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The Conservation and Use of Fossil Vertebrate Sites: British Fossil Reptile Sites

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The Conservation and Use of Fossil Vertebrate Sites: British Fossil Reptile Sites The conservation and use of fossil vertebrate sites: British fossil reptile sites Michael J. Benton and William A. Wimbledon BENTON. M. J. & W. A. WIMBLEDON. 19R5. The conservation and use of fossil vertebrate sites: British fossil reptile sites. Proc. Geol. Ass., 96 (I). 1-0. Over a thousand sites in Britain have yielded fossil vertebrates, ranging in age from the Ordovician to the Pleistocene. The current British sites have been assessed as part of the Geological Conservation Review for the Nature Conservancy Council, and moves are being made to protect those with the greatest potential from damage and to promote their proper use. Provenance information has rarely been precisely recorded with British fossil vertebrates. and the large collections that are available are of limited use in studies of faunal distribution in space and time. community succession, and taphonomy. Proper excavation is to be encouraged, provided that information is recorded on the exact locality. horizon. enclosing sediment. associated fossils. orientation and mode of preservation. M. 1. Benton, Department of Geology, The Queen's University of Belfast BTl INN. W. A. Wimbledon, Geological Conservation Review Unit. Nature Conservancy Council, Pearl House, Bartholomew Street, Newbury, Berkshire RGI4 5LS, England, U. K. 1. INTRODUCTION Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University; Shrews­ bury Museum; Warwick Museum; Whitby Museum; Fossil vertebrates have been collected in Britain for and the Yorkshire Museum, York. There is relatively hundreds of years and well-known early finds included little systematic collecting of reptiles in Britain now, dinosaur bones from the Middle Jurassic of Oxford­ apart from the individual efforts of amateurs, and shire (Plot, 1677; Lhwyd, 1699; Woodward. 1728; occasional 'rescue operations' by museums and Platt. 1758; Delair & Sarjeant, 1975), a marine universities. crocodile from the Lower Jurassic of Whitby, The aims of this article are to outline positive Yorkshire (Chapman, 1758; Wooller, 1758). and measures for vertebrate site conservation and use, and Pleistocene elephants from the southeast of England to urge that full records of excavations be made in (Anon., 1757, 1758, 1821). However, fossil verte­ order to enhance the scientific value of the fossils. As brates were not systematically collected until the 19th an example of site identification and conservation, we century when large numbers of marine ichthyosaurs describe the fossil reptile sites in some detail. We also and plesiosaurs were collected from the Lower outline specific examples of site use at Bearsden, Jurassic of Lyme Regis, Dorset and Whitby, Strathclyde (Carboniferous fish), Kirtlington Quarry, Yorkshire (Conybeare, 1821; Young & Bird, 1822) Oxfordshire (Middle Jurassic mammals and reptiles), and many dinosaurs were collected in the Lower and the Yorkshire Coast (Lower Jurassic marine Cretaceous of the southeast of England (Mantell, reptiles). 1822, 1825) and the Middle Jurassic of Oxfordshire (Buckland, 1824). In addition, Old Red Sandstone fish 2. THE FOSSIL REPTILE SITES were found in Scotland (Andrews. 1982), and Pleistocene mammals were found in caves (Buckland, Britain has many famous fossil reptile sites from all 1822), parts of the relevant time span. Altogether, about 490 Throughout the remainder of the 19th century and different sites have yielded reptile bones or footprints, the early 20th century, large collections were amassed, and the age distribution is roughly as follows: and these may now be seen in museums like (alphabetically): Brighton Museum; Bristol City Tertiary/Pleistocene 40 Museum; The British Museum (Natural History). Cretaceous-Lower 90 London; Dorset County Museum, Dorchester; Elgin Upper 60 Museum; The Geological Museum, London; Hancock Jurassic-Lower 50 Museum, Newcastle; Hunterian Museum, Glasgow Middle 90 University; Museum of Isle of Wight Geology, Upper 90 Sandown; Leicester Museum; Lyme Regis Museum; Triassic (Scythian-Norian) 40 Maidstone Museum; Manchester Museum; the (Rhaetian) 20 National Museum of Wales, Cardiff; Norwich Castle Permian 10 Museum; Oxford University Museum; Peterborough Museum; the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh: the 490 2 MI CHAEL J. BENTON AND WILLIAM A. WIMBLEDON The sites include quarries, coastal sections and civil literature, historical archives , and much guesswork. engineering excavations . Of these 500, many have Eventually, a working list of the 500 sites, with map yielded only a single specimen or a few fragments , and references, was drawn up . many are now lost, having been filled or built over; (3) Preliminary site sorting. Certain sites were however, many