DOCSLIB.ORG

Migration Between the United States and Canada, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D C, 1990

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Migration Between the United States and Canada, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D C, 1990 1 Current Population R rts ,“Special die ’ P-23, No. _ PAS/5P Migration ggg Between the Axis United States "a 'b’ All and Canada 91—528E U.S. Department Minister of Su and ‘ of Commerce Services Cana BUREAU OF STATISTICS THE CENSUS CANADA Acknowledgments This r eport was prepared jointly under the direction of John F. Long of the U.S. Bureau of the Census and Edward T. Pryor of Statistics Canada. John F. Long from the U.S. Bureau of the Census and M.V. George from Statistics Canada acted as coordinators for publication of the report. Administrative a nd statistical data on immigration were provided by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service and Employment and Immigration Canada. Staff members from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistics Canada, and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service provided review and comment of selected sections of the report. Sharon. S Goldsmith and Joan B. Taylor of the Population Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, provided typing and statistical assistance in preparing the final report. Gerry Ouellette, Lucette Dell’oso, Larry Wise, and Pat Johnston of Statistics Canada provided statistical/editorial assistance in preparing the report. The s taff of Publications Services Division, U.S. Bureau of the Census, Walter C. Odom, Chief, provided publication planning, design, composition, and printing planning and procurement. Linda H. Ambill edited and coordinated the publication, and David M. Coontz provided graphics services. Current Population Reports Statistics Canada Migration Special Studies Catalogue No. 91 -528E Between the Series P-23, No. 161 United States and Canada -il\ W . ~-ix :.'. Edward T. Pryor M.V. George Ravi B. P. Verma John F. Long Campbell Gibson Gilles Montigny Nancy McLaughlin lssued February 1990 Douglas A. Norris **" V U.S. Department of Commerce SupplyI*and Services Canada Robert A. Mosbacher, Secretary Harvie Andre, Minister Thomas J. Murrin, Deputy Secretary STATlSTlCS CANADA Michael R. Darby, Under Secretary for Economic Affairs lvan P. Fellegi, Chief Statistician of Canada BUREAU OF THE CENSUS Barbara Everitt Bryant, Director BUREAUF O THE CENSUS STATISTICS C ANADA Barbara E veritt Bryant, Ivan. P Fellegi, Director Chief Statistician of Canada C.L. K incannon, Bruce. D Petrie, Deputy D irector Assistant C hief Statistician, William P . Butz, Social Institutions and Associate D irector Labor Statistics Field for D emographic Programs Edward T . Pryor, Roger. A Herriot, Director General, Senior D emographic and Census and Demographic Housing Analyst Statistics Branch Paula. J Schneider, Anatole R omaniuc, Director, Chief, Population Division Demography Division SUGGESTED C ITATION US. B ureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 161, Migration Between the United States and Canada, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D C, 1990. For s ale by Superintendent of Documents, U.S. G overnment Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. Foreword This r eport exemplifies the long and sustained cooperation between the Bureau of the Census and Statistics Canada in the pursuit of research issues of mutual concern. Immigration (and emigration), by its very nature, is a topic of international dimensions. Parallel to measurement of the international trading of goods and services, the international exchange of people between countries can only be properly understood by integrating data and information of the countries involved. Reference has often been made to the long (5,525 miles or 8,890 kilometers), shared border between Canada and the United States. Over the years, this border has been crossed by millions of immigrants, in both directions. Using 1980 United States and 1981 Canadian census data, this unique study describes and assesses the background and characteristics of the U.S.-born population in Canada and the Canadian-born population in the United States. We see this study as a breakthrough, hopefully leading to other studies on subjects of interest and benefit to our respective agencies. Barbara E veritt Bryant Ivan P. Fellegi Director, Chief Statistician Bureau of the Census of Canada United S tates Department of Commerce Contents Page Text Highlights .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... ............. ...... ....... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... x Chapter 1 . Introduction ........................................................................ .. 1 Historical m igration flows ..................................................................... .. 1 Census m igrant stock data . ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ...... .. .. .. .. ... ... .... .. 1 Comparative c haracteristics of the migrant stocks ......... ... .. ... .. ._ ........... .. .. 2 Demographic c haracteristics of migrant stock .. ... ....... ... ...... ... ... ... ... .. .. 2 Immigration b y region of destination ......................................................... .. 3 Educational c haracteristics . .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .... ... ....... ... .. ... ... .. 3 Labor f orce characteristics ................................................................... .. 4 Income c haracteristics ..... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .... .. .. ... ... ... ... ............... ...... .. 4 Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .... ...... ... ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... ....... 