Vivek Research Vol-IV, No

Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. I1, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

VIVEK RESEARCH (A Biannual Peer Reviewed Journal of multi disciplinary research articles)

Editor in Chief EDITORIAL Dr. Hindurao Patil Research has a significant role in the Principal - Vivekanand College, Kolhapur. professional lives of university and college E-mail : [email protected] teachers. If we compare Indian Universities to the Western Universities in terms of research, we are far behind. Hardly 6 to 7 Nobel Prize winners are Editorial Office in India, whereas there are 84 Nobel Laureates in Dr. D. A. Desai Hardward University alone. It clearly indicates Executive Editor the position of research in India. 2130, E, Tarabai Park, Kolhapur. There are several reasons that our university and Phone No. : 0231-2654398 college teachers are not serious about research. Mob. : 9850146731 Many of the teachers don‟t have positive approach towards research. Some of them have real urge about Fax : 0231-2658840. research and they want their work to be published Email : [email protected] and commented so that there can be valid and Website : www.vivekanandcollege.org reliable conclusions. But unfortunately they don‟t get proper platform to publish their work, as there are Published by limited number of research journals available now. To cater the needs of the research scholars, we have Dr. Hindurao Patil started „Vivek Research Journal‟. This is a sincere Principal attempt to encourage researchers in various Vivekanand College, Kolhapur. disciplines to publish their research articles and help them to generate research culture among them. Subscription Table

Single Individual Institutional It gives me immense pleasure to publish First issue of vol V, No.II of Vivek Research Journal. It Copy is a matter of pride that the response to this is Annual Rs.125/- Rs.250/- Rs. 400/- overwhelming. I am very happy to mention that the journal is converted in to refereed journal. All the Three Rs.600/- Rs.1100/- articles published in this issue are properly Years reviewed by the panel of referees and I believe

that we are successful in maintaining the standard of the journal. I appreciate the efforts of the article writers and I am sure they will sustain and enhance their research culture

Disclaimer The views expressed by the authors do not necessarily represent those of editorial board or publishers. Although every care has been taken to avoid errors of omission. This magazine is being published on the condition and undertaking that all the information given in this magazine is merely for reference and must not be taken as having authority of or binding in any way on the authors, editors and publishers who do not owe any responsibility for any damage or loss to any person, for the result of any action taken on the basis of this work. The Publishers shall be obliged if mistakes are brought to their notice. The articles published in Vivek Research is subject to copy right of the publisher. No material can be reproduced without prior permission of the publisher Subscription amount should be sent by Nationalised Bank Draft in favour of Editor, „Vivek Research‟ , payable at Kolhapur.

Issues of „Vivek Research‟ are mailed by ordinary post at subscriber‟s risk and our responsibility ceases once we hand over the magazine to post office. Vivek Research Vol-IV, No.II, Jan 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

C O N T E N T 1. Dr. K.Sripad Bhat Method in Madness: Research Methodology in Literary and Cultural Studies 3 2. Shirish Chindhade Research a la mode ! 4-9 3. Dr. Advait. D. Joshi Genre Fiction : A New Emerging Area of Research 10-14 4 Dr. Kalpana Girish Gangatirkar Translation as a Research Activity 15-19 5. Dr. Ujjwala Tathe Using Children‘s Literature for the Cmotional, 20-25 Social and Moral Development of Children : A Research Methodology 6. Leelawati A. Patil Stylo-statistics: a Device of Measuring Author‘s Creativity. 26-30 7. Dr. Neeta Satish Dhumal Indian English Drama : A Challenging Area for Researchers. 31-34 8. Dr. Prabhavati Arvind Patil Pragmaticstylistics: 35-41 An Emerging Research Area in Indian English Literature 9. Dr. S. I. Noorani L. N. Shikalgar Importance of Literature Review in Research. 42-46 10. Dr. Sunita N Dalvai Importance of citation, impact factors. 47-54 11 Dr. Sunil Patil Ethics and Feminist Research: A Perspective. 55-58 12 Mrs Snehal R Prabhune Research Areas in English Literature. 59-62 13. Dr. Reshma R. Sadalge Problems Encountered by the Researchers and 63-65 Their Probable Solutions.

14. Dr. Kavita Tiwade Dr. Satish Ghatge Christianity and Literature: An Area of Research. 66-71

Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

METHOD IN MADNESS: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY IN LITERARY AND CULTURAL STUDIES

Dr. K.Sripad Bhat*

The question of research meth- theoretical framework adopted by odology in literary studies has been the researcher. Method does not the subject of heated debate among remain independent of the theoreti- literary critics and researchers as cal framework. It is the theory well. Of course, it is true that re- which determines the research search methodology plays a strate- methodol-ogy. Hence, method gic role in social sciences and hu- varies based on the theoretical manities. However, when it comes structure which un-derpins it. to literary and cultural studies its Against this background, the role as well as function becomes Keynote will make an attempt to highly problematic. Is there a de- come to grips with some of the key fined method of looking at the is- issues related to research method- sues pertaining to literature? Does ology in literary and cultural stud- literature warrant specific ways of ies. It will map the contours of dif- studying it? ferent models of research: author-

It must be noted that litera- centric, area-centric, comparative ture like any other discipline de- analysis, language pedagogy and so mands a ‗method‘ of examining it on. The Keynote explicates the fea- which is basically premised on the tures of research in these different models with suitable examples.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 3 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

RESEARCH A LA MODE !

Shirish Chindhade*

The English language tells us that ary increments and upward mobility, or hasty climbers have a sudden fall. Hasty Sam Pitrodaji of the National Knowl- submission of one‘s research thesis also edge Commission advising the Prime can meet the same fate at the hands of Minister to promote research through forthright, un-obliging and nit-picking institutional enrichment, research is a ris- ref-erees or external examiners. Such ing star on the horizons of our colleges men are dangerous. Your wise supervisor and universities now. The day is not far knows how to steer clear of them. The when like the polythene bags proliferat- following few hints are meant for those ing in our countryside as well as who are in a hurry for success and glam- cityscape, our academia will also soon be our, thirsting to wear on their forehead littered with research papers and research the title of a ―Dr‖. These hints keep re- de-grees, most of which—our perceptive minding them that every failure (that is critics murmur—being suspect in various rejection) is a stepping stone to the final ways, should have been returned with success. After all, did not even Thomas clear rejection notes by the referees and Alva Edison fail a thousand times before assessors. The big question is, how does finally successfully making the electric one achieve this precious note of rejec- bulb? tion of one‘s thesis? –Here are some ways of being successful in this effort. It is a truth universally acknowledged that academic research is a sunrise in- Develop Nose for the News dustry in India today. What with the UGC We love to describe our dear opening its floodgates of research funding nation as having the length and breadth or the NAAC insisting on the increase of of a subcontinent. Even then there are no research quantum in colleges, or the separate time zones across the land. It is Academic Performance Indicators (API) a single stretch of land where commu- goading the aspirants of career nication has revolutionized life. Despite advancement in terms of additional sal- this situation, it is still impossible to have

* 7 Neelambari, Oppo. Mehendale garage, Erandwane, Pune: 411 004. [email protected]

