DOCSLIB.ORG

Dicarbonyls and Glyoxalase in Disease Mechanisms and Clinical Therapeutics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dicarbonyls and Glyoxalase in Disease Mechanisms and Clinical Therapeutics Glycoconj J DOI 10.1007/s10719-016-9705-z REVIEW Dicarbonyls and glyoxalase in disease mechanisms and clinical therapeutics Naila Rabbani1 & Mingzhan Xue2 & Paul J. Thornalley1,2 Received: 28 February 2016 /Revised: 6 June 2016 /Accepted: 9 June 2016 # The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The reactive dicarbonyl metabolite methylglyoxal responsive increase of Glo-1 expression. Small molecule Glo- (MG) is the precursor of the major quantitative advanced 1 inducers are in clinical development for improved metabolic, glycation endproducts (AGEs) in physiological systems - argi- vascular and renal health and Glo-1 inhibitors in preclinical nine-derived hydroimidazolones and deoxyguanosine-derived development for multidrug resistant cancer chemotherapy. imidazopurinones. The glyoxalase system in the cytoplasm of cells provides the primary defence against dicarbonyl glycation Keywords Methylglyoxal . Glycation . Glyoxalase . by catalysing the metabolism of MG and related reactive Obesity . Diabetes, cancer . Renal failure . Cardiovascular dicarbonyls. Dicarbonyl stress is the abnormal accumulation disease . Therapeutics of dicarbonyl metabolites leading to increased protein and DNA modification contributing to cell and tissue dysfunction in ageing and disease. It is produced endogenously by increased Abbreviations formation and/or decreased metabolism of dicarbonyl metabo- ADH Aldehyde dehydrogenase lites. Dicarbonyl stress contributes to ageing, disease and activ- AGE Advanced glycation endproduct ity of cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. It contributes to age- AKR Aldoketo reductase ing through age-related decline in glyoxalase 1 (Glo-1) activity. ARE Antioxidant response element Glo-1 has a dual role in cancer as a tumour suppressor protein CVD Cardiovascular disease prior to tumour development and mediator of multi-drug resis- 3-DG 3-Deoxyglucosone tance in cancer treatment, implicating dicarbonyl glycation of DHAP Dihydroxyacetonephosphate DNA in carcinogenesis and dicarbonyl-driven cytotoxicity in ESRD End stage renal disease mechanism of action of anticancer drugs. Glo-1 is a driver of GA3P Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate cardiovascular disease, likely through dicarbonyl stress-driven GdG 3-(2′-deoxyribosyl)-6,7-dihydro-6,7- dyslipidemia and vascular cell dysfunction. Dicarbonyl stress is dihydroxyimidazo-[2,3-b]purin-9(8)one also a contributing mediator of obesity and vascular complica- Glo-1 Glyoxalase 1 tions of diabetes. There are also emerging roles in neurological HFD High fat diet disorders. Glo-1 responds to dicarbonyl stress to enhance HIF1α Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α cytoprotection at the transcriptional level through stress- HSP27 Heat shock protein 27 MDR Multidrug resistance MG Methylglyoxal * Paul J. Thornalley ′ [email protected] MGdG 3-(2 -deoxyribosyl)-6,7-dihydro-6,7-dihydroxy-6/ 7-methylimidazo-[2,3-b]purine-9(8)one 1 Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Coventry House, University of MG-H1 Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – 2 Glyoxalase Research Group, Clinical Sciences Research Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK RAGE Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts Glycoconj J ROS Reactive oxygen species glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P) and SSAO Semicarbazide amine oxidase dihydroxyacetonephosphate (DHAP) - 0.05 – 0.1 % of flux. T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus GA3P was ca. 8-fold more reactive than DHAP in degrading to MG but as the concentration ratio of DHAP/GA3P in cells in situ is ca. 9orsimilar[9], both of these triosephosphates are Dicarbonyl stress and the glyoxalase system important sources of MG formation in physiological systems in situ [10]. MG formation is a minor fate of triosephosphates: Dicarbonyl stress is the abnormal accumulation of dicarbonyl early studies with red blood cells suggested