4 Chapter 2 . Annual migration flows ........................................................... .. 7 Immigrants b y country of birth ................................................................ .. 8 Summary . ...................................................................................... .. 9 Chapter 3 . The changing levels of migrant stock ........................................... .. 11 Trends i n the number of Canadians in the United States and Americans in Canada .... .. 11 Americans i n Canada and Canadians in the United States: A comparison with migration from o ther countries ........................................................................ .. 15 Comparison o f Canadians in the United States with the total Canadian-born population and A mericans in Canada with the total U.S.-born population ......................... .. 17 Summary . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .... ... .. .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. 18 Chapter 4 . The comparative demographic characteristics of the immigrant stock in 1980/81 . ........................................................................................ .. 19 Data c omparability ............................................................................ .. 19 Census d ates . .. .. .. ... ... ...... .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. 19 Population c overage .......................................................................... .. 19 Census q uestions .. .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. 20 Relative s ize of immigrant stock .. ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... .. 20 Age a nd sex composition by year of immigration ........................................... .. 21 Age a nd sex structure of the migrant stock in 1980 and 1981 ............................ .. 23 Immigration b y region of destination .. .. .. .. ... .. .. ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. .. 27 Naturalization o f immigrants .................................................................. .. 30 Summary . ...................................................................................... .. 30 Chapter 5 . The social characteristics of the immigrant populations in 1980-81 ....... .. 31 Marital s tatus .................................................................................. .. 31 Cohort f ertility .................................................................................. .. 32 Educational l evel .............................................................................. .. 33 Language . ..................................................................................... .. 34 Summary . ... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .... .. .. .. ... ... .. .. .. 35 vi Chapter 6 . Labor force characteristics . .. .. .. .. ......... ................................. .. 37 Labor f orce concepts .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. ............... ......... ... ... ...... .. 37 Labor f orce participation ...................................................................... .. 37 Participation r ates by age ................ .. .......................... ............. ........ .. 37 Labor f orce participation and period of immigration . .......... .. ....... .. .. ... ... .. .. 39 Work a ctivity—weeks worked in reference year ....... .. ...... ........ ... .. .. ... .. .. 40 Weeks w orked and period of immigration . .......... .. ... ......... .. ... .. .. ...... .. .. 41 Summary .. .. .. .. ......... ..... .................... ...... ...... .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. 42 Chapter 7 . Employment characteristics . .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. 43 Occupation ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ....... ... .. ...... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. ... .. 4 3 Industry ...... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. ... ... .... .. ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ...... .. .. .. .. .. 46 Classf o worker . .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ....... ... ... .......... ....... ....... .. .... .. 48 Summary ....... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. .. ....... ... ....... ... ....... .. ... ... ...... ... ... 49 Chapter 8 . Income characteristics
Load more

Recommended publications
  • “Mexican Repatriation: New Estimates of Total and Excess Return in The
    “Mexican Repatriation: New Estimates of Total and Excess Return in the 1930s” Paper for the Meetings of the Population Association of America Washington, DC 2011 Brian Gratton Faculty of History Arizona State University Emily Merchant ICPSR University of Michigan Draft: Please do not quote or cite without permission from the authors 1 Introduction In the wake of the economic collapse of the1930s, hundreds of thousands of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans returned to Mexico. Their repatriation has become an infamous episode in Mexican-American history, since public campaigns arose in certain locales to prompt persons of Mexican origin to leave. Antagonism toward immigrants appeared in many countries as unemployment spread during the Great Depression, as witnessed in the violent expulsion of the Chinese from northwestern Mexico in 1931 and 1932.1 In the United States, restriction on European immigration had already been achieved through the 1920s quota laws, and outright bans on categories of Asian immigrants had been in place since the 19th century. The mass immigration of Mexicans in the 1920s—in large part a product of the success of restrictionist policy—had made Mexicans the second largest and newest immigrant group, and hostility toward them rose across that decade.2 Mexicans became a target for nativism as the economic collapse heightened competition for jobs and as welfare costs and taxes necessary to pay for them rose. Still, there were other immigrants, including those from Canada, who received substantially less criticism, and the repatriation campaigns against Mexicans stand out in several locales for their virulence and coercive nature. Repatriation was distinct from deportation, a federal process.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTICLES Israel's Migration Balance
