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Potensi Getah Perca Indonesia Sebagai Bahan Baku Getah Perca Kedokteran Gigi

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Potensi Getah Perca Indonesia Sebagai Bahan Baku Getah Perca Kedokteran Gigi Potensi getah perca indonesia sebagai bahan baku getah perca kedokteran gigi Kosterman Usri Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Material Kedokteran Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran ISSN 2302-5271 Nina Djustiana Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Material Kedokteran Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran Elin Karlina Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Material Kedokteran Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran Abstrak Getah perca digunakan untuk berbagai fungsi di bidang kedokteran gigi namun yang paling populer adalah sebagai bahan pengisi saluran akar. Bahan pengisi saluran akar ini bukan merupakan getah perca murni melainkan dicampur dengan bahan lain yaitu seng oksida, lilin, resin, dan garam logam. Bahan baku getah perca kedokteran gigi didapat dari pohon getah perca (Palaquium gutta Baill) yang di Indonesia telah dibudidayakan dalam skala komersial sejak tahun 1901 di Cipetir Sukabumi, dilokasi ini sejak 1921 dilengkapi pula dengan pabrik pengolahannya. Kondisi ini sangat mendukung bila getah perca tersebut akan dijadikan sumber bahan baku getah perca kedokteran gigi. Namun bahan tersebut merupakan bahan mentah yang perlu dicampur dengan bahan-bahan lain agar dapat sesuai dengan standardisasi yang telah ditetapkan di bidang kedokteran gigi, untuk itu diperlukan serangkaian penelitian untuk dapat membuat gutta percha kedokteran gigi di Indonesia. Kata kunci: getah perca, kedokteran gigi, cipetir Korespondensi: Kosterman Usri Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Material Kedokteran Gigi Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Padjadjaran 20 JMKG 2015;4(2):20-23. Kosterman Usri: Potensi Getah Perca Indonesia Sebagai Bahan Baku Getah Perca Kedokteran Gigi Abstract Gutta percha is used for many functions in dentistry but the most popular is the root canal filler. This root canal filler is not a pure gutta percha but mixed with other materials, such as zinc oxide, wax, resi, and metal salts. The raw material of gutta percha dentistry is obtained from gutta percha tree (Palaquium gutta Baill) which in Indonesia has been cultivated in commercial scale since 1901 in Cipetir Sukabumi, in this location since 1921 is also equipped with its processing plant. This condition is very supportive if that gutta percha will be used as raw material of gutta percha dentistry. However, this material is a raw material that needs to be mixed with other materials in order to conform the standardization in dentistry, for that needed a series of research to be able to make gutta percha dentistry in Indonesia. Key word: gutta percha, dentistry, cipetir Pendahuluan keras dan merangsang penutupan apeks.3 Standardisasi getah perca berbentuk poin Getah perca merupakan bahan populer diinisiasi oleh Ingle dan Levine dalam 2nd di bidang kedokteran gigi, nama ini berasal International Conference of Endodontics dari Bahasa Melayu, getah dan perca. Getah at Philadelphia pada tahun 19591.3, yang adalah bentuk dari bahan ini, sedangkan kemudian diadopsi menjadi Spesifikasi perca adalah nama pohon penghasilnya. American Dental Association (ADA) Nomor Getah perca diperkenalkan pada peradaban 78 tentang obturasi getah perca poin.3 Barat oleh John Tradescant pada tahun 1656, Getah perca berasal dari ekstrak pohon ia menyebutnya sebagai “Mazer Wood”. getah perca (Palaquium gutta Baill) yang Penggunaan di bidang kedokteran dipelopori termasuk famili sawo-sawoan (Sapotaceae), oleh Dr. William Montogmerie pada tahun tanaman ini asli Nusantara yang pada masa 1843, seorang dokter Inggris yang bertugas lalu banyak ditemukan di Sumatera, Bangka, di Asia; bahan ini digunakan sebagai bidai, Kepulauan Riau, Semenanjung Malaysia, gagang pisau bedah, dan kateter.1 Singapura, Jawa dan Kalimantan.1,4 Saat Getah Perca pertama kali digunakan ini di alam liar tanaman ini nyaris punah, sebagai bahan tambal gigi oleh Edwin disebabkan pemakaian besar-besaran getah Truman pada tahun 1847. Penggunaannya perca sebagai pembungkus kabel telegraf sebagai bahan pengisi saluran akar dimulai bawah laut antara tahun 1856 hingga 1896 oleh GA Bowman pada tahun 1867.2 Bahan tanpa memperhatikan aspek kelestariannya.4 ini mulai menjadi populer sejak diproduksi Budidaya getah perca di Indonesia dalam skala industri berbentuk poin oleh S.S. dimulai dengan penelitian tentang White Company pada tahun 1887.1 Getah penanaman beberapa varietas pada tahun perca disukai karena mudah dibentuk, tidak 1885 untuk dipilih yang paling cocok dengan merubah warna gigi, dan memiliki sifat yang iklim setempat. Penanaman ini dilakukan di mendukung hermetisnya pengisian saluran Cipetir Sukabumi yang kemudian dijadikan akar. Bahan ini memiliki