National Seminar : Research Methodology 4 Vivek Research Vol-V, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X access to various records and documents of the paper is. E-mail it to the organiz- in our universities for countless reasons. ers with whatever the delegation fees. And research records being very aca- No, no; don‘t bother about the amount. demic, enjoy the last priority for preser- Countless grants are lying unplundered vation and high piles of dissertations lie with colleges these days. The generous mutely in obscure corners of libraries, UGC has inundated the coffers of col- gathering dust for decades on end, mak- leges and universities with grants and ing retrieval impossible. But you cannot funds. Above all, even if you have no afford to lose heart and hope. So keep access to them because the authorities digging out until you come upon the title have their own priorities and stooges, do you are looking for with a view to lifting not lose hope, for your six-pack (read its material in your dissertation or paper. sixth pay) package comfortably allows Get it Xeroxed immediately as it is a you an annual international seminar! So, prize scoop for you. —Quite an go West, man; go ahead and conquer the achievement as your first step to failure. academic world with your brilliant paper. But before you leave the archival vaults As David Lodge suggests it in his novel, of the li-brary, put back the scoop into Small World: Write a paper and see the such a messy pile that no other successor world! That is the dictum today. of yours, despite highest investigation There are certain best practices skills, can ever lay his hands on it for his about all seminars which you must be fully dis-sertation. (Thus you also help to save efficient in. After you vigilantly fer-ret out future pilferage.) This is one way of the venue and eventually register yourself build-ing your research dissertation. at the counter, collect your semi-nar kit Now, there is another way of with wads of unreadable material stuffed doing it: surf the net to nose for a na-tional, into the bag,—except for the B-L-D preferably an international semi- (breakfast-lunch-dinner) coupons, discuss nar/workshop/conference/symposium, with other delegates what the sight-seeing (whatever you may call it) the border-lines potential the place possesses. These done, are only watermarks. –And what‘s in a skip the eminent inaugural, which is a name?—asks the Bard of Stratford-upon- fairly extended process in our side of the Avon. Prepare a synopsis in about three world. Usually the keynote is by the hundred words, that does not give the Hon‘ble VC or Pro-VC or the Registrar faintest idea about what the main topic who does not have the faintest

National Seminar : Research Methodology 5 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X idea about the seminar theme. So he the crowd jostling for plastic plates, naturally dilates on the achievements of his over-load them with food stuff with University (which is charitably judged ―B‖ outlandish taste and throw it away by the NAAC) mainly to highlight his own after biting a few morsels. contribution to the general progress (read: Re-cycle It debacle) of the institu-tion. He is sure t hold forth for briefly ninety minutes for a Your first important step towards helicopter view of his success. Then all the your proposed dissertation is taken. – No, other dignitaries on the dais (popular no, not the first but in fact the sec-ond Indian pronuncia-tion: die-us) take turn to step, because you have hard-earned talk at length, starting with the mention of marks for your API by attending an in- all the names of the dignitaries on the die- ternational seminar just in the neighbour- us. Then— hold your breath—the eminent ing galli. (This is one implication of lighting (or ―lightening‖?) of the flower- ―glo-bal village.‖ —Or ―My well is my decked lamp. This contraption usually world‖ frog-in-the-well syndrome, as refuses to catch the flame as the wick has some old fogies like to call it.) Now dried up or the oil is coagulated or the fan follows the third step: during the two right over-head (!) is going at frantic speed. days of the seminar. After having But nothing daunted, the dignitaries on the inflicted your path-breaking paper on the die-us struggle at the wick and match- near half dozen listeners in the large stick/candle with trial and error, and then it pandal (but ah!— they are not really is done!—The lamp is finally lit and a lot listeners; they are paper readers waiting of darkness with noise pollution is spread their turn to play the sadist) start looking in the auditorium for about three hours of through the Xer-oxed pile of costly A4 the Inaugural. So, all wise API gatherers size paper thus wasted, underline the skip such ceremonies. Before you fish off irrelevant portions for your dissertation for sight seeing (and kharedi, that is, and also preserve the bibliography to shopping) turn for a while to the library, fatten your citations. Insist on an e- rummage there in the dusty hills of version of the papers so as to facilitate dissertations, unearth something that has a your cut-paste labour. Return satisfied to remote semblance to your pro-posed PhD your college and do not forget to collect topic, Xerox it and return to the venue dot your TA and special DA with fake hotel in time for the lunch. Join bills and certificate of attendance.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 6 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

Your real headache starts now: re- cannot choose our neighbours; we can- cycling the material retrieved so intelli- not choose our bosses but luckily, so far, gently and industrially, showing your we can choose our research guides/Su- ―re-search‖ power. Don‘t lose heart. Do pervisors. Since your aim is PhD rejec- what most researchers do: scatter the tion at any cost and at the earliest, the material in the various chapters planned critical criterion for choosing your guide for your dissertation, add the new titles is his suspect character and corruption- to your Bibliography, do not fail to add friendly image as an academician. There a few websites too as they add credibil- are breath-taking varieties of research ity to your investigative talent, report to guides and equally gasping stories about your Guide (with a suitable gift pack of their exploits. It is a community apart, something) how labouriously you have most of them, but certainly not all. As procured new precious critical material. they say, the exception proves the rule. After his approving nod, to the binder Choose a politician-cum-academician to (not Sakharam Binder of Vijay be your guide as he is likely to wield Tendulkar) you go, golden-emboss the influence at home throughout the country work, put your Guide‘s name in extra- and even abroad. This helps him to make bold font, append all his academic or mar (usually the latter) your career degrees and designations to the name because you have deliberately chosen and admire your own achievement. such a character for your Guide. . He can

Submit it to your university. delay, dictate, and damage the ex-ternal referee‘s report because they are his —Within six months it will re- stooges, party partners, bottle bud-dies bound if your guide has, in his vicious always avid to scratch mutual backs. He moments of retribution and sadism, rec- co-opts, appoints, invites them for ommended a panel of external referees different assignments and thus buys them to include the best minds in the field. at the cost of the university exchequer. In Or in the other event, he has selected turn, they too reciprocate with fitting fa- those referees who will do what he tells vours. Only an academic thug can stage- them to do. This brings us to another manage such feats. The medieval India mantra for rejection. was known for thuggy. Some of their Choose a Guide Who Misguides successors are operative even today and their tribe seems to be increasing by the We cannot choose our parents; we day. Choose such a thug for your Su-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 7 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X pervisor. He will not correct your spell- But do not bother about such a bour- ing or improve your syntax or sharpen geois attitude. Honesty is a very banal your analysis or widen your perception. virtue these days and it fails to impress These are paltry gains in comparison of many; dishonesty is the in-thing today what he can do to your career; namely, to and therefore the best practice to adopt. see to it that you do not get your even In brief, there is no greater humiliation ―However PhD‖. Now, since you aspire than quoting critics and acknowledging for a rejection report on your thesis, then them as no critic can outshine you in challenge, badger, pester, defy and fam- your originality. And, mind you, ish this thug. And your thesis bounces. originality, feigned or genuine, is the

Dishonesty is the Best Policy sine qua non (indispensable quality) of all good re-search. All this has a final Poet Shelley once famously said, message as follows. poets are the unacknowledged legisla- Botch up the Writing tors of the world. In the same tune, critics are the unacknowledged wholesalers The content is the soul and the lan- of the world, and researchers are the guage is the body of your dissertation. It is unacknowledged pilferers of the world. an acknowledged situation that teach-ers of The critics‘ coffers are meant for perma- language(s), journalists, mass me-dia men nent plunder by researchers. The tenet (and women), SMS insanes, advertisers are under discussion here is, never acknowl- all out to destroy and distort the precision edge whatever you buy, borrow, steal, and beauty of lan-guages. Slowly the world pilfer or plunder for your dissertation. is becoming a dumping ground, nay, a Good researchers plagiarise; bad re- veritable grave-yard of languages. An searchers acknowledge. Cut-pasting and authentic docu-ment like a UNO survey quoting mindlessly exposes the hiatus declares that every week a language dies between the styles of the critic‘s original somewhere in the world. Therefore, even if and chaste exegesis and the researcher‘s you are researching in literature or snotty, kidnapped scribbling in his dis- languages, you may cavalierly bypass all sertation, thus making it impossible for rules of good writing including the minor the referees to sift the original from the ones like cor-rect grammar, orthography, pilfered. One sure observation in the precise vo-cabulary, clarity and simplicity. referee‘s report can be: ―The original is Similarly, you need not care a rotten fig for not good and the good is not original!‖ the

National Seminar : Research Methodology 8 Vivek Research Vol-IV No,. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

―architectonics‖ of thesis writing such as in this brief write up are an essential correct punctuation, upper-lower case use, companion of the modern researcher, no font selection, proper italicization and less than the research Guides. These best underlining, pagination, title page entries, practices are the secret of quality re-search citing and indenting, bibliographical en- and guidelines for researchers in the India tries and so on. Care should be taken to of the future. Such quality re-search will mix up the primary and secondary sources. surely push several of our universities The total impression of the dis-sertation within the first five hundred best should be one of a botched up presentation, universities of the world in the an-nual that you do not know even the A, B, C of ranking on the sheer strength of turn-ing research presentation. Think only of the down 50000 PhDs per year, a figure much spelling mistakes; they should be so many higher than China can ever touch. in numbers and lit-tered liberally on every page, that the referee will despair of counting them (some foolish ones indulge in this research) and will in fact give up the effort. All these qualities help the good referee to reject the dissertation outright or recom-mend revision. The additional benefit is that they sometimes result in sending your Guide to the mental asylum if he is a good reader.