    ARTICLES Israel’s Migration Balance Demography, Politics, and Ideology Ian S. Lustick Abstract: As a state founded on Jewish immigration and the absorp- tion of immigration, what are the ideological and political implications for Israel of a zero or negative migration balance? By closely examining data on immigration and emigration, trends with regard to the migration balance are established. This article pays particular attention to the ways in which Israelis from different political perspectives have portrayed the question of the migration balance and to the relationship between a declining migration balance and the re-emergence of the “demographic problem” as a political, cultural, and psychological reality of enormous resonance for Jewish Israelis. Conclusions are drawn about the relation- ship between Israel’s anxious re-engagement with the demographic problem and its responses to Iran’s nuclear program, the unintended con- sequences of encouraging programs of “flexible aliyah,” and the intense debate over the conversion of non-Jewish non-Arab Israelis. KEYWORDS: aliyah, demographic problem, emigration, immigration, Israel, migration balance, yeridah, Zionism Changing Approaches to Aliyah and Yeridah Aliyah, the migration of Jews to Israel from their previous homes in the diaspora, was the central plank and raison d’être of classical Zionism. Every stream of Zionist ideology has emphasized the return of Jews to what is declared as their once and future homeland. Every Zionist political party; every institution of the Zionist movement; every Israeli government; and most Israeli political parties, from 1948 to the present, have given pride of place to their commitments to aliyah and immigrant absorption. For example, the official list of ten “policy guidelines” of Israel’s 32nd Israel Studies Review, Volume 26, Issue 1, Summer 2011: 33–65 © Association for Israel Studies doi: 10.3167/isr.2011.260108 34 | Ian S.
    [Show full text]
  • Emigration from Romania: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities
    Public Disclosure Authorized Romania Systematic Country Diagnostic BACKGROUND NOTE Migration Public Disclosure Authorized June 2018 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Acknowledgments This note was prepared by Andrei Dospinescu and Giuseppe Russo. 2 Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Theoretical Background ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Emigration from Romania: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities. ....................................................................... 7 Is emigration negatively affecting potential growth? .................................................................................... 8 Social impact of emigration. Is there a generation left-behind? .................................................................. 14 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Annex 1. Key Romanian emigration trends and patterns between 1990 and 2017 ......................................... 18 References ......................................................................................................................................................... 19 Boxes Box 1. High-skilled migration: The case of Romanian physicians ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • This PDF Is a Selection from an Out-Of-Print Volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research
    This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: International Migrations, Volume II: Interpretations Volume Author/Editor: Walter F. Willcox, editor Volume Publisher: NBER Volume ISBN: 0-87014-017-5 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/will31-1 Publication Date: 1931 Chapter Title: Hungarian Migration of Modern Times Chapter Author: Gustav Thirring Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c12910 Chapter pages in book: (p. 411 - 439) CHAPTER XIV HUNGARIAN MIGRATION OF MODERN TIMES' By DR. GUSTAV THIRItING Budapest Hungary's modern emigration began with an exodus to America and so increased in such a manner that later America and especially the United States, attracted the greater part of the stream.The first sporadic cases of emigration occurred in the '40's of the nine- teenth century, but the emigration of Hungarian patriots after the failure of the struggle for independence in 1848 and 1849—although most of them remained in the United States—was not treated in American statistics as immigration, the first two immigrants from Hungary being reported in 1861.2 With the year 1880 the number of emigrants from Hungary began to rise rapidly.In 1881 the Hungarian government placed emigration agencies under the supervision of the Ministry of the Interior, and forbade all emigration except when the emigrant was provided with a passport. The consequence, however, was merely an increase in clandestine emigration. The total flow increased in volume year by year and in 1903, when the United States was enjoying an unparalleled prosperity which drew people from all over the world, the number of Hungarian emigrants exceeded 100,000, and in 1907 it was nearly The number of emigrants, however, did not increase uniformly or regularly but showed great fluctuations, a fact which goes to prove that, in addition to incen- tives in Hungary, American business conditions also were of decisive influence.
