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Nordic Seminar on Biomass Gasification and Combustion NEI-Aio-J6^ NORDIC SEMINAR ON BIOMASS GASIFICATION AND COMBUSTION SPONSORED BY NTH Division of Thermal Energy and THE NORDIC COUNCIL OF MINISTERS Trondheim, August 30th, 1993 MÄSTER niOTDIDI ITIrtKI rtr TUIP nftmillPltT in lintnim We regret that some of the pages in the microfiche copy of this report may not be up to the proper legibility standards, even though the best possible copy was used for preparing the master fiche LIST OF CONTENT 1. AGENDA FOR THE NORDIC SEMINAR ON BIOMASS GASIFICATION AND COMBUSTION 2. OPENING J.E. Hustad, NTH, Norway 3. MODELLING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DEVOLATDLIZATION. TGA RESULTS ON THE COMPONENTS OF MSW AND COMPARISON TO THE TGA BEHAVIOR OF PINE. Barbara Krieger-Brockett, University of Washinghton, USA 4. OVERVIEW OF IEA BIOMASS GASIFICATION ACTIVITY J.E. Hustad, NTH, Norway 5. "C-NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF TAR LIQUIDS AND CHARS Mats Lindblom, Lund University, Sweden 6. FORMATION AND REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDES FROM FIXED BED COMBUSTION OF WOOD R. Keller, ETH, Switzerland 7. GREENHOUSE GASES FROM WOOD STOVES E. Karlsvik, SINTEF, Norway 8. EMISSIONS FROM RDF COMBUSTION H. Rosvold, SINTEF, Norway 9. INFLUENCE OF AERODYNAMICS ON COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY AND NOx- EMISSIONS R. Collin, KTH, Sweden 10. PRESSURIZED BIOMASS COMBUSTION WITH RESPECT OF WOOD FUEL K. Jaanu/M. Orjala, VTT, Finland 11. EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF BLACK LIQUOR CHAR GASIFICATION. K Whitty, Åbo Akademi, Finland 12. A COMPUTER MODEL FOR SURFACE COMBUSTION OF STRAW BALES N. Bech, Risø, Denmark 13. MODELLING OF BLACK LIQUOR PYROLYSIS J. Saastamoinen, VTT, Finland 14. EMISSIONS FROM SMALL SCALE BIOFUEL COMBUSTION - RESEARCH NEEDS MX. Karlsson, SP, Sweden NORDIC SEMINAR ONBIOMASS GASIFICATION AND COMBUSTION "Totalrommet", Main Building, NTH, Trondheim, Norway 30. August 1993. 08.15 - 08.30 Registration 08.30 - 08.35 Opening 08.35 - 09.05 MODELLING OF MUNICIPAL SOLED WASTE DEVOLATILIZATION. TGA RESULTS ON THE COMPONENTS OF MSW AND COMPARISON TO THE TGA BEHAVIOR OF PINE. Barbara Krieger Brockett, University of Washinghton, USA. 09.05 - 09.20 OVERVIEW OF IEA BIOMASS GASIFICATION ACTIVITY. J.E. Hustad, NTH, Norway. 09.20 - 09.50 13C-NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF TAR LIQUIDS AND CHARS. Mats Lindblom, Lund University, Sweden. 09.50 - 10.20 Coffee break 10.20 - 10.50 FORMATION AND REDUCTION OF NITRIC OXIDES FROM FIXED BED COMBUSTION OF WOOD. R. Keller, ETH, Switzerland. 10.50 - 11.10 GREENHOUSE GASES FROM WOOD SOVES. E. Karlsvik, SINTEF, Norway. 11.10-11.40 EMISSIONS FROM RDF COMBUSTION. H. Rosvold, SINTEF, Norway. 11.40 - 12.10 INFLUENCE OF AERODYNAMICS ON COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY AND NOx-EMISSIONS. R. Collin, KTH, Sweden. 12.10 - 13.40 Lunch 13.40 - 14.10 PRESSURIZED BIOMASS COMBUSTION WITH RESPECT OF WOOD FUEL.. K. Jaanu/M. Orjala, VTT, Finland 14.10 - 14.30 EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF BLACK LIQUOR CHAR GASIFICATION. Kevin Whitty, Abo Akademi, Finland. 14.30-15.00 Coffee break 15.00 - 15.20 A COMPUTER MODEL FOR SURFACE COMBUSTION OF STRAW BALES. N. Bech, Risø, Denmark. 15.20 -15.40 MODELLING OF BLACK LIQUOR PYROLYSIS. J. Saastamoinen, VTT, Finland. 15.40-16-00 EMISSIONS FROM SMALL SCALE BIOFUEL COMBUSTION - RESEARCH NEEDS. M. L. Karlsson, SP, Borås, Sweden £ OPENING This seminar was arranged as a part of the Nordic Energy Research Program sponsored by the Nordic Council of Ministers. The aim of this program is to strengthen the basic competence in the energy field at universities and research organizations in the Nordic countries. The contact between research organizations and researchers is therefore of major importance. In the program 1991 - 1994 six areas are selected for cooperation: -Energy & Society -Solid fuels -District heating -Petroleum technology -Bioenergy & Environment -Fuel Cells The annual budget is approximately 25 mill. NOK. The topics today will deal both with biomass combustion and gasification and combustion of MSW/RDF. At previous seminars the topic has been concentrated to biomass combustion, but new processes such as gasification has been of increasing importance in Nordic research. Also the utilization of MSW/RDF for energy through combustion is a major activity . These new topics will also be adressed in the planning of the new Nordic cooperation 1995 - 1998. This seminar will be followed with a workshop on the modelling aspects of combustion of biomass tomorrow. The presentations from the workshop are included in the proceedings as an appendix. -33,— €.. Johan E. Hustad Nordic Professor MODELLING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DEVOLATILIZATION. TGA RESULTS ON THE COMPONENTS OF MSW AND COMPARISON TO THE TGA BEHAVIOR OF PINE. Barbara Krieger-Brockett, University of Washington, USA