only 0.089 % metabolites leading to increased modification of protein and glucotriose (2 x glucose consumption) was converted to MG DNA contributing to cell and tissue dysfunction in ageing and [11] and our subsequent studies with endothelial cells and disease [1]. Highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolites often mediat- fibroblasts suggest a similar flux. The rate of total cellular ing dicarbonyl stress in physiological systems are methylglyoxal formation of MG was estimated to be ca. 125 μmol/kg cell (MG), glyoxal, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) and others. The mass per day [11], which for an adult human of 70 kg body glyoxalase system is a cytoplasm enzymatic pathway, which mass and 25 kg body cell mass [12] equates to a predicted metabolises the most highly reactive acyclic dicarbonyls – main- whole body rate of formation of ca. 3mmolMGperday(or ly MG and glyoxal. It thereby plays a major role in suppressing ca. 3 mg/kg body weight/day). MG is also formed by the dicarbonyl stress in physiological systems, keeping dicarbonyl oxidation of acetone catalysed by cytochrome P450 2E1 in metabolites at low, tolerable levels. Typical concentrations of the catabolism of ketone bodies [13] – which is low except glyoxal and MG are 50–150 nM in human plasma and 1– where ketone bodies are increased as in diabetic ketoacidosis, 4 μM in plant and mammalian cells [2–4]. When dicarbonyl prolonged (>3 days) fasting or low calorie diet [13–15]. MG concentrations increase beyond this there is potential for protein may also be formed from the oxidation of aminoacetone by and cell dysfunction leading to impaired health and disease. semicarbazide amine oxidase (SSAO) in the catabolism of Examples of dicarbonyl stress are the increased MG in ageing threonine [16]. Recent estimates of the concentration and rates plants [2], increased MG-protein modification in ageing human of metabolism of aminoacetone in the presence and absence of lens [5], increased plasma and tissue concentration of MG in SSAO inhibitor suggest this pathway has a flux of ca. diabetes [6], and increased concentrations of MG and glyoxal 0.1 mmol MG per day in human subjects [17]orca. 3%of in renal failure [4]. Dicarbonyl stress is caused by an imbalance total MG formation. Vascular adhesion protein-1 is considered of the formation and metabolism of dicarbonyl metabolites and the origin of SSAO activity in mammals in vivo [18]. It is also by increased exposure to exogenous dicarbonyls – Fig. 1a. found in plasma, endothelium, adipose tissue and smooth In this review there is a particular but not exclusive focus on MG muscle and increases ca. 2-fold in congestive heart failure, as it is a major contributor to dicarbonyl stress in physiological diabetes and inflammatory liver diseases [19], and may relat- systems. Other recent reviews focussing mostly on dicarbonyl edly increase MG formation in these conditions. MG is also stress in obesity and diabetes have been given elsewhere [7, 8]. formed by the degradation of proteins glycated by glucose and the degradation of monosaccharides [20]. Under physiological conditions with low level phosphate and chelation of trace Formation of methylglyoxal metal ion, the predicted flux of MG formation from glycated protein degradation is ca. 0.2 mmol MG per day or ca. 7%of In mammalian metabolism, MG is formed at relatively high total MG formation. Dietary contributions to MG exposure flux mainly by the trace level degradation of triosephosphates, from food are normally relatively low: sweetened soft drink, Fig. 1 Biochemistry of dicarbonyl stress. a Metabolism of MG by the glyoxalase system. b Formation of hydroimidazolone MG-H1 from arginine residues. c Formation of imidazopurinone MGdG in DNA. Adduct residue is shown with guanyl base only Glycoconj J 330 ml – 0.1 μmol MG [21], fruit juice, 330 ml – 0.7 μmol, abundance in human cells [29]. In principle, ADHs may also bread/cakes, 100 g, 1–2 μmol and other foodstuffs [22]; that metabolise glyoxal and MG to glyoxylate and pyruvate, re- is, combined likely <0.03 mmol MG per day or <1 % MG spectively. In examination of ADH-linked MG dehydroge- exposure. MG in