L'erbario Centrale Italiano (Eci) O Herbarium Centrale Italicum (Hci)

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L'erbario Centrale Italiano (Eci) O Herbarium Centrale Italicum (Hci) Fig. 1 L’Erbario Centrale Italiano (E.C.I) o Herbarium Centrale Italicum (H.C.I) The Erbario Centrale Italiano (E.C.I) or Herbarium Centrale Italicum (H.C.I) Piero Cuccuini Le origini delle prime collezioni mente la morfologia e l’anatomia botanica che già dal 1771 venivano realizzati nel la- La storia inizia nell’Imperiale e Regio Museo boratorio di ceroplastica che aveva sede in di Fisica e Storia Naturale di lorenese memo- Palazzo Pitti. ria, fondato a Firenze dal Granduca Pietro Recentemente si è cercato di quantifica- Leopoldo nel 1775 e alla cui direzione egli re e localizzare le collezioni botaniche pre- chiamò l’abate trentino Felice Fontana. A Fi- senti nel vecchio Museo (Nepi, Cuccuini in renze gli studi di botanica non mancavano pubbl.) a cominciare dal 1793, data della di tradizioni, anzi se ne ebbe un grande svi- realizzazione del primo catalogo elencante luppo proprio nel XVIII secolo, con la pre- i materiali e i manufatti allora presenti. Per senza e l’attività di numerosi studiosi, come quanto riguarda le collezioni botaniche era- ad esempio Pier Antonio Micheli e Giovanni no di gran lunga prevalenti i prodotti vege- Targioni Tozzetti. Le loro raccolte però non tali, come manufatti, legni e una notevole vennero all’epoca conservate nelle Istituzio- quantità di modelli di piante e di frutti, in ni pubbliche, cosa che ne limitò l’uso e la cera, gesso, terracotta e carta, pregevoli, fra conoscenza. l’altro, anche per il loro squisito valore arti- Il costituendo Museo ereditò la gran par- stico. Decisamente minori erano le collezioni te delle collezioni medicee e tutti i manu- relative alle piante essiccate e agli erbari in fatti didattici (la modellistica) interessanti genere (Parlatore 1844; 1874; Moggi 1993). l’anatomia umana, animale e successiva- Si trattava di raccolte relative a collezioni The origins of the first collections ing manufactured in 1771 in the Ceroplastics Laboratory located in Palazzo Pitti. The story begins with the Imperial and Royal Museum of We have recently tried to quantify and locate the Physics and Natural History of Habsburg Lorraine times, botanical collections which were already in the old Mu- founded in Florence by Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo in seum (Nepi, Cuccuini in print), starting from 1793, when 1775, when he called upon Abbot Felice Fontana from the first catalogue was compiled listing the material and Trento to be Director. There was no lack of tradition of objects present at the time. As regards the botanical col- botanical studies in Florence, indeed the XVIII century saw lections, by far the largest part were plant products, such much growth in this field with the presence and work of as manufactured articles, various types of wood and a con- several scholars such as Pier Antonio Micheli and Giovanni siderable number of models of plants and fruits in wax, Targioni Tozzetti. However, at the time their collections plaster of Paris, terracotta and paper; which as well as their were never preserved in Public Institutions, which meant scientific value are equally precious for their exquisite ar- they were little known or used. tistic nature. There were decidedly less collections of exsic- The Museum under formation inherited most of the cata and other herbaria in general (Parlatore 1842; 1844; Fig. 1 Campione dell’Erbario Medici collections and all the educational objects (models) 1874; Moggi 1993). These collections were donations, like Zuccagni. that concerned human and animal anatomy and later bo- the Saverio Manetti Herbarium, and in part fruit of the Fig. 1 Zuccagni Herbarium tanical morphology and anatomy. These were already be- Institution’s activities, for example the Museum’s «Erbario specimen. Mauro Raffaelli (a cura di/edit by), Il Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze: Le collezioni botaniche / The Museum of Natural History of the University of Florence: The Botanical Collections, ISBN 978-88-8453-955-7 (print) ISBN 978-88-8453-956-4 (online) © 2009 Firenze University Press 166 PIERO CUCCUINI del Museo, cioè una sorta di Erbario gene- rale, come diremmo oggi. In data succes- siva pervennero le collezioni personali del Prefetto dell’Orto, Attilio Zuccagni, poi altri materiali da Giuseppe Raddi, insigne figura di scienziato e dipendente del Museo, relativi sia ai suoi viaggi in paesi lontani come il Brasile e l’Egitto, sia alla normale attività di raccolta in Toscana e stati vicini. In tutto non molto più di 15.000 campioni (Figg. 1 e 2). Il che non sarebbe poco, vista l’epoca e il valore scientifico di queste col- lezioni; purtroppo però gran parte di esse, a cominciare dall’Erbario di Manetti, come pure l’Erbario Ostensivo e lo stesso Erbario Zuccagni, erano in cattivo stato di conser- vazione, cosa già allora segnalata dai vari responsabili delle collezioni granducali. Filippo Parlatore e la nascita dell’ Herbarium Centrale Italicum Il grande merito di Filippo Parlatore (1816- 