Academic research, as we all know, is a booming activity. The Corporates will even describe it as a sunrise industry. Both researchers and research guides have a thriving future and fortune waiting for them. Since today‘s researcher is des-tined to be tomorrow‘s research Guide, the great tradition of dishonesty, corrupt practices and thuggy will stabilize into immortality. Therefore, the few hints listed

National Seminar : Research Methodology 9 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No.I II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

GENRE FICTION: A NEW EMERGING AREA OF RESEARCH

Dr. Advait. D. Joshi*

Abstract :

Genre fiction or popular fiction has not only impressed masses but also the movie makers. The movies based on popular novels have achieved box office success at theaters and set a chain of production of movies. Stephen King and Peter Straub have become household names in America. Ramsey Campbell and Clive Barker have acquired special space in book houses in England. In short, this genre has established its separate identity on the rich and mosaic floor of English literature. There are many branches of popular fiction. They bear their separate identity but are linked with one another by some common threads and philosophy. The present research paper aims at presenting some common threads that found in some branches of genre fiction. It also focuses on the common philosophy that the branches of this genre deal with. The present paper also draws attention of research and scholars to the dearth of research as far as this genre is concerned

Keywords : Genre fiction, Common philosophy, Dearth of research, Fantasy and Horror

INTRODUCTION : This is a statement about horror

Noel Carroll, American philosopher, novels which indirectly focus on the on- cultural theorist and film scholar in his slaught of novels of genre fiction. Over book The Philosophy of Horror or the years genre fiction or popular fiction Paradoxes of the Heart makes a fine has impressed masses and a number of its statement: " The onslaught of horror novels readers is increasing day by day. But as and anthologies, at present at least, is as far as research is concerned these novels unstoppable and as inescapable as the in particular and popular fiction in monsters they portray." (Carroll 01) general are neglected. Scholars, research students and educated people have not

* Associate Professor Sadashivrao Mandlik, Mahavidyalaya, Murgud

National Seminar : Research Methodology 10 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X paid attention to popular literature and its GENRE FICTION: A NEW EMERG- ING AREA OF RESEARCH : impact on masses as it is expected. In the famous film, ‗The Gold Diggers‘ (the The term Popular Literature has be- 1935 films, one of many of a series) in come an umbrella term which accommo- which one of the character says, ‗who are dates Adventure Fiction, Fantasy, His- we to laugh at popular music? It is the torical, Mystery, Romance, Thriller, Hor- heartbeat of America. This question ror, Science and Crime Fiction. Adven-ture reflects the wisdom of the character. fiction usually focuses on action or Why does one think popular literature is mission—set in exotic or forbidding lo- infe-rior and not worthy? It is a reflection cals—of a hero who overcomes obsta-cles of reality. This reflection of reality leads to achieve his mission. Though a hero is us to the philosophy of popular fiction. placed in life-and death situation, the story generally ends happily showing tri-umph There is still a dismissive attitude of a hero over the situation. Fan-tasy among scholars and there are many mis- fiction like science and horror fiction also conceptions about the ‗value‘ and ‗worth‘ introduces ‗unknown‘ or ‗other‘ but magic of popular fiction even in the minds of plays a crucial role in this fiction. The story readers also. There is a need to look at this line, which is based on myth or legend, has genre separately and not in connec-tion mythical creatures as well as common with mainstream literature. What is popular animals as characters. Mov-ing around literature? The word ‗popular‘ is, of course, historical event, time or pe-riod, the used to mean whatever is liked, desired, historical fiction presents real or fictional and approved by a large number of people. characters. They are portrayed skillfully Similarly, popular lit-erature is literature is that they become part of the times. The liked, desired, and read by a large number historical fiction tends to give accurate of people. The term popular literature is historical details relating to set-tings as also used to mean fiction that is popular well as to characters and events. Historical with a set of readers. According to novels raise social and moral issues Milhorn, ‗Genre fiction is fiction of emotions. Its primary function is to evoke through their plots. The most popu-lar and feelings. The writ-er‘s goal is to entertain attractive mystery fiction, in which mystery the readers. plays a vital role, usually begins with a crime or murder. Mystery fiction

National Seminar : Research Methodology 11 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X always employs an investigator or a team sented as strong and sympathetic who of investigators to discover who-dun-it. operate under their own personal There are clues left for the investigators to codes. The story line is woven around trace the mystery. The story generally ends national or international politics. happily. Romance fiction presents a love Though different characteristics offer story with a happy ending. The story is these branches of genre fiction their own based on either a misunderstanding identity, these branches share some ele- between a hero and a heroine or outside ments which link them to each other. But circumstances that force them apart. The these elements appear with their generic story ends with the reunion of lovers. This touch. Fantasy and horror are drawn on fiction introduces type characters; men are everyday fears and tend to produce realm handsome, smart, and dangerous where as of creatures that are bigger than life. Both women are strong, independ-ent, and often these fictions create nightmarish situations. beautiful. Science fiction, which is usually However, fantasy fiction is more affirm-ing set in future, introduces ‗unknown‘ or and offers a protagonist a chance to win ‗other‘. The story line is packed with whereas in horror fiction a protago-nist has technical and scientific de-tails and to struggle to survive. In fantasy fiction characters are secondary to topics and evil is defeated but in horror fic-tion evil atmosphere. In short, fantasy, horror, and always survives. Horror and fantasy fiction science fiction depict intru-sion of have a sensitive approach while science ‗unknown‘ into a life of a com-mon man. fiction has a rational ap-proach. Science, This notion is also presented by suspense fantasy, and horror fic-tion employ a fiction. Though settings are present day, challenging ‗other‘ or ‗un-known‘ but in the story line presents a dark, menacing science fiction the ‗other‘ is controlled by atmosphere. The action usually takes place scientific knowledge and technology. In within a narrow time frame—in only a few fantasy fiction the ‗other‘ is subject to days. Though there is a confrontation magic while in horror fiction the ‗other‘ is between a hero and a villain, the hero beyond the control of a human power. survives. With the help of extensive details Suspense plays a key role in thriller, and technical language, thriller fiction mystery, romance, suspense, horror, and centers on violence or threat of violence. adventure fiction. Yet, in each Protagonists are always pre-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 12 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X of these fictions except in suspense fic- This inexplicability is very nature of popu- tion the central focus is on something lar fiction. All the branches of genre or other than suspense. Both in suspense popular fiction move around the concept of and mystery fiction there is puzzle. In the ‗other‘ or the ‗unknown‘. It has always mys-tery fiction protagonist‘s aim is to been believed that Ghosts, mon-sters, get into puzzle to find out its working in witches and strange entities exist in the order to solve it but in suspense fiction a ‗other‘ or the ‗unknown‘ world. They protago-nist tries to get out of puzzle. belong, as Lovecraft points out: ―to spheres Mystery fiction begins with something of existence whereof we know nothing and happened whereas in suspense fiction wherein we have no part‖ (Lovecraft 1). something is going to happen. The The famous horror novels of Ira Levin‘s pattern of suspense novels is similar to Rosemary‟s Baby (1967), horror novels. Both the novels show a The Exorcist and Campbell‘s To Wake danger entering the sphere of human the Dead (1980) show human body in- being‘s normal life. In suspense fiction, vasion by the ‗other‘. The novels of however, the danger is human. In horror John Wyndham‘s- The Day of the fiction a danger can be both a Triffids (1951), The Kraken Wakes supernatural element and a human being. (1953) and The Midwitch Cuckoo