good sites remain and new ones are discarded at once-those that had yielded only a few occasionally discovered. How can we best preserve scraps, and those that had been obliterated already. and use them? This was a step designed for convenience-we could not afford to visit every site, on the off-chance of discovering a previously unknown bone-bed. (4) Site visits and further site sorting. Every site on 3. CONSERVATION the reduced list of 200 or so was visited , and an attempt was made to locate the fossiliferous horizon. The Nature Conservancy Council (N.C.C.), the only At this stage , further sites were struck off the list if government conservation organization in Britain, has they were filled in, or if the relevant horizons were a statutory responsibility to conserve geological inaccessible . localities, including vertebrate palaeontological sites, (5) Selection of major sites. Finally, the selection of for the purposes of education and research. Sites are key sites for each unit was made. An example of the conserved as Sites of Special Scientific Interest whole procedure for the Oxfordian Stage is summa­ (S.S.S.l's), and are also protected by the provisions of rized in the Appendix. the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981). A The criteria for site selection, and the nature of Geological Conservation Review Unit was established proper site conservation are clearly controversial, and in 1977 by the N.C.C. to undertake the review and we will state our principles here : they depend on both selection of sites. This selection has been carried out scientific and practical criteria. Sites with unique either by temporarily employed younger specialists, faunas, type localities for sizeable faunas or key selected specifically for their expertise in particular species are more or less self selecting , as far as aspects of British geology, or by established workers scientific judgements and criteria are concerned. The or consortia working part-time on the project. Within object of the exercise is to produce a network of each topic a review has been made of relevant interrelated sites best demonstrating the evolutionary literature, sites have then been visited , assessed, and story of any given vertebrate group. Every site sometimes excavated . Final selection has then been selected has, in our opinion, potential for excavation based on these reviews and the informed opinions of for new finds and thus for continuing research. In active workers on the relative merits of the localities. many cases the N.C.C. has cleaned or created The results of the Geological Conservation Review exposures as part of the Review in an attempt to (G .C.R.), the largest work of site documentation of its define or exploit sites' interests. Full details of the kind , are to be published. This definitive Domesday history , significance and potential of each site, in effect Book of the Earth Sciences will form the basis for a justification of its selection, will be published in the future conservation strategy. It is expected that the G.C.R. Review will describe a total of 2500 individual interest The practical aspects of the exercise were the limits localities (condensing to 1500 S.S.S.L's because of of time and money for assessing sites-we found and overlap) including 70 reptile and 120 other fossil considered the first 500 reptile sites within a few vertebrate sites. months (steps (1)-(3) above). Doubtless with searches The site selection for fossil reptiles included the of the more and more abstruse literature-such as following steps:- newspapers, natural history club records and old (1) Initial data handling. We examined all pub­ letters-we could have found more sites. Further, with lished papers about British fossil reptiles and noted all unlimited time and money, we could have visited site information, poor as it usually was (e.g. 'Wealden, every location and spent several days at each in Sussex', 'Bathonian, Oxford', 'Chalk, Dover'). We excavating for bones. However, the returns per unit then studied most of the major museum collections, time/expense would decrease substantially if this were and again noted site information, especiallv in the very done . We estimate that we have information on 80-90 rare cases where some of the original collector's notes per cent of all known British fossil reptile sites, had been kept. We then organized this mass of whether published or not, and that we have selected information into broad stratigraphical and geographi­ those with best potential for new finds to ±20 per cent cal blocks (e.g. Triassic of Elgin ; Lower Jurassic of accuracy. The G.C.R. is not intended to be a final Yorkshire; Kimmeridge Clay of Dorset). unchanging document, and it will be constantly (2) Site location. We tried to find as many of the supplemented and up-dated. quarries as possible on old and new 6-inch-to-the-mile We must also define the meaning
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