foodstuffs was also metabolised and/or nase activity in human cells to date we have found very low reacted with proteins before absorption in the gastrointestinal or undetectable activity. AKRs and ADH catalyse the metab- tract and imposed dicarbonyl stress mainly in the gastrointes- olism of 3-DG whereas Glo-1 does not [4, 30]. Other proteins, tinal lumen [23]. The diet may contribute markedly greater to Bglyoxalase III^ and DJ1, were proposed as glyoxalases but total exposure for other dicarbonyls where culinary heating is their low catalytic efficiency and cellular content suggests this a source of formation; for example, 3-DG [24]. Sources of is unlikely [31]. formation of MG and routes of metabolism are summarised Basal and inducible expression of Glo-1, AKRs and ADH in Fig. 2. are under stress-responsive control by nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) through regulatory antioxidant re- sponse elements (AREs) [32–36].Thecytoprotectivefunction Dicarbonyl metabolism by the glyoxalase system of Nrf2 therefore involves enhancing basal and inducible ex- pression and activities of enzymes of dicarbonyl metabolism Glyoxal and MG are metabolised mainly by glyoxalase 1 and thereby prevention of dicarbonyl stress [32]. Other regu- (Glo-1) of the glutathione-dependent glyoxalase system, with latory elements in the mammalian GLO-1
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Interplay Among Oxidative Stress, Methylglyoxal Pathway and S-Glutathionylation
    antioxidants Review Interplay among Oxidative Stress, Methylglyoxal Pathway and S-Glutathionylation Lidia de Bari 1,*, Andrea Scirè 2 , Cristina Minnelli 2 , Laura Cianfruglia 3 , Miklos Peter Kalapos 4 and Tatiana Armeni 3,* 1 Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy 2 Department of Life Environmental Sciencesand, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (C.M.) 3 Department of Clinical Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60100 Ancona, Italy; [email protected] 4 Theoretical Biology Research Group, Dámvad utca 18, H-1029 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.d.B.); [email protected] (T.A.); Tel.: +39-080-5929806 (L.d.B.); +39-071-2204376 (T.A.) Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced constantly inside the cells as a consequence of nutrient catabolism. The balance between ROS production and elimination allows to maintain cell redox homeostasis and biological functions, avoiding the occurrence of oxidative distress causing irre- versible oxidative damages. A fundamental player in this fine balance is reduced glutathione (GSH), required for the scavenging of ROS as well as of the reactive 2-oxoaldehydes methylglyoxal (MGO). MGO is a cytotoxic compound formed constitutively as byproduct of nutrient catabolism, and in particular of glycolysis, detoxified in a GSH-dependent manner by the glyoxalase pathway consisting in glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II reactions. A physiological increase in ROS production (oxidative eustress, OxeS) is promptly signaled by the decrease of cellular GSH/GSSG ratio which can induce the reversible S-glutathionylation of key proteins aimed at restoring the redox balance.
    [Show full text]
  • Glyoxalase 1 Attenuates the Effects of Chronic Hyperglycemia on Explant-Derived Cardiac Stem Cells
    Glyoxalase 1 attenuates the effects of chronic hyperglycemia on explant-derived cardiac stem cells Melanie Villanueva, B.Sc. This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies as partial fulfillment of the Master of Science program degree in Cellular and Molecular Medicine. Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa Supervisor: Darryl R. Davis MD © Melanie Villanueva, Ottawa, Canada, 2017 i Table of Contents Acknowledgments……………………………………………………………………………....iv Sources of Funding……………………………………………………………………….……..v Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………..vi List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………………vii List of Figures……………………………………………………………………………….