(1957) centre on monsters. In The Day of It becomes clear that the branches of the Triffids the narrative begins with the genre or popular fiction, though they protagonist Bill Masen is in the hos-pital maintain separate identities, have some due to the triifiid plant. The Kraken things in common. And there is a need to Wakes present the alien, Meteors who undertake a research focusing on these threatens London and other parts. The common things. Uncanny situations re- novel presents an alien from gas gaint. At main is at the centre of this genre. The the end of the novel scientists develop an notion of uncanny is connected with underwater ultrasonic weapon to kill the defamiliarization, ghostliness and disturb alien. The famous fantasy novelists J. R. and disease. The familiar circumstances R. Tolkein (1892-1973) and Peter Soyer unexpectedly turn into unfamiliar. This Beagle (b. 1939) manifest horror in their turning is unanswerable and unquestion- novels. Tolkein‘s The Lord of the Rings able as why or how this has happened. (1954-55) presents a journey of the ring

National Seminar : Research Methodology 13 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

WORKS CITED: and battle fought for it. Beagle‘s The Last Unicorn (1968) depicts a battle between 1) ----Carroll, Noel. The the forest owner Unicorn and the Red Philosophy of Horror or Bull. In short, it seems that these Paradoxes of the Heart. New branches of genre fiction deal with the York: Routledge, 1990. Print ‗other‘. H. G. Well‘s The Island of Dr. 2) Lovecraft, H. P. Supernatural Moreau, Ramsey Campbell‘s novels like Horror in Literature. New Silent Children (2000) and Secret Story York: Abramson, 1945. Print (2006) deal with the internal ‗other‘. Hence there is a scope for researcher to 3) Milhorn, Thomas. H. Writing undertake the research focusing on this Genre Fiction: A Guide to the Craft. Florida: Universal common theory of genre fiction. This Publish-ers, 2006. Print. type of research may focus on social aspects of this literature. A cursory study 4) Priestman, Martin. Crime Fiction of this genre shows a common from Poe to the Present. UK: philosophy that reality is an illusion. Northcote House, 1998. Print. Crime and horror fiction today present dangerous people and make people aware of them. For Campbell and P. D. James apparent re-ality is an illusion. It also seems that real horror or emerging horror is at the base of popular fiction. There is a need to undertake research on genre fiction which may focus on many social, moral and cultural aspects of genre fiction. Genre fiction is not an escapist fantasy. It is a social history. Popular literature is not important or worthy not because it tells us that an evil exists but it also tells us that an evil can be defeated.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 14 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

TRANSLATION AS A RESEARCH ACTIVITY

Dr. Kalpana Girish Gangatirkar * ABSTRACT :

Research in Translation encompasses a large area. The researcher in translation can undertake two fold researches, the first emphasizing theory of translation and the second actual practice of translation. Translation Studies covers research in various disciplines like Comparative Studies, Culture Studies, Pragmatics, Stylistics and so on. In this sense, translation is not mere a bilin-gual activity but a cultural activity which involves challenging, innovative and even creative research.

Key Words : Keywords : Translation, Bilingual activity, Creative Research.

INTRODUCTION : Christ. Language is the man made me-

Research in humanities is different dium for expressing and communicating from natural and social sciences. It in- ideas and feelings. Language makes volves aesthetic value. It is a culture- human beings distinct and individualistic centric study. Research in literature in- as it is possessed by humans only. Lan- volves various disciplines like guage creates communication, it brings American literature, Indian English people together, yet the difference of literature, Com-parative literature, New language crates barriers and keeps peo- literatures, Lin-guistics, Stylistics, ple apart. It is through translation, Pragmatics and Trans-lation Studies. communication between different social groups with different languages is possi- TRANSLATION AS A RESEARCH ble. Knowing extra languages has many ACTIVITY: advantages but everybody cannot have Translation Studies is a young disci- that privilege and that is why translations pline though the practice of translation are useful as well as essential. In the started two or three centuries before early twentieth century, translation was

* Assistant Professor,Mahavir Mahavidyalaya, Kolhapur Email ID - [email protected]

National Seminar : Research Methodology 15 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X recognized as a major discipline crucial lation such as 1) phonemic translation 2) to communication between nations and literal translation 3) metrical translation 4) also for cultural interactions between prose version 5) rhyming translation 6) them. Translation studies as an area of blank verse rendering and 7) interpre-tation research acquires great importance. Ezra in his book. A researcher can analyze pound, a prolific translator as well as a translation of poetry by using above profound theoretician listed the aims of theoretical framework. Transla-tion of a translation as- " Real speech in the Eng- literary work can be also stud-ied by using lish version, Fidelity to the original, ‗poly system theory‘. The theory holds that Mean-ing and atmosphere." [26] all translation involves a degree of manipulation of the source text for some J.C.Catford talked about ‗full‘ and purpose from the point of view of the target ‗partial‘ translation, ‗total‘ and ‗restricted‘ literature. This is a liberal approach which translation. He also pointed out the sig- frees the translator from age-old shackles. nificance of meaning in the process of Research in transla-tion involves two kinds translation and spoke about both the ‗for- – 1) Research that studies the process of mal‘ relations and the ‗contextual‘ rela- translation from one language into another tions which are entered into by the units of and 2) The actual work of translation – a language. [33]. In the sense, trans-lation translat-ing a text of another language. opens up a large number of ideas of several Research in translation can be of two types modes of translation like pho-nological – 1) Translation from a foreign language translation, lexical translation and into one of the Indian languages and 2) transliteration. A researcher can compare Trans-lation from Indian Languages into two texts (SL & TL) in the above light. Eng-lish. A researcher in Translation Stud- Peter Newmark in his book, ies can do two-fold researches 1) Re- Approaches to Translation made a dis- searching various theories of translation tinction between semantic translation and and 2) Researching practice of transla-tion. communicative translation. Semantic In this sense, research in transla-tion translation in texts, both SL and TL ori- encompasses a large area where a ented and communicative translation is comparitist or a researcher compares two reader oriented. Andre Lefevere talks about the seven different types of trans- texts to find out equivalence in transla-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 16 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X tion. Translating a text itself is also a are widely different from those in research. The problems that the transla- another. Language is the reflection of a tor faces while translating various forms particular culture. Thus the importance of like drama and poetry need to be re- culture, a researcher in translation should searched. For example the translation of never forget. The translator must Vijay Tendulkar‘s Silence the Court in consider three referential systems – the Session by Priya Adarkar has lost the particular sys-tem of the text, the system satire which is soul of the play. Translat- of the culture out of which the text has ing poetry is a challenge for the transla- sprung and the culture out of which the tors. A poem is poet‘s own imaginative, metatext will be created. In case of free emotional and intellectual apprehension translations the translator takes freedom of facts and experiences. The transla- and sometimes deviates from the S.L. tor‘s task is to find equivalence in terms text and a com-plete new T.L. text is of linguistic and textual structure without created. For example P.L.Deshpande‘s Ti lacking the spontaneity and power of the Phulrani‟s end is different from Shaw‘s original work. Pygmalion and P.K.Atre‘s Gharabaher ends dif-ferently from Ibsen‘s A Doll‟s Translation Studies also involves House. Sreedevi Nair in this respect Stylistics. The translator before doing the comments that ‗translation is inter- work of translation must determine the subjective com-munication as well as original author‘s style and then shape his inter semiotic me-diation‘ [59]. style accordingly. Even though the Translation is not only translation of translator correctly grasps the style or language or literary forms but translation tone of a work, it may not be always of cultures. The duty of a translator shifts possible for him to reproduce it precisely. to a cultural filter. In the poem ‗The A researcher can undertake the project Priest‘ in Jejuri Arun Kolatkar says – like stylistic analysis of a translated text. ‗Will there be a puranpoli in my plate Translation Studies and Culture Studies today?‘ Puranpoli here is not a delicacy are quite interrelated. The meaning of the only but it has a cultural connotation. text and the culture that goes with it are changed in translation. The customs and Single text can be translated by dif- conventions in one part of the world ferent translators. The creation of these

