Contact Relationships Between the Askvoll Group and the Basement Gneisses of the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) , Sunnfjord, Western Norway
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Contact relationships between the Askvoll group and the basement gneisses of the Western Gneiss Region (WGR) , Sunnfjord, Western Norway EIVIND SWENSSON & TORGEIR B. ANDERSEN Swensson, E. & Andersen, T. B.: Contact relationships betwe�n the Askvoll group and the basement gneisses of the Western Gneiss Region (WGR), Sunnfjord, Western Norway. Norsk G�ologisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 71, pp. 15--27. Oslo 1991. ISSN 0029-196X. The Askvoll group, comprising a thick mylonitic sequence. is situated between the Caledonian nappes and the underlying Western Gneiss Region (WGR) and defines the Kvamshesten Detachment Zone on the south side of the Devonian Kvamshesten basin. The tectonostratigraphy of the Askvoll group is subdivided into threc units: the upper Gjervika Unit comprises quartzofeldspathic mylonites and marbles: the middle Vikaneset Unit consists of metasediments. greenschists. ftaser gabbros. plagiogranites and amphibolite bands; and the lower Kumle Unit comprises metapsammite and garnet mica schist with lenses of garnet amphibolites. The WGR consists of migmatitic and granitic gneisses which are interfolded with amphibolites. metagabbros and metapsammites. The peak metamorphic assemblages preserved in the detachment zone are characteristic of amphibolite facies metamorphism and are observed in both the basement and the Askvoll group. Eclogites have been observed in the gneisses further to the east showing high-grade metamorphism of the basement. Progressive retrogression to low greenschist-facies metamorphism accompanied penetrative shear deformation and mylonitization of the Askvoll group. The contact between the WGR and the Askvoll group is characterized by a change in lithology and structural style along a broad zone. in part associated with the Kumle Unit that truncates the isoclinally folded rocks of the basement. The Gjervika Unit and the Vikaneset Unit are interpreted to be an allochthonous cover sequence to the underlying basement, whereas the Kumle Unit could be part of either the supracrustals in the basement or the lowermost part of the Askvoll group. The deformation and retrograde metamorphism, which are assigned to the orogenic collapse, occurred prior to the deposition of the Middle Devonian basins (380 Ma) and have overprinted and obliterated older tectonic fabrics. E. Swensson, Norsk Hydro A/s, P.O. Box 200, 1321 Stabekk, Norway. T. 8. Andersen, Department of Geology, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1047, Blindern, 0316 Oslo 3, Norway. The later stage of the Caledonian Orogeny can be divided Devonian age are juxtaposed on lower crustal rocks with into two distinctly different tectonic phases: (l) a com approximately the same mineral cooling ages, represents pressional phase related to the Silurian continent-con a key area for the study of extensional tectonics in the tinent collision, and (2) a subsequent extensional phase Caledonides (Fig. 1). The Devonian sedimentary basins, of Devonian age. The compressional phase gave rise to traditionally interpreted as molasse basins (Fig. 1), occur a series of nappes emplaced onto the Baltic Shield. The in contact with the Caledonian nappes as well as the tectonometamorphic evolution and complex tectono underlying Precambrian basement of the Western Gneiss stratigraphy established during the compressional phase Region (WGR) (Bryhni 1963; Bryhni & Skjerlie 1975; have been studied in detail and are relatively well con Kildal1970; Steel et al. 1985). The boundary between the strained (e.g. Roberts & Gee 1985, and references WGR and the overlying allochthonous rocks is definedby therein). The extensional phase, on the other hand, has major shear zones comprising mylonitic and cataclastic been recognized only in recent years, mainly as a result rocks (Hossack 1984; Norton 1986, 1987; Chauvet & of increased knowledge about kinematics and shear sen se Seranne 1989; Chauvet & Brunel 1988; Swensson & indicators associated with shear zones (Simpson & Sch Andersen 1987, 1990). Several models have been pro mid 1983; Lister & Snoke 1984; Passchier 1984; White et posed for the development and structural modification of al. 1986), and the recognition of orogenic collapse as an these Devonian basins which involve strike-slip move important process following the buildup of the orogenic ments (Steel 1976; Steel & Gloppen 1980) and thrust welt (Molnar & Tapponnier 1978; Dewey 1989, and faulting (Bryhni & Skjerlie 1975). The present model for references therein). The recognition of large low-angle the development of the Devonian basins involves large normal faults with large displacements in the Basin and scale low-angle normal faulting (Bryhni 1963; Nilsen