….viii List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………….ix 1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………..1 1.1 Diabetes Mellitus…………………………………………………………………….1 1.1.1 Pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in diabetes……………….1 1.1.2 Effects of chronic hyperglycemia on myocardial metabolism………....2 1.1.3 Effects of chronic hyperglycemia on myocardial function…….…….....3 1.1.4 Effects of chronic hyperglycemia on myocardial structure…...…….....3 1.1.5 Effects of chronic hyperglycemia on coronary vessels........................6 1.2 Impaired adult stem cell function in patients with chronic hyperglycemia………7 1.2.1 Mesenchymal stem cells…………………………………………………8 1.2.2 Endothelial progenitor cells………...……………………………….……8 1.2.3 c-Kit+ cardiac stem cells………………………………………………….9 1.2.4 Explant-derived cardiac stem cells and cardiosphere-derived
    [Show full text]
  • Methylglyoxal Concentrations Differ in Standard and Washed Neonatal Packed Red Blood Cells
    nature publishing group Translational Investigation Articles Methylglyoxal concentrations differ in standard and washed neonatal packed red blood cells Autumn S. Kiefer1, Thomas Fleming2, George J. Eckert3, Brenda B. Poindexter1, Peter P. Nawroth2 and Mervin C. Yoder1 BACKGROUND: Preterm infants have a greater risk of nec- ≤28 wk of gestation, and this led to endothelial cell activa- rotizing enterocolitis following transfusion. It is hypothesized tion as evidenced by soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 that high glucose concentrations in red blood cell (RBC) pre- release (4). servatives lead to increased methylglyoxal (MG) metabolism, causing glycation-driven damage to transfused RBCs. Such Methylglyoxal and Advanced Glycation End Product Formation changes to the RBCs could promote a proinflammatory state Packed RBCs for transfusion are stored in preservatives that in transfusion recipients. allow the cells to remain metabolically active, utilizing the pre- METHODS: Standard and washed RBCs in Adsol-3, two servative’s glucose supply in glycolysis. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a common neonatal preparations, were studied. Consecutive natural by-product of glycolysis, formed from the spontaneous measurements were performed of glucose, MG, reduced glu- degradation of the triose phosphate intermediates (Figure 1). tathione, glyoxalase I activity (GLO-I), and D-lactate, the stable MG belongs to a class of small molecular weight compounds end product of MG detoxification by glyoxalase enzymes over known as the dicarbonyls, which are potent glycating agents. the 42-d storage period. During glycation, either intact glucose or dicarbonyls react RESULTS: RBC units consume glucose and produce D-lactate with proteins at lysine and arginine residues via the Maillard and MG during storage.
    [Show full text]
  • The Glyoxalase System in Age-Related Diseases: Nutritional Intervention As Anti-Ageing Strategy
    cells Review The Glyoxalase System in Age-Related Diseases: Nutritional Intervention as Anti-Ageing Strategy Gemma Aragonès 1 , Sheldon Rowan 1,2,3 , Sarah G. Francisco 1, Elizabeth A. Whitcomb 1, Wenxin Yang 1, Giuliana Perini-Villanueva 1, Casper G. Schalkwijk 4, Allen Taylor 1,2,3,* and Eloy Bejarano 1,5,* 1 Laboratory for Nutrition and Vision Research, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA; [email protected] (G.A.); [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (S.G.F.); [email protected] (E.A.W.); [email protected] (W.Y.); [email protected] (G.P.-V.) 2 Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02155, USA 3 Friedman School of Nutrition and Science Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA 4 Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; [email protected] 5 School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (A.T.); [email protected] (E.B.); Tel.: +1-617-556-3156 or +1-617-784-3199 (A.T.) Abstract: The glyoxalase system is critical for the detoxification of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). AGEs are toxic compounds resulting from the non-enzymatic modification of biomolecules by sugars or their metabolites through a process called glycation. AGEs have adverse effects on many Citation: Aragonès, G.; Rowan, S.; tissues, playing a pathogenic role in the progression of molecular and cellular aging.