biokompatibilitas perkebunan getah perca pada tahun 1901. yang baik terhadap jaringan periradikular, Di lokasi ini kemudian dilengkapi dengan dengan kombinasi semen saluran akar pabrik pengolahannya pada tahun 1921.5- dapat menginduksi pembentukan jaringan 7 Sampai saat ini perkebunan dan pabrik 21 tersebut masih ada dan beroperasi dibawah getah perca yang kemudian digiling dengan kepemilikan PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII, menggunakan batu besar.7 Hasil gilingan 6,7 sehingga sangat memungkinkan bila akan dimasak sampai 75oC agar getah keluar dari dijadikan sumber bahan baku getah perca pembuluh daun, kemudian di-folatsi dengan kedokteran gigi. air dingin, setelah itu didinginkan dan disentrifugasi sehingga menghasilkan getah Getah perca indonesia berwarna kekuningan. Selanjutnya dilakukan Getah perca dihasilkan dari pohon proses kimia yang meliputi tahap pemisahan getah perca (Palaquium gutta Baill)1,4,7 yang damar, pengendapan getah, pemucatan memiliki dengan ketinggian hingga 30 m, dengan bahan pemucat clay terrana extra, dan diameter mencapai 120 cm. Batangnya penggilingan dan pengepakan.10,11 Getah lurus, bulat torak dengan banir tipis, lebar. perca hasil produksi Pabrik Cipetir berwarna Kayunya coklat kemerahan, mengkilat, putih ke-kreman memiliki nilai rata-rata berurat indah dan ringan. Buahnya hijau kadar air 6,09% (5,26%-6,97), kerapatan memanjang dan berisi biji yang memanjang 1.01 g cm-3 (0,96-1,3 g cm-3), kadar abu pula. Getah perca tumbuh di hutan tropis 0,074% (0,051-0,093%), suhu pelelehan dataran rendah sampai ketinggian 1500 m 72,6°C dan suhu dekomposisi 482,2°C.6 dibawah permukaan laut. Perkembangbiakan pohon ini dengan menggunakan biji, Getah perca kedokteran gigi namun dapat juga diperbanyak dengan Dalam perkembangannya, getah perca menggunakan stek.7 digunakan untuk berbagai fungsi di bidang Getah perca memiliki struktur kimia kedokteran gigi. Sebagai bahan cetak celah 1,4 trans-poly isoprene. Struktur molekulnya palatum, tes vitalitas gigi, tambalan, retraksi dekat dengan karet alam, tetapi memiliki sifat gusi dari tepi cavitas, serta yang paling mekanik yang berbeda. Bentuk kristalinnya populer dan tetap bertahan sampai saat ini ada dua macam yaitu α dan β. Getah perca adalah sebagai bahan pengisi saluran akar.1,12 asli berada dalam tahap α yang merupakan Getah perca pengisi saluran akar, bentuk alami sebagaimana ketika getah saat ini tidak lagi merupakan getah perca masih berada pada pohonnya, sedangkan murni melainkan dicampur dengan bahan getah perca olahan pabrik berbentuk β lain. Pelopor pencampuran ini adalah sebagai akibat proses pengolahan yang Rollins yang pada tahun 1893 mencampur dialami material ini. Pada keadaan mentah, getah perca dengan seng oksida1, saat getah perca memiliki komposisi: getah perca ini getah perca yang digunakan dalam 75-82%; alban 14-16%; fluavil 4-6%; serta pengisian saluran akar hanya mengandung bahan lainnya.1 Getah Perca merupakan sekitar 20% getah perca, sisanya 65-75 % bahan keras pada suhu ruangan, namun adalah seng oksida ditambah lilin, resin, saat dipanaskan 65oC akan menjadi lunak dan garam logam. Seng oksida berfungsi dan bisa dibentuk dengan cara dikepal- sebagai filler yang menambah kegetasan kepalkan.8,9 getah perca dan mengurangi sifat kekuatan Indonesia saat ini merupakan satu- tarik, lilin dan resin memberikan sifat lentur satunya negara yang memiliki perkebunan sedangkan garam logam memberikan getah perca di dunia, setelah perkebunan sifat radioopasitas.1,3,12 Pada getah perca serupa di Brazil dikonversi ke tanaman lain. poin yang beredar saat ini ada juga yang Kebun seluas 282,88 hektar ini berlokasi ditambahkan substansi antibakterial untuk di Afdeling III Cipetir, Kebun Sukamaju, mencegah kegagalan proses perawatan PT Perkebunan Nusantara VIII yang telah saluran akar yang diakibatkan kebocoran beroperasi berikut pabrik pengolahannya mikro. Penambahan ini belum merupakan sejak zaman Belanda.9 Bahan baku standar, substansi yang biasa ditambahkan pembuatan getah perca di Pabrik Cipetir antara lain kalsium hidroksida, klorheksidin, adalah daun berikut ranting kecil dari pohon eugenol, iodoform dan tetrasiklin. (12) 22 JMKG 2015;4(2):20-23. Kosterman Usri: Potensi Getah Perca Indonesia Sebagai Bahan Baku Getah Perca Kedokteran Gigi Getah perca poin memiliki kelebihan Leif K. Bakland, J. Craig Baumgartner. mampu beradaptasi dengan saluran akar, Ingle’s Endodontic 6. 2008. h. 130-50. mudah dimanipulasi, mudah dikeluarkan 4. Tully JA. Victorian Ecological Disaster: sebagian atau seluruhnya untuk dilakukan Imperialism, the Telegraph, and Gutta- perawatan ulang, mempunyai toksisitas Percha. J World Hist. 2009. h. 559–79. minimal, tidak mengiritasi jaringan, 5. Ditmar R. Einiges über verschiedene tidak mendukung pertumbuhan bakteri, Guttaperchasorten mit besonderer serta dapat disterilisasi. Sementara Berücksichtigung der Tjipetir- kekurangannya adalah mudah menekuk Guttapercha. Zeitschrift
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