Range Province of the Western USA (Davis 1983; Davis 1968; Hossack 1984; Norton 1986, 1987; Seranne & Seg & Lister 1988; Davis et al. 1986; Wernicke 1985; Wer uret 1987; Chauvet & Brunel 1988; Chauvet & Seranne nicke & Burchfiel 1982; Reynolds & Spencer 1985; Lister 1989; Chauvet et al. 1987). The present contribution & Davis 1989) was a breakthrough in our understanding concentrates on the relationships between the KDZ, of the processes involved in orogenic extensional where it occurs in the Askvoll group, and the WGR in collapse. the Atløy-Askvoll area of Sunnfjord (Fig. 1). The major Western Norway, where sedimentary basins of Middle problem in this area is the relationship between the 16 E. Swensson & T. B. Andersen NORSK GEOLOGISK TIDSSKR!Ff 71 (1991) GEOLOGICAL MAP, SOGNEFJORDEN- NORDFJORD AREA, W.NORWAY 10 KM St• 25"N 17 Figure 2 � Devonian sediments, minor � volcanics and intrusives o/.�(()!; in the Solund area Caledonian outboard terrane. Upper Allochthon. Solund -Stavfjord Ophiolite Complex and associated rocks. Middle Allochthon. continental basement & cover • • Eclogites Greenschists, probably Caledonian in the Askvoll group and in Hyllestad Kyanite-bearing schist, Hyllestad area Major semibritlle to brittle faults. Fjordane Complex normal to oblique slip. Western Gneiss Region � Detachment in the Upper and Middle Crust. Jostedalen Complex -7c:: Major shear zones between the Western Gneiss Region Up per /Middle Crust and eclogite ......... __.::!:::... �-z- .,.__ bearing Lower Crust. Fig. I. Simplified geological map of Western Norway between Sognefjord and Nordfjord, modified after Andersen & Jam tveit (1990). ' NORSK GEOLOGISK TIDSSKR!Ff 71 (1991) Contact relationships, W. Gneiss Region 17 metasediments and metavolcanics of the Askvoll group gneisses (The Dalsfjord Suite) and cover rocks (Høyvik and the paragneisses and orthogneisses of the WGR. We and Herland Group), which is overlain by the Solund propose a Palaeozoic age for the mafic sequence of the Stavfjord Ophiolite Complex and the Sunnfjord Melange Askvoll group which could be related to the early rifting formed during obduction of the ophiolite (Brekke & phase, i.e. the opening of the Iapetus Ocean (Skjerlie Solberg 1987; Andersen et al. 1990; Furnes et al. 1990). 1969; Furnes et al. 1976). The deformation of the Askvoll The Devonian sediments rest partly with unconformity group is characterized by progressive deformation during and partly with tectonic contact against the Caledonian retrograde conditions from amphibolite facies to lower rocks. The contacts with the eclogite-bearing rocks are, greenschist facies. This evolution is accompanied by however,. everywhere tectonic (Skjerlie 1969; Steel et down-to-the-west movement of the hanging wall along al. 1985, and references therein; Swensson & Andersen the KDZ, related to the extensional collapse of the Cale 1987; Swensson 1990; Swensson & Andersen 1990). donian Orogenic welt in the Early Devonian (Norton The major shear zones that separate the allochthonous 1986; Chau vet & Seranne 1989; Andersen et al., in prep). rocks and the Devonian sediments from the deep crustal rocks of the WGR are characterized by both mylonitic and cataclastic rocks, whereas mylonites dominate in the footwall and the cataclasites in the hanging wall (Brekke Geological setting & Solberg 1987; Swensson 1990; Swensson & Andersen The Precambrian gneisses of the Western Gneiss Region 1990; Chauvet & Seranne 1989). The main shear zone (WGR) constitute the heterogeneous autochthonous was named the Måløy Fault by Hossack (1984) and basement for the allochthonous Caledonian rocks and Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment by Norton (1986). In the Devonian sediments. The Devonian sediments occur in present study, Nordfjord-Sogn Detachment (NSD) is four intracratonic basins (the Hornelen Basin, the Hås preferred. Both Hossack (1984) and Norton (1986) sug teinen Basin, the Kvamshesten Basin and the Solund gested that NSD was a low-angle normal fault developed Basin) (Fig. l) (e.g. Steel et al. 1985). during major extension associated with the collapse of the The WGR represents the root zone of the Caledonian Caledonian orogen during Late Silurian-Early Devonian Orogen, and a metamorphic zonation, from amphibolite times. During this event, low grade rocks of the Cale facies in the east (Krill 1985) to eclogite facies in the west donian nappes were juxtaposed on the high grade meta (Skjerlie 1969; Griffin et al. 1985; Griffin & Ovale 1985; morphic rocks of the WGR along the NSD. This model Bryhni 1989), emphasizes the deep crustal section dis was demonstrated by microtectonic study of the Middle played by these rocks. Pressure estimated from basement Devonian sediments and the basement in the Solund area rocks in the Sunnfjord area ranges from 12 to > 16 kbar. by Seranne & Seguret (1987), Seguret et al. (1989) and (Krogh 1980; Andersen & Jamtveit