National Seminar : Research Methodology 17 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X translators will have a marked difference translator has to fill up the gaps, in style even if they have similar percep- untranslatable phrases, and blank spaces tion of an original text. This is so, be- with the help of pragmatics. Translation cause the style or the mode of expres- is not only a verbal act but also a com- sion of each person will be particular to municative act and the translator has to himself. The translated work reflects the be extremely creative person with keen style of the writer and the translator both. senses. For example, a good translator

Bhagawat Geeta is interpreted or trans- translates Herculean task as Bhagirath lated by several writers in different ways, prayatna in Indian language. A transla- in the same way Dyaneshwari is also tor should be a good reader; he should translated differently by different transla- have knowledge of socio-political sce- tors. Comparison of such two or more than nario, cultural back ground, local atmos- two translations of a single text is also a phere, traditions and other related things. challenging and interesting research. The methodology of translation depends upon the nature of the work to be trans- Translation is a complex, lated. While translating George Orwell‘s painstaking and demanding task. A writer of a crea-tive book can enjoy the freedom Animal Farm a translator should but a translator can not. Translator is like rigor-ously study Russian revolution and its impact. serv-ing two masters. Translation is not only desirable but indispensable too in Translation is an integrated activity. our obtaining circumstances. Dilip Reader oriented theories of translation state Chitre, in this context said: that the reader of the text is the receptor of language. At the first stage the translator is Even as an independent practicing the reader of the SL text, who may interpret poet, I live in the post-modern world and recreate the SL text according to some transferred by translation. This is my subjective con-siderations and hence predicament as a writer. I have to build a bridge within myself between Indian translation becomes transcreation. The and Europe or else. I become a frag- second layer of the audience is the target mented person [14]. reader of the trans-lated text. The translator should know who the reader of the text is. Translation also includes Pragmatics. Reading is While dealing with two languages the

National Seminar : Research Methodology 18 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X not a passive decoding but a recreation of REFERENCES : meaning in which intertextuality plays a 1) Edwin Gentzler. Contempoarary vital role. Because of this, different readers Translation Theories. London: interpret the same text differently. Routledge, 1993.

CONCLUSIONS : 2) J.C.Catford: A Linguistic Theory

of Translation. London: Oxford Research in translation has another UP, 1965. dimension. Indian poets, playwrights, novelists who have written originally in 3) Andre Lefevere, Translating Po- regional languages of India have been etry: Seven Strategies and a Blue translated into English. For example Print, 1975. plays written in many Indian languages 4) Sreedevi Nair. Aspects of espe-cially in Bengali, Marathi, Kannada Transla-tion. New Delhi: and Hindi are being translated into Creative Books, 1996. English and other languages. Plays of 5) Chritre, Dilip. ―Life on the Bridge.‖ Mohan Rakesh, Badal Sarkar, Vijay The Bombay Literary Review No.1. Tendulkar and Girish Karnad are vastly translated. A comparative research of translated texts of different writers is also a challenging and interesting task. Machine translation is a gift of computer age. It helps in the translation of science and technology but it may create confusion in literary trans-lations. The research in this area will be novel and innovative. Translation is not mere a bilingual activity but a cultural activity which involves a research of true type. A translator must be an interdisci-plinary specialist with expertise in lan-guage, culture, communication and re-search.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 19 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

USING CHILDREN’S LITERATURE FOR THE EMOTIONAL, SOCIAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN :

A RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Dr. Ujjwala Tathe*

ABSTRACT :

The present paper attempts to place substantial emphasis on research methodology which is an integral part of any research work. When we talk of research methodology, we come across host of questions like why a research study has been undertaken, how the research problem has been defined, in what way and why the hypothesis has been formulated, what data have been collected and what particular method has been adopted, why particular technique of analyzing data has been used, etc. If we obtain answers to these questions, we perfunctorily lay firm foundation for our research.

The proposed paper is based on the methodology I employed for my Minor Research Project aided by the UGC. I believe it will facilitate similar research works in English language and literature in future. The objectives of the study were to identify, formulate and operate criteria for quantification of the impact of children‟s literature in terms of their emotional, social and moral develop-ment.

KeyWords : Children‘s literature, emotional, social, moral, development, methodology

INTRODUCTION: research methodology is a foundation on which any research work is based. Hence, Research methodology is a way to the present paper attempts to place sub- systematically solve the research prob-lem. stantial emphasis on research methodol- It may be understood as a tech-nique of ogy, an integral part of any research work. studying how research is done In a very nascent stage of a re-search work, scientifically. It includes various steps that host of questions crop up regarding how to are generally adopted by a researcher in solve a research prob-lem. Here Research studying her/his research problem along Methodology comes with the logic behind them. Undoubtedly,

* Asso. Prof., Dept. of English, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Karad (M.S.)

National Seminar : Research Methodology 20 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X to help. It helps obtaining answers to schools and convenience was given these questions systematically and pri-ority for the selection of Karad as logi-cally. a local of the study.

The objectives of the project were to 2. Size of the sample: Stratified identify, formulate and operate criteria random sampling was used for the data for quantification of the impact of chil- collection. The stratification made was dren‘s literature in terms of development based on the following inclusive criteria: of children and to study the impact on 1. Out of ten well-established emotional, social and moral development schools five schools should find of children. For the precision in the dis- representa-tion. cussion, my paper is broadly divided into following sections: 2. Among five schools, two should be co-ed schools. 1. Locale of the study 3. Among five schools, one should be 2. Size of the sample located in the rural part of Karad. 3. Design of Research 4. For the equal distribution of sex, 4. Sample and Sampling Technique 100 boys and 100 girls should be

se-lected. 5. Tools 5. The respondents should be between 1. Locale of the study : The study 11 to 15 years of age. was undertaken in five schools in Karad city of district Satara, Western 6. The respondents should be from Maharashtra. Since the researcher is varied socio-economic background. employed in one of the educational insti- Hence, the table below shows the tutes, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Karad for sampling plan: twenty-two years and also resides in District: Satara Karad, Karad was considered as the place of research. Being in the field of City: Karad education the researcher had good rap- No. of schools selected: 5 port with the schools in Karad selected for data collection. Easy availability of Total number of respondents Se- lected for the study: 200

National Seminar : Research Methodology 21 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

Total number of girls: 100 quaint with the idea of the present study, Total number of boys: 100 the researcher met the head master/mis- tress of the schools. Five schools were 3. Design of Research : In the randomly selected considering the fair course of collecting data, Pre-Test and representation of single sex and mixed Post-Test experimental group design was schools. For the smooth operation of data employed. In order to collect personal collection, the heads of the educational information of the respondents, the ques- institutions were also contacted. With tions were based on: 1) Personal char- their due consent, the schedule was acteristics of the respondents; 2) Per- prepared. Marathi medium schools were sonal characteristics of the parents of the selected for the study because in majority respondents 3) Social characteristics of of schools, medium of instruction was the respondents; 4) Social characteris-tics Marathi, and a large proportion of stu- of the parents of the respondents 5) dents‘ mother tongue was Marathi. Reading habits and Choices of the respondents; 6) Facilities in the school li- ii) Selection of respondents: Teen- brary; and 7) Role of Teachers / schools age children i.e. between 11 to 15 years and parents in nurturing reading habits in of age (girls and boys) were chosen children. because this age is one of the crucial phases in one‘s life. Respondents from After an informal interaction with both the sexes were selected in order to the children regarding the books they find out whether girls and boys perceive read, the pre-test was conducted. The re- the messages/values in stories differently. searcher then told them stories and also gave some stories to read. They were After meeting the class teachers of given sufficient time to go through the the allotted classes in person, the re- stories and think critically about the val- searcher explained the background of the ues in them. It was followed by the post research study to the students. When it test to observe emotional, social and was found that majority of students had moral development in them. interest in reading variety of reading materials, with the help of the teacher 4. Sample and Sampling Technique: they were randomly selected. Since the i) Selection of Schools: To ac- present study aimed at observing the

