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Hownam Rings. Roxburghshire. Section Through Defences on West

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Hownam Rings. Roxburghshire. Section Through Defences on West EXCAVATION HOWNAT A S M RINGS, ROXBURGHSHIRE3 19 . VIII. E EXCAVATIONTH T HOWNAA S M RINGS, ROXBURGHSHIRE, . PIGGOTTM . C 1948Y B ,. F.S.A., F.S.A.ScoT. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION : PAGB The Circumstance Excavatiof so n ......3 19 . .19 Th. e 4Selectio . Hownaf . no . m Ring . s The Site before Excavation ........ 196 DESCRIPTION : Summar Resultf yo s ........8 19 . The Excavation Described .......0 20 . Phase I. The Palisade Enclosure ...... 200 Wale l Th PhasFor . te II ....... 2 20 . Are I .........a 2 20 . Area II. The Entrance ....... 203 . .20 . 3 . Are I aII Phas Rubble e IIITh e. Ramparts .....4 20 . The Inner Rampart .......4 20 . The Inner Ditc Berd mhan .....4 20 . 5 20 . The Secon. d. Rampar . Ditcd an t h Entrance through Second Rampart ....5 20 . The Outer Ramparts ....... 205 Blocking of Phase II Entrance ...... 206 6 20 . Hut o Storag. d san Tw t . ePi B V I d an PhasA V eI Hut I, Area III .... 206 Storage Pit, Area III . 208 Hut II, Area IV . .209 THE FINDS . 212 DISCUSSION . •. 220 APPENDICES I-IV .......... 223 INTRODUCTION. The Circumstances of Excavation. The excavation t Hownasa m Ring Roxburghshiren si 1 were undertaken, in Jun Juld e1948an f y o behaln Societe o , th f f o Antiquarie f yo Scotlandf so , 1 First describe planned dBordere an th n di Magazine, September 1863, 183—4. "Accounn a f o t Ancient Fortlet near Hownam, Roxburghshire: with illustration," by David Milne Home. VOL. LXXXII. 13 194 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , 1947-48. kiny b d permissio H.Gf n o Duke th . Roxburghef eo tenane th d tan , farmer,- Mr J. Bryce. The excavation lasted a month, and labour was provided by students who were enable receivatteno o dt t d dan e some training through grants froe Scottismth h Universities allottee Scottisth o t d h Field Schoof o l LOCATION MAP FOR. HOWNAM 'RINGS. HOWNA\\ R.INO OTHERO S . If-ON ACE FOR.TS Pig. 1. Archaeology. To these students, to Mr Bryce, and to many other volunteers, notably Pla u Misd t. J sTaylor , Mis . BalfouHr . GilmorG .M M s d rean Paul writee th , greatls i r y indebted t onl writer—foe no y th d an , r Scottish Archaeolog significantls yha y benefited through this voluntary effort under- taken at a time when camping life was extremely difficult, and when the weather was so bad that some 20 per cent, of the digging hours were lost. The Selection Hownamof Rings. bees ha n t I possibl somn ei e part Britainf so , more especiall southe yth , shoo t w that certain kind hill-forf so t defence equatee b n sca d with different period culturesd san . Thus single ramparts enclosine th ghilltoa n i e par EXCAVATIONS AT HOWNAM RINGS, ROXBURGHSHIRE. 195 south generally foun belon o "AdIrot e e th n"Ag o g t culture , while multiple ramparts are more typical of the "B" culture. A great deal of excavation remains to be done in all parts of the country before the very significant difference workee b n ca sd out therr fo , e were many varied kind defencef so s e invadinth use y db r peacefull go y settling peoples withi e Ironth n Age. Britise parth o Ann f o tn hd i Isle less si s know thesf no e defences than i Southern Scotland, where scientific excavation on hill-forts has been almost non-existent. Carefully planned excavation followed up by extensive field-work by trained archaeologists is needed before the numerous local variations among the hill-forts can be classified, and related by associated find f pottero s d metal-woryan e cultureth o kt f pre post-Romad so an - n times. For whereas in the more Romanised regions of southern Britain there are comparatively few fortified sites of the Dark Ages, in the north generalld an highlane th n yi d part Britaif so n ther knowe mane ar b o nyt Dark Ages sites. Of these, too, almost nothin knowgs i theid nan r character- istic workee b s o havt dt outeye . In "A Survey and Policy of Field Research in the Archaeology of Great Britain" (Council r Britishfo Archaeology, 1948 e followinth ) g sentences occur (p. 105):— "Several forts (Traprain Law, Castle Law, Kaimes Hill—-ail in the Lothians) have been shown by excavation to belong to several periods, each with a distinct system of fortification; and this can sometimes be worked out on the ground without excavation t withouBu . t careful fieldwork, descriptio unexcan a f no - vated fort as ' multivallate' or 'bivallate' is simply misleading. Again, the excavation of Kaimes Hill proved that hut-circles within the enclosure were later than the latest system of ramparts, so that references based on superficial survey e exposurth o t s f suco e h structures withi na for t hav a vere y limited value." Again, on the following page:— . "The very chronological framewor native th r ekfo cultures nort Hadrian'f ho s Wall remains to be built. Hence the prime need is an index-series of type- fossils, based mainly upon stratified pottery. Thin onl e obtaineca sb y y b d further excavation." field-wors a r Asfa concerneds ki fortunats i t i , epresene thath t a t t time Roxburghshir s beinei g studied intensivel e Royath y ylb Commission no Ancient Monuments, and as a result of this work it is possible to distinguish the following types of defended settlements l:— (1) Hilltops enclose palisadesy db , either singl doubler eo . (2) Forts defende simpla y db e sheer-faced wall. (3) Forts with multiple ramparts and ditches. Apparently later tha nsmale thesth e l eenclosurear s know "homes na - Steee 1 Se Archceological e r inTh News Letter,(Decembe8 . No r 1948) . 10-11pp , . 196 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1947-48. steads, d variouan " s other presumably post-Roman structures whico d h not concern us here. Examination on the ground of some of these forts, including Hownam Rings, reveale apparenn da t sequenc whicn ei h multiple ramparts seeme havdo t e been adde defencedo t s wit hsingla e wall. Hownam Rings was clearly a fort which had had a comparatively long life, during which tim e defensivth e e syste d beemha n altere d redesignedan d t I . also included a small "homestead" partly built over the rampart. For thes remover e fa reason chosent s face no wa th alsd s td r t si thao an ,fo wa t ti from the Roman road of Dere Street, running northwards to Newstead; for along this road would have been carried many Roman wares which may have been traded wit e nativhth e people thesd an , e Roman objecte ar s invaluable for the evidence of date which they afford. generallo tw e Oth fy practised method f excavationo s , total stripping of the site, or test excavations by carefully placed cuttings, the second method was that selected for Hownam. In the course of the excavation it was hoped that some at least of the following questions might be answered:— (1) What was the sequence of hill-fort construction in the Border Country ? (2) To what cultures and dates did the different defences belong? (3) Wer e multiplth e e dltched-and-ramparted forte sth maden i s a , south "Be Iroy b , n"Ag settlers gradually moving northwards like their "Ae IroAg n" predecessors t accompanieno f i , Or ? d by settlement, was it only the fashion that spread as the new weapon slingf s o possibl d san y chariot swald madol l e defenceeth s inadequate ?' (4) How were these cultures affected by the Roman conquest of Southern Scotland? Answers were obtained to some of these questions, and will be discussed in the later part of this report. The Site before Excavation. Hownam Rings lies just withi e 1000-foonth t contou northere th n o r n slopeCheviotse th f so mile5 , s sout Morebattlf ho hald milean a f e easf o t the village of Hownam, where the Kale Water is joined by the Capehope Heatherhopd an e Burns (Grid Referenc e36/791194): . The appearanc e countrth f o e y to-da s thayi f rollino t g treeless hills with rounded profile, covered with poor grass suitable only for sheep grazing. Hill-forts and homesteads are thickly scattered, usually, as shown in fig. 1, between the 800- and 1100-foot contour lines. Round about Hownam greatee Ringth d rsan heigh Hownaf lane o t th fairl s di w myLa well drained HOWNAM RINGS ROXBURGHSHIRE MULTIPLE RUBBLE R.AMPAR.TS t. DITCHES EXCAVATIONS 1948 (PHASE III) 'HOMESTEAD IV B) PHASE IV),V " , ;\\R.OBBED FORT '\\ (PHASE II) .-•' .--'DITCHES (PHASE up PALISADES. ••' (PHASE'S IA&IB)-- 0 5 10 IS 20 25 30 5S 40 45 SO 55 60 £5 70 METK.ES C.M.P 'i-S Fig. 2. Plan showing excavated areas. [Based on a survey by the Royal Commission on Ancient Monuments. 8 19 PROCEEDING E SOCIETYTH F O S , 1947-48. by the numerous burns which empty into the northward flowing Kale or Bowmont Waters and ultimately into the Tweed. Geologicall Sandstond lowee Re th d n surfaceOl rye o eth geolog vers yi y varied. The lower-lying parts are often sandy, and there is a considerable amoun f alluviao t l soil forme deposity b d s washed down fro e highemth r land.
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