    [Show full text]
  • Modification of the Glyoxalase System in Human Red Blood Cellsby Glucose in Vitro
    Biochem. J. (1988) 254, 751-755 (Printed in Great Britain) 751 Modification of the glyoxalase system in human red blood cells by glucose in vitro Paul J. THORNALLEY* MRC Mechanisms of Drug Toxicity Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, U.K. The human red-blood-cell glyoxalase system was modified by incubation with high concentrations ofglucose in vitro. Red-blood-cell suspensions (50 %, v/v) were incubated with 5 mm- and 25 mM-glucose to model normal and hyperglycaemic glucose metabolism. There was an increase in the flux of methylglyoxal metabolized to D-lactic acid via the glyoxalase pathway with high glucose concentration. The increase was approximately proportional to initial glucose concentration over the range studied (5-100 mM). The activities of glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II were not significantly changed, but the concentrations of the glyoxalase substrates, methylglyoxal and S-D-lactoylglutathione, and the percentage of glucotriose metabolized via the glyoxalase pathway, were significantly increased. The increase in the flux of intermediates metabolized via the glyoxalase pathway during periodic hyperglycaemia may be a biochemical factor involved in the development of chronic clinical complications associated with diabetes mellitus. INTRODUCTION glyoxalase system (Carrington & Douglas, 1986). Here I Diabetes mellitus is a disease associated with abnormal describe the modification of the glyoxalase system with carbohydrate metabolism, arising from insulin deficiency change in glucose concentration in isolated human red and/or malfunction of insulin receptors. The consequent blood cells in vitro. The results suggest that the flux of elevation of the concentration of glucose in the blood methylglyoxal metabolized to D-lactic acid via the plasma produces hyperglycaemia in tissues with insulin- glyoxalase pathway is increased during exposure to high independent uptake of glucose.
    [Show full text]
  • Methylglyoxal Acts As a Tumor-Promoting Factor in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
    cells Article Methylglyoxal Acts as a Tumor-Promoting Factor in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cinzia Antognelli 1,* , Sonia Moretti 2, Roberta Frosini 1, Efisio Puxeddu 2, Angelo Sidoni 1 and Vincenzo N. Talesa 1 1 Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; [email protected] (R.F.); [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (V.N.T.) 2 Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Piazza Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy; [email protected] (S.M.); efi[email protected] (E.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-075-585-8354 Received: 15 March 2019; Accepted: 3 June 2019; Published: 6 June 2019 Abstract: Methylglyoxal (MG) is a potent inducer of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). MG, long considered a highly cytotoxic molecule with potential anticancer value, is now being re-evaluated to a protumorigenic agent in some malignancies. Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an extremely aggressive and highly lethal cancer for which conventional therapies have proved ineffective. Successful therapeutic intervention in ATC is undermined by our poor understanding of its molecular etiology. In the attempt to understand the role of MG in ATC aggressiveness, we used immunohistochemistry to examine the level of MG protein adducts in ATC and slow-growing papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). We detected a high level of MG adducts in ATC compared to PTC ones, suggesting a protumor role for MG-mediated dicarbonyl stress in ATC. Accordingly, MG adduct accumulation in ATC cells in vitro was associated with a marked mesenchymal phenotype and increased migration/invasion, which were both reversed by aminoguanidine (AG)—a scavenger of MG—and resveratrol—an activator of Glyoxalase 1 (Glo1), the key metabolizing enzyme of MG.
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of Polyphenols Against Glyco-Oxidative Stress: Involvement of Glyoxalase Pathway
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 17 September 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202009.0383.v1 Article Protection of Polyphenols Against Glyco-Oxidative Stress: Involvement of Glyoxalase Pathway Laura Cianfruglia1†, Camilla Morresi2†, Tiziana Bacchetti2* and Tatiana Armeni1* Gianna Ferretti1, 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy 2 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † These authors share first authorship. Received: date; Accepted: date; Published: date Abstract: Chronic high glucose (HG) exposure increases methylglyoxal (MG)-derived AGEs and is involved in the onset of pathological conditions, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and chronic‐ degenerative diseases. Under physiologic condition the harmful effects of MG are contrasted by glyoxalase system that is involved in the detoxification of Reactive Carbonyl Species (RCS) and maintain the homeostasis of the redox environment of the cell. Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and present various health benefits. The study aimed at investigating the role of polyphenols extracted from an apple high in polyphenols (Calville White Winter), on glyco- oxidative stress induced by chronic HG-exposure. Intestinal Caco-2 cells were treated in physiological glucose condition (25mM) as a control and in HG condition (50mM) with or without apple extract for one week. Our data demonstrated that HG-treatment triggers glyco-oxidation stress with a significantly increase in ROS, lipid peroxidation, AGEs and Glyoxalase I (GlxI) activity with a significant decrease in total antioxidant intracellular defense.