    [Show full text]
  • (IOM) (2019) World Migration Report 2020
    WORLD MIGRATION REPORT 2020 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This flagship World Migration Report has been produced in line with IOM’s Environment Policy and is available online only. Printed hard copies have not been made in order to reduce paper, printing and transportation impacts. The report is available for free download at www.iom.int/wmr. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons P.O. Box 17 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 9111 Fax: +41 22 798 6150 Email: [email protected] Website: www.iom.int ISSN 1561-5502 e-ISBN 978-92-9068-789-4 Cover photos Top: Children from Taro island carry lighter items from IOM’s delivery of food aid funded by USAID, with transport support from the United Nations. © IOM 2013/Joe LOWRY Middle: Rice fields in Southern Bangladesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Emigration, Repatriation and the Reality of Returned Youth in El Salvador Isabel C
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Theses Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Fall 12-16-2016 Emigration, Repatriation and the Reality of Returned Youth in El Salvador Isabel C. Duarte Vasquez [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Conflict of Laws Commons, Growth and Development Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Immigration Law Commons, International Economics Commons, International Humanitarian Law Commons, International Law Commons, International Relations Commons, Latin American History Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, National Security Law Commons, Political Economy Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Duarte Vasquez, Isabel C., "Emigration, Repatriation and the Reality of Returned Youth in El Salvador" (2016). Master's Theses. 210. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/210 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emigration, Repatriation and the Reality of Returned Youth in El Salvador Isabel
    [Show full text]
  • The Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union to Germany
    The Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union to Germany Barbara Dietz, Uwe Lebok, Pavel Polian* ABSTRACT Since the end of the 1980s a massive emigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union (FSU) can be observed. Israel and the United States were the most important receiving countries, followed by Germany, a comparatively new immigration destination for Jews from the successor states of the USSR. One of the reasons the German Government allowed the admission of Jews from post-Soviet states was the Jewish community’s claim that this immigration might rejuvenate the German Jewish population in the longer run. Using an index of demographic aging (Billeter’s J), the following article examines if this has actually happened. Findings suggest that immigration actually initiated a process of rejuvenation in the Jewish population in Germany. However, it was reversed during the end of the 1990s because of an unaffected low fertility. INTRODUCTION Since the liberalization of emigration regulations in the late-1980s and shortly thereafter with the break up of the Soviet Union, an exodus of Jews from the successor states of the USSR took place. The Jewish out-migration resulted in a dramatic decline of Jewish communities in the post Soviet Union. Initially most Jewish emigrants headed toward Israel and the United States. In the beginning of the 1990s Germany became the third important receiving country for the post- Soviet Jewish emigration because of an official regulation governing the admission of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR. According to the * Osteuropa-Institut Munchen; Konzept & Analyse AG, Nurnberg; Russian Academy of Science, Department of Geography, Moscow.
    [Show full text]
  • North Korea, Preview Chapter 2
    2 Perils of Refugee Life As we argued in the introduction, our interest in the North Korean refu- gees is twofold: We are concerned about their material and psychological well-being—their experiences as refugees—as well as interested in the insights they might provide with respect to life in North Korea itself. This chapter takes up the fi rst question, drawing primarily on the results of the China survey of 2004–05. We fi rst consider the reasons why refugees left North Korea and their living conditions in China. Despite the precariousness of their status and their preference for a decent life in North Korea, few plan on returning. Most envision themselves as temporarily residing in China before moving on to a third country. Yet there is evidence of considerable movement back and forth across the border, mostly people carrying money and food back to their extended family members in North Korea. The refugee community in China is exposed to multiple sources of vulnerability, including not only fear of arrest but also the uncertainty of their work circumstances. We highlight the particular vulnerability of women to forms of abuse such as traffi cking, which has recently received increasing attention (Hawk 2003, K. Lee 2006, Sheridan 2006, Committee for Human Rights in North Korea 2009, National Human Rights Commis- sion of Korea 2010). In the third section we extend this analysis of objective conditions to a consideration of the psychology of the refugees. A key fi nding, confi rmed by more detailed clinical work in South Korea (Jeon 2000, Y.
    [Show full text]
  • The Egyptian Diaspora in the United States
    RAD Diaspora Profile Prepared for the Rockefeller Foundation-Aspen Institute Diaspora Program (RAD) The Egyptian Diaspora in the United States May 2015 Revised Summary1 Approximately 248,000 Egyptian immigrants and their children (the first and second gen- erations) were living in the United States as of 2013. People of Egyptian birth comprise less than 1 percent of the U.S. foreign-born population, making it one of the country’s smallest national-origin groups and the second-smallest population in the Rockefeller Foundation- Aspen Institute Diaspora Program (RAD) analysis.2 Nevertheless, it is a rapidly growing population. The recent growth in the Egyptian immigrant population in the United States is largely attributable to the opportunities that the Diversity Visa Program provides to histori- cally underrepresented populations, while economic and security-related factors may be intensifying emigration from Egypt. This population’s high educational attainment sets it apart from the U.S. general population, as does its income inequality. While about one in six Egyptian diaspora households have incomes that exceed $140,000 (the threshold for the top 10 percent of all U.S. households), another 23 percent live below the federal poverty level. Egyptian immigrants are dispersed DIASPORAthroughout the United States, and New York City and Los Angeles are its main population hubs. California has the greatest number of Egyptian immigrant residents of any U.S. state. Considering the small size of the diaspora in the United States, Egyptian diaspora organiza- tions are relatively abundant. Of the 42 U.S.-based Egyptian diaspora organizations identi- fied for this study, many advocate for political or human rights, provide medical care, or represent the Coptic community (a Christian denomination in Egypt).