1877) è certamente quello di aver promosso la fondazione dell’Erbario Centrale Italia- no (1842) in sostituzione del vecchio erba- rio del Museo granducale. È con le scarne note riportate più sotto in figura 3 che egli appunta sul Registro degli aumenti dell’Er- bario Centrale Italiano quanto ha trovato al suo ingresso (1842) nel Museo granducale (Parlatore 1874) (Fig. 3). Il giovane Parlatore, già famoso botanico a Palermo (Fig. 4), sua città natale, durante il suo peregrinare in Italia e all’estero visi- Fig. 2 ta gli eminenti botanici dell’epoca e le isti- tuzioni scientifiche europee più importanti. Conosce, passando da Firenze, il Granduca donate, come ad esempio l’erbario di Saverio di Toscana. È a Parigi quando in Firenze si Manetti, e in parte erano frutto dell’attività tiene il terzo Congresso degli Scienziati ita- dell’Istituzione, come l’«Erbario Ostensivo» liani nel 1841. Egli pensa che quello è il mo- Fig. 2 La lettera della donazio- Ostensivo» (Ostensive Herbarium), i.e. a sort of General poor condition, as already pointed out by the various peo- ne dell’Erbario Zuccagni. Herbarium, as we would call it today. Subsequently the ple responsible for the grand-ducal collections. Fig. 3 La prima pagina del Herbarium received the personal collections of the Botani- Registro degli aumenti di cal Gardens Prefect, Attilio Zuccagni, then further material Filippo Parlatore and the birth of the Herbarium Parlatore. from Giuseppe Raddi, an important scientist and Museum Centrale Italicum Fig. Frontespizio della Flora employee, which he had gathered during his journeys to Panormitana. far-away countries like Brazil and Egypt, as well as on his Filippo Parlatore (1816-1877) must be credited above Fig. 2 Letter regarding the donation of the Zuccagni normal collections from Tuscany and nearby states – in all a all for promoting the foundation of the Erbario Centrale Herbarium. little over 15,000 specimens (Figs. 1 and 2). This is no small Italiano (1842) to replace the old grand-ducal Museum. Fig. 3 The first page of theA d- amount, considering the times and the scientific value of With these short notes, shown below in figure three, he ditions Register of Parlatore. these collections, but unfortunately the majority of them, jotted down in the Erbario Centrale Italiano Additions Fig. Frontispiece to Flora starting with the Manetti Herbarium, like the Ostensivo Registry everything he found on entering the grand-ducal Panormitana. Herbarium and even the Zaccagni Herbarium, were all in Museum in (1842) (Parlatore 1874) (Fig. 3). L’ErbARIO CEntrALE ItALIANO (E.C.I) O Herbarium Centrale Italicum (H.C.I) The Erbario Centrale Italiano (E.C.I) or Herbarium Centrale Italicum (H.C.I) 167 Fig. 3 mento adatto per realizzare un grande progetto maturato da tempo (Parlatore 1841). Invia un memorandum al Congresso dove illustra, basandosi sulle recenti visite effettuate nei vari centri di studio, il terribile stato delle collezioni botaniche in Italia e la necessità di un loro incremento, utile anche al rinnovamento della sistematica in Italia, ribadendo a questo fine, l’importanza degli studi fitogeografici (cfr. Fig. 19, p. 28). Egli propone, per lo sviluppo di tali discipline, la fondazione di un grande erbario nazionale e lo indica come Her- barium Centrale Italicum. Parlatore was already a famous botanist in Palermo (Fig. 4), the city where he was born, when he was young and during his pilgrimages in Italy and abroad he visited eminent botanists of the time and the most important European scientific institutions. When he visited Florence, he met the Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was in Paris when the third Meeting of Italian Scientists was held in Florence in 1841; nev- ertheless he thought it was the right moment to realize a great project he had been thinking about for some time (Parlatore 1841). He sent a memorandum to the Meet- ing which, based on his recent visits to several study centres, revealed the terrible state of the botanical collections in Italy and the need for additional material which would also prove useful for the revision of systematics in Italy, underlining to this end the importance of phyto-geographical studies (see Fig. 19, p. 28). To help develop this discipline, he proposed founding a great national herbarium and proposed the Fig. name of Herbarium Centrale Italicum. 18 PIERO CUCCUINI La proposta riceve un appoggio entusia- quasi del raddoppio dei materiali presenti fino sta da parte del Congresso. Il presidente, a quel momento e per quanto riguarda pro- Cosimo Ridolfi, la fa sua e successivamente venienza e qualità, neppure in tutto il secolo il Granduca l’approva e nomina F. Parlatore precedente si era arrivati a una tale varietà di direttore del nuovo Herbarium Centrale Ita- apporti. Tutto ciò si era realizzato in poco più licum. Parlatore, consapevole dell’amore per di un anno dal memorandum del 1841! le scienze del sovrano lorenese e del clima culturale favorevole presente nel piccolo sta- L’evoluzione della collezione to toscano, accetta il nuovo incarico e il suo sogno inizia ad avverarsi.
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