National Seminar : Research Methodology 22 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X impact of children‘s literature on the social and moral development, a few emotional, social and moral development questions related to family reading of children, the respondents were prac-tices were also included. In selected considering age, sex and type of addition to children‘s age and sex, school they learn in. information on the socio-economic background was also sought. The attempt was also to observe the impact of children‘s literature on children Since the respondents were both attending schools located in the urban and girls and boys, the researcher was also rural part of Karad. The researcher felt that inter-ested to know whether there is a the urban children are more exposed to differ-ence in the reading choices books and related activities compared to between girls and boys and whether rural children, and hence the impact of boys read the books having ‗girl‘ as a children‘s literature might be different on central character and vice a versa. them, respondents from one school from Accordingly the ques-tions were asked. rural part of Karad was selected. Before the pre-test, the researcher

5. Tools: interacted with children informally to understand the awareness of values and to i)Tools of Information : E n t i r e observe whether children can read be- study was based on the framework of tween the lines and perceive valuable responses which were to be sought from messages in stories. Due care was taken girl and boy respondents as stated above. to select the stories which had the values Considering that students learn English like honesty, love, sympathy, generosity, as a third language in school, the ques- patriotism, friendship, etc. The values tionnaire for the collection of primary were so chosen because they reflect the data was prepared as comprehensible and previously mentioned developments. complete as possible to procure desired responses from children in English. In research, the researcher obtains qualitative data which later is converted Since parents‘ own literacy practices into quantitative form by assigning scores impact on the literacy opportunities for based on logic and rationality. In the children and influence their reading en- present study, an attempt had been made to gagements and thereby their emotional, develop a scale for pre-test and post-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 23 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X test for the quantification of the impact 71 items were carefully converted into score regarding the respondents‘ emo- statements. In the final format of the scale, tional, social and moral development tak- the responses were sought in five point ing into account the impact of children‘s continuum with scoring key - strongly literature. agree (5), agree (4), no response (3),

disagree (2) and strongly disagree (1). Since the scale makes the measure-

The scale is my own contribution to the ment more objective and unbiased, it was

research in this area. formulated by carefully collecting the items, followed by editing them to cer- ii) Statistical Tools: The role of tain criteria. Following sources were uti- statistics in research is to function as a lized for the collection of items: tool in designing research, analyzing its

data and drawing conclusions therefrom. i) Research studies conducted on the

Hence with the scoring procedure, im- topic.

pact score for each respondent was ii) Review of literature.

worked out. Children respondents were

iii) Developmental Theories divided into three categories namely good iv) Discussion with English teachers and impact score, average impact score and

an expert in Child Development. poor impact score. Statistical analysis was v) Discussion with readers of children‘s done by using Confidence Interval

literature. Method. vi) Experience of the researcher herself.

Variables, their Nature, Type and

After meticulous analysis of the items, Measurement Strategy Employed:

the dimensions were located:

Taking into consideration the design

Sr. No. Dimension and the impact of children‘s literature on

Items selected emotional, social and moral development

1. Emotional development 25 of children of the study the different types

of variables- Independent variables (age,

2. Social Development 28

sex, socio-economic background,

3. Moral Development 18 situational background, Income of par-

TOTAL 71 ents, educationof parents, type of family

National Seminar : Research Methodology 24

Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X and size of family) and dependent vari- of interest but it should widen its scope ables (Impact of children‘s literature in further to the school education. To bring terms of different types of developments about constructive developments in the of children)were considered suitable and entire educational scenario, initiative therefore were selected. Accordingly the should be taken by the university re- measurement strategies were employed. searchers to investigate topics of mutual interest to make effective educational Selection of Texts : The modern developments and policies. It fact, both world especially the vulnerable teenagers universities and schools can become are assailed from every angle by contra- concrete partners in designing and im- dictory values. Hence, it is essential to plementing effective strategies of educa- enlighten children on the value system tion by using their expertise, knowledge through children‘s literature. Since books and innovation. meant for children play a vital role in shaping their personality and moulding their thought at a right time, they help children develop into mature and sensitive human beings. Hence, for the present study stories which could provide them encouragement for thinking, evaluating, judging, imaging, reasoning, etc. were selected. Besides, care was taken to select stories having values like honesty, loyalty, devotion, empathy, truthfulness, compassion, generosity, etc.

Implications: During the course of the research, it was observed that there is a need to establish coordination between higher education and research and school education. The focus of our re-searches should not be only on the emerging areas of our respective fields

National Seminar : Research Methodology 25 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

STYLO-STATISTICS: A DEVICE OF MEASURING AUTHOR’S CREATIVITY

Leelawati A. Patil*

ABSTRACT :

Style has often been viewed as a statistical and probabilistic branch of linguistics as style of the text is caused by significant differences in the densities of linguistic features in the text. In quantitative studies of such stylistic differen-tials, statistical methods play a significant role in testing probable significance levels of the differences between the text and the norm. Augustus DE Morgan suggested that the count of word length could be used for author identification. A number of critics gradually developed the stylo-metric approach to literature and studied literature by counting averages and percentages of lines with met-rical variations, rhyme, run - on-lines syllables and the like. Word length, sen-tence length, word classes, figures of speech are some of the devices can be measured by stylo-statistical approach. The present paper aims at identifying the creativity of A. K. Ramanujan by measuring the word length in the poem, “The Striders”.

KeyWords : Stylostatistics, Word-length, Author‘s Creativity, Statistical devices.

INTRODUCTION: statistical differentials. The students of stylistics are primarily interested in Many attempts have been made to differ-ential approach. However both apply statistics to the study of style since the ap-proaches are nevertheless long in the history of stylistics. Some of related and relevant. them have tried to find those statistical patterns that are common to large sam- The stylo-statisticians regard the sta- ple texts, and perhaps even to all texts in tistical controls of significance levels and all languages. They have been looking standard deviation as the basic. George for statistical universals. On the contrary, Kingsley Zipf focused on the relationship others have contracted on extracting between word-frequency and word- those features that makes one text differ- length and found that the length of words ent from other texts. They have sought tends to have an inverse relationship to

* Asst. Prof. of English, S.M. Dr. Bapuji Salunkhe Mahavidyalaya, Miraj.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 26 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X their frequency. Common words are shorter worked at the lexical level. At syntactic and rare words tend to be longer. He also level, sentence length and sentence com- attempted to state a massive, universal plexity are easiest to quantify, it has been relationship between word rank and word the focus of statistical study. The stylo- frequency: if we multiply the rank of a stastistic approach is used to find and word with its frequency, the result is measure statistical patterns: statistical constant. This relation holds best in the universals and statistical differential and middle region of the vocabulary, but is less also to find out those statistical features accurate at both the ends, that are with the that are potential style markers such as most common words and with rare words. word length, theme words and function William Fucks studied particularly the words, sentence length and its complex- number of syllables per word as a feature ity in the text. of individual styles and of the diachronic The statistical data can be observed by development of styles within a language. using the measures of central tendency, Pierre Guiraud intro-duced the concept of measures of variability and measures of theme word and key words which are shape. While measuring the central ten- interesting both to stylo-linguists and to the dency mode, median and mean is ob- content analysts. He states that a small served. Variance and Analysis of Vari-ance number of words will make up the major (ANOVA) and Standard Deviation of the part of the text. He also sets up formulae data are tested while measuring the for vocabulary concentration, vocabulary variability. Skewness , kurtosis and dispersion, and vocabulary richness. symmetric distribution are used to meas- Josephine Miles focused on high frequency ure the shape of the data. words and proportions between adjectives, substan-tives, and verbs. Linguistic Word length, in fact means the features of any literary text can be counted number bits in a word. Here the re- to arrive at the figures that can be tested by searcher has observed the number of statisti-cal measures. Fucks and some letters used in a word. Ramanujan is others found that the measures of word especially known for his brevity of style. length such as the number of syllables per One of the striking features of his poetic word can discriminate between individual craft is that he prefers to be brief while styles and certain period styles within a expressing his emotions and communi- given language. Most stylo -statisticians cating those with the readers. His style is have polished and refined. Ramanujan was a