    [Show full text]
  • Improved Glycemic Control and Vascular Function in Overweight and Obese Subjects By
    Page 1 of 53 Diabetes Improved glycemic control and vascular function in overweight and obese subjects by glyoxalase 1 inducer formulation Running title: Metabolic and vascular health with Glo1 inducer. Mingzhan Xue1, Martin O Weickert1,2, Sheharyar Qureshi1,2, Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala3, Attia Anwar1, Molly Waldron1, Alaa Shafie1, David Messenger4, Mark Fowler 4, Gail Jenkins4, Naila Rabbani5 and Paul J. Thornalley1,5 1Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K., 2University Hospitals of Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust, Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, CV2 2DX, U.K., 3Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K., 4Unilever Research & Development Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford, MK44 1LQ, U.K. and 5Warwick Systems Biology Centre, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K. Correspondence should be addressed to: Professor Paul J Thornalley, Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry CV2 2DX, U.K. Email: [email protected] Tel +44 24 7696 8594 Fax: +44 24 7696 8653. Word count: abstract 199. Main text: 4000. Number of Figures and Tables: 8 1 Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online May 11, 2016 Diabetes Page 2 of 53 SUMMARY Risk of insulin resistance, impaired glycemic control and cardiovascular disease is excessive in overweight and obese populations. We hypothesised that increasing expression of glyoxalase 1 (Glo1) – an enzyme that catalyses the metabolism of reactive metabolite and glycating agent, methylglyoxal – may improve metabolic and vascular health. Dietary bioactive compounds were screened for Glo1 inducer activity in a functional reporter assay, hits confirmed in cell culture and an optimised Glo1 inducer formulation evaluated in a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover clinical trial in 29 overweight and obese subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • Overexpression of the Glyoxalase II Gene Leads to Enhanced Salinity Tolerance in Brassica Juncea
    The Open Plant Science Journal, 2011, 5, 23-28 23 Open Access Overexpression of the Glyoxalase II Gene Leads to Enhanced Salinity Tolerance in Brassica Juncea Mukesh Saxena1, Suchandra Deb Roy1, Sneh-Lata Singla-Pareek2, Sudhir Kumar Sopory2 1, and Neera Bhalla-Sarin * 1School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India 2Plant Molecular Biology, I.C.G.E.B., Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi-110067, India Abstract: Engineering of salinity tolerance in agronomically important crop plants is required to increase their productivity by enabling them to grow in saline soils, which are otherwise left uncultivated. Since an increase in the enzymes of glyoxalase system has been shown to impart salinity tolerance in the model plant tobacco, we used the glyoxalase II gene for engineering salinity tolerance in an important oil yielding crop, Brassica juncea. The transgenic plants of B. juncea overexpressing the glyoxalase II gene showed higher salinity tolerance as compared to the untransformed control plants as observed by delayed senescence in leaf discs at 400 mM and 800 mM NaCl in T1 generation. The percentage of germination of the T2 transgenic seeds was higher at 150 mM and 200 mM NaCl as compared to the seeds of untransformed plants. This for the first time demonstrates the applicability of utilizing the glyoxalase II gene for enhanced salinity tolerance in an oilseed crop plant B. juncea. Keywords: Brassica juncea, glyoxalase II, salinity tolerance, methylglyoxal, NaCl. 1. INTRODUCTION various enzymes of glycolytic pathway under in vitro conditions [5-8]. It has also been shown to arrest growth in As the population of the world is increasing, new means G1 phase of the cell cycle through inhibition of DNA of improving crop productivity must be found to increase the synthesis [9, 10].
