2 and 7 after infestation and weekly thereafter placed in a greenhouse with temperatures kept until mid-July in all three blocks, and for 3 extra above l(fC but otherwise not controlled. After eggs weeks in the "earwig block." Data were analyzed were first noted on 10 December, the pots were by analysis of variance. 738 June 1984 CARROLL AND HOYT: AUGMENTATION OF EARWIGS 739 .. 3000 UJ UJ e: 2000 a:: UJ Q... EARWIGS BARRIER (fl CONTROL ~ 1000 :r Q... a: '0----0_ a ---ft O ft_ --" is JUNE JULY is DRTE Fig. 2. Averagenumbers of apple aphids on exper- imental apple trees provided with earwig retreats after release of earwigs, compared with trees kept free of earwigsand control trees with no treatment. A few holes chewed in apple leaves were attrib- utable to the earwigs, but these were clearly insig- nificant to apple production. Fig. 1. Earwig retreat stapled to apple tree trunk. The earwigs did not control an infestation of leafrollers, Pandemis pyrusana Kearfott, which occurred on some trees in the "earwig block." Results Three hundred and twenty earwig progeny were Discussion reared from the original 44 females, giving a yield of 7.3 progeny per female. The reared earwigs The results indicate that an augmentation proj- appeared healthy and near the size of fjeld-col- ect using earwigs would meet four criteria re- lected specimens. In addition to the dogfood, the quired for practical use. Insectary rearing methods earwigs apparently fed on mold growing on paper were inexpensive and convenient. The earwigs re- toweling and probably' also on collembola and mites mained in the orchard after being placed there. found in most of the pots. Negligible mortality They consumed enough aphids to provide control. occurred during 6 months of refrigerated storage Finally, the earwigs did not cause significant dam- in the cartons. age to the trees. The number of apple aphids in the "earwig The polyphagy of earwigs gives them some ad- block" declined to less than 50 per tree after 3 vantages over most aphid predators for use in aug- weeks, compared with over 3,000 per tree in the mentation programs. Although many predators re- "barrier block" and nearly 2,000 in the control quire living prey and close supervision for insectary block (Fig. 2). These differences were significant rearing, we reared earwigs with minimal labor, (P < 0.01). Earwigs were found in all nine retreats using unmodified dogfood. More importantly, ear- on every aphid count day, and although we did wigs will remain on apple trees even when prey not count them, there appeared to be more than are scarce if alternate food items and daytime re- the initial five to six per tree, indicating that the treats are available. retreats were attractive to native earwigs. Addi- However, earwigs have only one to two gener- tional earwigs were usually present under the straw, ations per year and produce relatively few prog- where the ground was moist. Earwigs were ob- eny. Under natural conditions earwigs may pro- served at night on all trees in the earwig block, duce 40 to 60 eggs per female (Fulton 1924), and but none were observed in the barrier or control fecundity under insectary conditions is probably blocks. Earwigs remained on the augmented trees less. Thus, mass rearing will require a relatively in spite of low prey numbers and prevented rein- large initial collection of earwigs. Although our festation by preying on immigrating alate aphids. yield was only 7.3 reared earwigs per female par- Small numbers of other predators including Syr- ent, this could be increased by avoiding our early phidae, Chamaemyiidae, Coccinellidae, and rearing errors. For instance, many young nymphs Chrysopidae were found in the "barrier" and con- and some adults died from desiccation before the trol blocks. addition of tray irrigation, and dozens more es- 740 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 77, no. 3 caped around the lids. We recommend the use of Acknowledgment smaller rearing cartons with more tightly fitting This project was supported in part by the Environ- lids. mental Protection Agency through grant EPA CR- The smaller numbers of aphids in the control 806277, and by the USDA through grant 82-CRSR-2- block compared with the "barrier" block may have 1000, both to Texas A&M University. Scientific Paper been due to low levels of predation by native ear- No. 6668, College of Agriculture Research Center, wigs and other ground level predators that occa- Washington State University, Project 1810. sionally climb trees (Carroll and Hoyt 1984). References Cited Although further tests using bearing trees will Asgari, A. 1966. Untersuchungen liber die im Raum be necessary before we can recommend general Stuttgart-Hohenheim als wichstigste Priidatoren der use of earwig augmentation, we have seen little grlinen Apfelblattlaus (Aphidula pomi DeG.) auftre- evidence of earwigs feeding on apple fruit. Ear- tenden Arthropoden. Z. Angew. Zool. 53: 35-93. wigs apparently harm apple production primarily Buschman, L. L., W. H. Whitcomb, R. C. Hemenway, by their repugnance to orchard and packing-house D. L. Mays, N. Ru, N. C. Leppla, and B. J. Smittle. workers. The latter may occasionally cull apples 1977. Predators of velvetbean caterpillar eggs in with earwigs in the calyx cavity. However, we have Florida soybeans. Environ. Entomol. 6: 403-407. observed earwig damage to soft fruits such as Carroll, D. P., and S. C.
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