Modeling of Municipal Solid Waste Devolatilization: TGA Results on the Components of MSW and Comparison to the TGA Behavior of Pine by Prof. Barbara Krieger-Brockett DepL Chemical Engineering BF-10 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Dr. Wei-chuan Lai Fuel Science Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA Abstract Mathematical modeling and experimental results regarding the devolatilization of lodgepole pine, municipal solid waste (MSW) and large particles of densified refuse-derived fuel (d-RDF) have been investigated previously. In this paper, we will present new thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data on several MSW constituents. The TGA data will confirm that it is reasonable to use newsprint kinetic parameters to describe the volaules release for MSW. Also, a comparison is made between the TGA data for d-RDF or MSW and pine, a species of interest in Scandinavia. This comparison is limited to the lowest heating rate in both studies, 5°C/min. Since both of these substances are considered renewable resources, a comparison of their thermal devolatilization behavior in small and large particles is of interest for developing well-designed gasifiers and combustors. Introduction and Previous Work Of the approximately 150 million tons per year of U.S. municipal solid waste (MSW) or an average of 3-4 lb waste per day per person, approximately 10% was recovered through recycling, 4% was processed for energy, and 86% was landfilled in 1985. Since then, increasing disposal costs as well as landfill closings have stimulated interest in the waste as a potentially large source of energy and chemicals. The raw MSW is highly variable but generally contains at least paper, yard and food waste, plastics, and non-combustibles such as metaland glass. The organic fraction of MSW has a heating value (dry) of about 5800 to 6600 Btu's per pound, approximately the BTU content of lignite coal. Each ton of MSW has the energy equivalent of a barrel of oil (Daugherty et al., 1986) and has an elemental composition between cellulose and wood owing to the large proportion of paper present. Thus, thermochemical treatment to either directly produce energy (by incineration) or fuel precursors to be upgraded (by pyrolysis, e.g., gasification or liquefaction) has become attractive. However, the heterogeneity of MSW remains an impediment to its use and to the study of its reaction behavior. Pretreatment of MSW to provide somewhat uniform moisture content and composition appears to increase reaction stability and minimize combustion pollutants (Kilgroe, et al, 1990). This has been one rationale behind commercially available densified refuse-derived fuel (d-RDF). It is made by removing recyclables and non-combustibles, then drying and compressing the remaining substances into pellets of relatively constant density and size. An inorganic binder is used to stabilize the pellets mechanically and biologically. Daugherty et al. (1986) have screened over one hundred of these binders to obtain an optimal one. This pretreatment process results in a uniform, transportable fuel with a higher volatile fraction and heating value than untreated MSW. Because of its improved fuel value, d-RDF potentially can be transported to central large scale sites having advanced reactors as well as extensive instrumentation to control conditions and minimize pollutants. Thus d-RDF is seen as an alternative to the proliferation of small, inefficient, polluting incinerators located in each community. However, little Is known about the reaction rate behavior of this material under heating, the effect of particle size on reaction products, nor many otheT quantitative aspects. This information is required before converter design can.optimally take advantage of this material for upgrading to fuels or before pollutants are minimized in the design of incinerators Our work has examined the large particle devolatilization of d-RDF in a single particle reactor and the engineering correlations of the experimental results are published in Lai and Krieger-Brockett (1992; 1993). A mathematical model of this system has been developed and is presented in Lai (1991) and Lai and Krieger-Brockett (1994). However, one of the important pieces of information regarding the kinetic model is the therrnogravimetric behavior of the components of MSW. These have been measured in more or less adequate detail by some workers. The principal studies to date are: mass spectrometric studies of MSW pyrolysis (Evans et al., 1985); basic mechanisms of pyrolysis (Mallya and Helt, 1988); plastics thermal decomposition (Agrawal and Helt, 1986; Khalturinskii, 1987; Hodgkin et al., 1982; lida et al., 1975; Ishii et al., 1987; Ishihara et al., 1990); and newspaper decomposition (McClusky, 1983; Agrawal et al., 1984). However, we were obliged to check others' results, and develop TGA data for the particular components used in our manufactured d-RDF pellets,
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