    [Show full text]
  • Review the ROLE of ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS IN
    CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LETTERS http://www.cmbl.org.pl Received: 31 December 2013 Volume 19 (2014) pp 407-437 Final form accepted: 28 July 2014 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-014-0205-5 Published online: August 2014 © 2014 by the University of Wrocław, Poland Review THE ROLE OF ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCTS IN VARIOUS TYPES OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE: A THERAPEUTIC APPROACH PARVEEN SALAHUDDIN1, GULAM RABBANI2 and RIZWAN HASAN KHAN2, * 1Distributed Information Sub Center, 2Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India Abstract: Protein glycation is initiated by a nucleophilic addition reaction between the free amino group from a protein, lipid or nucleic acid and the carbonyl group of a reducing sugar. This reaction forms a reversible Schiff base, which rearranges over a period of days to produce ketoamine or Amadori products. The Amadori products undergo dehydration and rearrangements and develop a cross-link between adjacent proteins, giving rise to protein aggregation or advanced glycation end products (AGEs). A number of studies * Author for correspondence. Email: [email protected], [email protected], phone: +91-571-2721776 Abbreviations used: A – amyloid beta; AD – Alzheimer’s disease; AFGPs – alkylformyl glycosylpyrroles; AG – aminoguanidne; AGEs – advanced glycation end products; AKR – aldo-keto-reductase; ALI – arginine lysine imidazole; ALS – amylolateral sclerosis; ALT – 711alagebrium chloride; APP – amyloid precursor protein; BSE – bovine spongiform encelopathy; CD-36 – cluster
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in the Antioxidant and Glyoxalase Enzyme Activities in Leaves of Two Moroccan Sorghum Ecotypes with Differential Tolerance to Nitrogen Stress
    AJCS 12(08):1280-1287 (2018) ISSN:1835-2707 doi: 10.21475/ajcs.18.12.08.PNE1008 Changes in the antioxidant and glyoxalase enzyme activities in leaves of two Moroccan sorghum ecotypes with differential tolerance to nitrogen stress Reda Ben Mrid1, Redouane El Omari1, Nourdin El Mourabit2, Youssef Bouargalne1, Mohamed NHIRI1* 1Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Tangier, BP 416, 90000 Tanger, Morocco 2Regional Center for Agronomic Research of Tangier, 78 Avenue Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdella, Tangier 90010, Morocco *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract Nitrogen stress as well as other stresses can negatively impact the plant development and metabolism. Generally, stress factors increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and methylglyoxal (MG) production, which may, in the absence of effective protective mechanisms, induce irreparable metabolic dysfunction and death. The effect of different amounts (from deficiency to excess) of nitrate, ammonium or nitrate combined to ammonium, on enzyme activities of antioxidant and methylglyoxal detoxification systems of two sorghum ecotypes (3P4 and 4P11) was studied. The N supply was performed per pot during the sowing step using potassium nitrate and/or ammonium sulfate. Six N treatments were applied using 120, 240 and 480 Kg ha-1 of ammonium or nitrate and three other treatments were applied using 120 kg ha-1 nitrate combined to 120, 240 and 480 kg ha-1of ammonium. The specific activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), glyoxalase I (Gly I) and glyoxalase II (Gly II) were investigated. Results showed that, ammonium excess and N-deficient conditions increased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), and induced the enzyme activities of ROS and MG detoxification systems, supporting the sorghum’s ability to counteract the negative effect of N stress (deficit and excess).
    [Show full text]
  • Protection of Polyphenols Against Glyco-Oxidative Stress: Involvement of Glyoxalase Pathway
    antioxidants Article Protection of Polyphenols against Glyco-Oxidative Stress: Involvement of Glyoxalase Pathway 1, 2, 2, 1, , Laura Cianfruglia y , Camilla Morresi y, Tiziana Bacchetti * , Tatiana Armeni * z 1, and Gianna Ferretti z 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (G.F.) 2 Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (T.B.); [email protected] (T.A.) These authors share first authorship. y Research Center of Health Education and Promotion, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, z 60131 Ancona, Italy. Received: 14 September 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Chronic high glucose (HG) exposure increases methylglyoxal (MGO)-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and is involved in the onset of pathological conditions, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and chronic-degenerative diseases. Under physiologic conditions the harmful effects of MGO are contrasted by glyoxalase system that is implicated in the detoxification of Reactive Carbonyl Species (RCS) and maintain the homeostasis of the redox environment of the cell. Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and present various health benefits. Aims of the study were to investigate the effects of HG-chronic exposure on glyco-oxidation and glyoxalase system in intestinal cells, using CaCo-2 cells. Moreover, we studied the effect of apple polyphenols on glyco-oxidative stress. Our data demonstrated that HG-treatment triggers glyco-oxidation stress with a significant increase in intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, AGEs, and increase of Glyoxalase I (GlxI) activity.
    [Show full text]