National Seminar : Research Methodology 27 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X craftsman, who was never satisfied tation in the form of tables followed with what merely the observed. He by its interpretation. shaped reshaped and polished each ―THE STRIDERS‖: poem, cut-ting facets until the result approached, the directness and clarity Word length: for which he strove. 3 6 3 7 11 10 5 4 3 4 5 2 3 9 4 10

2 3 6 4 2 1 5 STYLO-STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF WORD LENGTH IN “THE 2 3 4 8 4 2 5 4 3 4 2 1 9 2 6 3 6 7 STRIDERS”: 4 3 4 5 2 3

A word is a single meaningful ele- Frequency Distribution of Word Length in ment of speech or writing which can stand alone as a complete utterance sepa-rated by “The Striders” species in written languages and by pause in speech. Ramanujan‘s choice of words is Valid Frequ- Perc- Valid Cumu ency ent percent lative distinct. He strives for using the simplest percent and the shortest words to convey his message. There is a symmetri-cal 1 2 4.3 4.3 4.3 distribution of word length in Ramanujan‘s 2 8 17 17 21.3 poems. Certain words are longer; also there 3 10 21.3 21.3 42.6 are certain hyponastic words, yet shorter words are significant in number in 4 10 21.3 21.3 63.8 Ramanujan‘s poetry. The word length 5 5 10.6 10.6 74.5 effect arises because short words are more 6 4 8.5 8.5 83 rehearsed than the long words can be 7 2 4.3 4.3 87.2 rehearsed. The length of words tends to have inverse relationship to their 8 1 2.1 2.1 89.4 frequency. Common words are shorter and 9 2 4.3 4.3 93.6 rare words tend to be longer. The study 10 2 4.3 4.3 97.9 includes stylo-statistical analy-sis of word 11 1 2.1 2.1 100 length of Ramanujan‘s poem, ―The Striders‖ and its statistical presen- Total 47 100 100 -

National Seminar : Research Methodology 28 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

Center Value and Variation of lengths are 4.43, 4 and 3 respec- Word Length in “The Striders” tively.

N Valid 47 • The variations in word length are Missing 0 depicted by std. deviation and variance as 2.46 and 6.03 respectively. Mean 4.43 • The Skewness and Kurtosis are Std. Error of Mean. 358 computed and compiled by SPSS as Median 4 1.064, 0.569 respectively. The curve Mode 3 is left skewed to median and it is platykurtic below normal curve. Std. Deviation 2.456

Variance 6.032 • There are 47 words with preparing free wing distribution Skewness 1.064 table given in the table.

Std. Error of Skewness .347 • The frequency distribution of Kurtosis .569 word length is bi- modal, hence

Std. Error of Kurtosis .681 mode is 3 word length consider the smallest value of mode. Range 10

Minimum 1 CONCLUSIONS :

Maximum 11 A stylo-statistical approach accounts Sum 208 for the habitual uses and choices made by

the author. It establishes co-relation INTERPRETATION : between the style of a literary work and the The stylo-statistical data of A.K. psyche of the author. The stylo-sta-tistical Ramanujan‘s poem ―The striders‖ analysis of word length of Ramanujan‘s pre-sented in the above tables can be poem, ―The Striders‖ indi-cates that inter-preted as follows: Ramanujan has a peculiar mastery over words. He usually prefers short, simple, • The stylistic analysis of word length of the poem The Striders reveals that enigmatic and cryptic words to convey his mean, median and mode word feelings. Ramanujan is

National Seminar : Research Methodology 29 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X known for his technical skills, he does REFERENCE : credit to his muse by giving shape to Barche, G.D. (1988). Understanding his poetic art in the most commendable Poetry: A stylistic Approach, manner. Brevity is one of the Sarswati Publishers Ltd.Jaipur. prominent features of his poetry. He Butler Christopher. (1985) Statistics and finds exact words and expressions to Linguistics Oxford: Basil Blackwell. convey his thoughts. He believes that short words and short expressions are Van,Peer(1989) ―Quantitative Studies of easier to un-derstand and convey the Style:A Critic and Outlook‖, Com- thoughts more clearly. He successfully puters and Humanities.London. communicates his message in minimum Widdowson H G (1992) Practical words having small-est word-length. Stylistics: An Approach to Poetry. Oxford: OUP.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 30 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

INDIAN ENGLISH DRAMA : A CHALLENGING AREA FOR RESEARCHERS

Dr. Neeta Satish Dhumal *

Abstract :

Drama has the richest tradition in India. Right from the Vedic period drama has been performed in India and gradually it prospered from simplistic presentation to the technically improved performances, today. Various intentions of performing drama have been flourishing everyday. It is believed that God Brahma gave the „fifth veda‟ and that is „Natya‟ which is combination of dance, song, mimicry and passion from the former Vedas. It is a beautiful combination of emotions, acting, attitudes, music and various feelings.

Keywords : Indian English Drama, Performing Art, Researchers.

INTRODUCTION : mant, critical impulse in the country to bring Indians face to face with new forms Great scholars like Bharat, Bhaasa of life and literature and to open the way have paved the glorious tradition of In- for fruitful cross fertilization of ideas and dian drama. Sometimes between 2nd and forms of expression." (Iyenger : 4) 3rd century B.C.E. and 1st century CE drama in India flourished. Up to 10th Indian village theatre started per- century drama had its glorious days. forming. From mid 19th century till mod- Many dramas were written during these ern age, drama was used as an instru- centuries until the advent of Islamic con- ment by the Indian to protest the unruly quests. Then onwards there is decline of British Raj therefore the performances the form up to 15th Century. To sustain were imposed. By the end of the 19th the performing art form, various village Century Indian theatres once again re- theatres were encouraged throughout the gained some space. Today, after inde- nation and truly in the British Raj Indian pendence, Indian theatre has spread so Drama achieved its lost glory. widely that we have a bulk of various forms of drama in different languages. As Iyengar rightly puts it : " the dor- Great playwrights like Rabindranath

* Associate Professor, Department of English, Kamala College, Kolhapur.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 31 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

Tagore, Sri.Aurobindo Bharti Sarabhai, by the researchers but there is a lot to be etc. contributed in the Indian drama con- explored. Greek plays always refer the siderably. The works of the contempo- ancient gods, rituals and religious per- rary stalwarts have remained untouched, formance. The similar references in In-dian so far, by the new generation ancient plays and in those of ancient Greek drama can be the topic of discus-sion. Today we have ancient Indian drama Marathi theatre flourished in the mid of the in translation and ancient world drama 19th century. Marathi theatre has a great also has been translated in English. A tradition of ‗Sangeet Natak‟ (Musical comparative study of Indian dramas and drama) as well as farcical plays (tamasha). Greek dramas is an avenue open for the Early period of Marathi thea-tre had been researchers. There are definitely cultural very glorious as the great playwrights like differences or there may be great dis- Annasaheb Kirloskar, Govind Ballal Deval, similarities but only advantage, perhaps, K.P.Khadilkar, Ram Ganesh Gadkari and for the researchers is we have Greek others have enriched it by their significant plays of the ancient time available, today. works. Translation of their plays can be There can be a comparative study of undertaken. Bring-ing forth the Kalidasa‘s plays and the plays of his contemporary social, cul-tural ethos is contemporaries throughout the world. It can be highly amusing work, as it is highly challenging. While translating the mentioned earlier, the ancient playwright plays into English the re-searcher may Bhaasa has been the source of inspira- come across number of cultural, social and tion for many playwrights later. Bhaasa‘s historical references which may be difficult skillful plot construction, use of fine lan- to translate. Even difficulties in translation guage and subject selection can be com- of the classics can be the interesting topic pared with Greek playwrights as they, for research. At the same time there are too, were superbly skillful in writing various contem-porary theatres e.g. plays. The works of Aeschylus, Kannada, Parsi, Urdu etc. translation of the Euripides, Aristophanes, Sophocles,etc. classics in various regional languages is a are the imperishable classics which can challenging job. be com-pared with ancient Indian drama. Various isms have influenced Indian theatre largely. Nativism can be witnessed Tragedies are the core part of Greek in Vijay Tendulkar‘s Ghashiram Kotwal drama and we have great tragedies, too. and Satish Alekar‘s Mahanirvana. The This also can be the area of research. Some attempts have already been made playwrights have made use of the famous

National Seminar : Research Methodology 32 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X folk art, Kirtana, Many new playwrights porary political scenario is the issue have great affinity with these techniques. dis-cussed by a few researchers.