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Years of Immigration in Canada
    100100 yearsyears ofof immigrationimmigration inin CanadaCanada by Monica Boyd and Michael Vickers ecord numbers of immigrants came to RCanada in the early 1900s. During World War I and the Depression years, numbers declined but by the close of the 20th century, they had again approached those recorded almost 100 years earlier. Despite the superficial similarities at the beginning and the end of a century of immigration, the characteris- tics of immigrants are quite different. This change reflects many factors: developments and modifications in Canada’s immigration polices; the dis- placement of peoples by wars These forces have operated through- women came to represent slightly over and political upheaval; the out the 20th century to alter the basic half of immigrants. Fourth, the marked cycle of economic “booms and characteristics of Canada’s immigrant transformation in the countries in population in five fundamental ways. which immigrants had been born busts” in Canada and other First, the numbers of immigrants arriv- enhanced the ethnic diversity of Cana- countries; Canada’s member- ing each year have waxed and waned, dian society. Fifth, alongside Canada’s meaning that the importance of immi- transition from an agricultural to a ship in the Commonwealth; gration for Canada’s population growth knowledge-based economy, immigrants the growth of communication, has fluctuated. Second, immigrants were increasingly employed in the man- transportation, and economic increasingly chose to live in Canada’s ufacturing and service sectors of the largest cities. Third, the predominance economy. This article provides an networks linking people around of men among adult immigrants overview of these important changes the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Israel, Zionism, and Emigration Anxiety
    1 Israel, Zionism, and Emigration Anxiety Every Intelligent Israeli understands that the Yerida of Jews from the land of Israel is a national disaster. Almost Holocaust without murder. —Margalit, 2012 n 2012 poet Irit Katz was interviewed in Haaretz upon publication of her Ifirst book,Hibernation , which was written in the United Kingdom. She had left Israel five years earlier. In the interview, the journalist asks Katz how she explains the large number of Israeli emigrants. Katz replies: “I guess they can. It is easier; the discourse of Yordim is no longer there, not as it used to be” (Sela, 2012:14). The journalist then asks Katz if the fact that so many young people are leaving Israel mean Zionism has failed? Katz gives a very interesting answer: “Maybe it’s the success of Zionism. Maybe we became normal and it is allowed to emigrate” (ibid.). In what follows, I wish to explain the cultural context in which this interview takes place. This chapter explores the relationship between Zionism and immigration, as well as the meaning of emigration in the Jewish-Israeli world. Investigating notions of migration under a discourse of failure and success would enable a better understanding of the critique Katz attributes to Zionism. It is not just a simple choice of words, and the question of normality within this context is meaningful. Zionism expressed a dialectical tension between the desire to be normal in the face of anti-Semitism and the desire to retain difference in the face of assimilation (Boyarin, 1997). The question of normality in the Zionist context is not just about the notions of immigration and emigra- tion, aliyah and yerida.
    [Show full text]
  • WP08-4: Migration Experiences of North Korean Refugees: Survey
    Working Paper S e r i e s W P 0 8 - 4 MARCH 2008 Migration Experiences of North Korean Refugees: Survey Evidence from China Yoonok Chang, Stephan Haggard, and Marcus Noland Abstract Chronic food shortages, political repression, and poverty have driven tens of thousands of North Koreans into China. This paper reports results from a large-scale survey of this population. The survey provides insight not only into the material circumstances of the refugees but also into their psychological state and aspirations. One key finding is that many North Korean refugees suffer severe psychological stress akin to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This distress is caused in part by experiences in China. However, we demonstrate that it is also a result of the long shadow cast by the North Korean famine and abuses suffered at the hands of the North Korean political regime. These traumas, in turn, affect the ability of the refugees to hold jobs in China and accumulate resources for on-migration to third countries. Most of the refugees want to permanently resettle in South Korea, though younger, better-educated refugees have a greater inclination to prefer the United States as a final destination. JEL codes: P2, P3, F22 Keywords: North Korea, China, refugees, migration Yoonok Chang is the director of the Foreign Language Education Center in the Department of Graduate Education at Hansei University and the author of a number of reports on North Korean refugees. Stephan Haggard is the Lawrence and Sallye Krause Professor at the University of California, San Diego Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies.
    [Show full text]