Modern playwrights are taking Marxism, Post colonial writers like Mahesh Surrealism and even psycho-analysis as Dattani, Manjula Padmanabhan have the major themes of their plays. The re- enriched Indian theatre by their amazing searchers can grab this opportunity to contributions. Manjula Padmanbhan‘s discuss these various isms as reflected in futuristic play creates the horrific miasma, the modern theatre. Dalit playwrights are dehumanizing and decline of individual also presenting problem plays many con- values is an emerging issue in the field of temporary issues like discrimination, ex- research. She portrays the theme of al- ploitation and the issues related to the ienation and marginalization. She is trying downtrodden are to be discussed widely. to infuse new world through her plays. In his plays Mahesh Dattani has tackled Indian drama witnessed a great various issues like homosexuality, wom- transformation after 70‘s. The playwrights en‘s subordination and third gender is-sues. like Badal Sircar, Vijay Tendulkar and Unlike other dramatists, third gen-der Girish Karnad changed the scenario of issues are discussed very boldly and openly Indian Theatre. As these playwrights were by Dattani. At the same time prob-lems of exploiting the treasure of folklores, his- urban civilization are also dis-cussed by tory, myths and legends and were ex- him. His innovative theatrical techniques perimenting with those, their plays have are the issue to be focused. As Mahesh proved highly amusing and at the same Dattani describes his themes and concerns : time very intellectual. The researchers can " Thematically, I talk the areas which the analyze the plays and the original myths individual feels exhausted. My plays are and legends and find out the twists used by about people who are striving to expand the playwrights. Modernization of the ‗this‘ space. They live on the fringe of the myths can be an interesting topic for the society and are not looking for acceptance, study. There is great influence of absurd but are strug-gling to grab as much fringe – theatre and existential issues have been space for themselves as they can." (Dattani, 2000) discussed by the playwrights all over the world. Today absurd theatre is in ob-livion Dattani discusses human which should be discussed in the present relations, thoroughly; he poses human context. Political theatre is also a less values through his plays which must discussed area. Finding out the play- be a matter of consideration. And his wrights across the country using the genre voicing third gender issues are a great as a medium to comment on the contem- option for the researchers.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 33 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

CONCLUSIONS : Aurobindo‘s characters and Shake-speare‘s

characters can be compared. Even T.P. Drama written in regional languages Kailasam can be compared to Ibsen and and their translations in English have Shaw. His play ‗Karna‘ is written in the opened new vistas both technically and tradition of Sophocles Oedipus the King. thematically, that too, can be discussed Women playwrights have contributed which will help the researchers to ex-plore substantially in Indian English literature. different cultures of Indian soil.Folk theatre Mahashweta Devi, Uma Parameshwaran, is quite popular across India. They have Manjula Padmanabhan have presented the their vernacular languages. There is the plays which have technical and thematic theatre of transformation of Kevalam integrity. Maharashweta Devi‘s portrayal Narayana Paniker is using folk form as of an-guish of the tribal people, their Teyyam or experimentation movement, depriva-tion, and their struggle for rights classical forms like Katiyattam and must be discussed Uma Parameswaran‘s Kathakali. These dramas have a deep popularizing Indian mythology and use of impact over people‘s minds. Many reli- dance and music and Manjula gious and ritualistic aspects are referred in Padmanabhan‘s themes like alienation and these dramas. Now a days these dra-mas dehumanization can be explored. There are are performed in a new way. Explo-ration so many other aspects which are not of religious and ritualistic ap-proaches can discussed fully. For the researches drama be quite engaging. These classics, if has always remained the last option. But translated in English, can prove a great much more can be discussed regarding treasure to the drama-lovers. The language drama and its various aspects. Research-ers barrier, difficulties in transform-ing can avail this opportunity and discuss cultural aspects or even explaining the Indian drama widely. cultural ethos is definitely a challenging task. Punjabi theatre too is not being explored yet and even Bengali theatre has WORKS CITED: great tradition which must be known by English readers. It is possible if the 1) Iyengar, K.R.S., Indian writing in researchers focus on these topics and find English, New Delhi : Slerling 1985. some 2) Dattani, Mahesh, Collected Plays, Delhi Penguin Books, 2000. Rabindranath Tagore and Irish playwright W.B.Yeats, can be studied to- 3) Naik, M.K. and Mokashi Punekar, gether for their suggestive and meaning- S.eds. perspectives on Indian Drama ful symbolic technique. While, Sir in English, Pradras OUP, 1971.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 34 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

PRAGMASTYLISTICS: AN EMERGING RESEARCH AREA IN INDIAN ENGLISH LITERATURE

Dr. Prabhavati Arvind Patil * Abstract :

Indian Literature in English has not been extensively studied from a linguistic perspective. Previous studies on Indian Literature in English have concentrated on the literary and thematic features of the texts. The present paper, therefore, throws light on the pragmastylistics as an emerging research area in Indian English Language and Literature. Stylistics and pragmatics have been moving closer to one another in recent years. The value of pragmastylistics is that it can keep clear the differences between stylistic effects (elegance, formality, aesthetics etc.) and pragmatic effects (what is being done and whether it is done politely, clearly, effectively etc.) while allowing each area to enlighten the other.

Keywords : pragmatics, stylistics, pragmastylistics, Indian language and literature.

INTRODUCTION : one another. The pragmastylistics clearly make the differences between stylistic The research about Indian Literature effects and pragmatic effects. Hickey in English has widely done on the literary points out that if linguists are interested and thematic features of the texts. It has in asking ―What do you say?‖ not been fully explored from a linguistic stylisticians ask ―How do you say?‖ And stylistic perspective. One of the emerg- pragmaticists ask ―What do you do?‖, ing research areas in Indian background then pragmastylisticians ask ―How do is pragmastylistics. The present paper, you do?‖ (Hickey: 1988, P.12). The therefore, throws light on the answers they provide to these questions pragmaticstylistics and Indian English can be useful while studying Indian Lit-erature. In recent years, stylistics and English Lan-guage and Literature. pragmatics have been moving closer to * M.A,M.Phil.,PGDTE,Ph.D Vivekanad College, Kolhapur [email protected]

National Seminar : Research Methodology 35 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

STYLE AND STYLISTICS : are said to use a particular ‗style‘.

The style is the quality of language Stylistics also attempts to establish that communicates precisely emotions or principles capable of explaining the par- thoughts, or a system of emotions or ticular choices made by individuals and thoughts, peculiar to the author. It is a social groups in their use of language, such product of individual choices and pat- as socialization, the production and terns of choices among linguistic possi- reception of meaning, critical discourse bilities. Style is an ambiguous, ‗elusive‘ analysis and literary criticism. Other fea- term, a systematic variation of language. tures of stylistics include the use of dia- It is defined as an individual‘s deviations logue, including regional accents and from norms for the situations in which he people‘s dialects, descriptive language, the is encoding, these deviations being in the use of grammar, the distribution of sen- statistical properties of those structural tence lengths, the use of particular lan- features for which there exists some de- guage registers etc. Widdowson defines: gree of choice in his code. According to ―Stylistics is the study of literary dis- Leech and Short: course from a linguistic orientation. He ―Style is the selection of the words said that which differs stylistics from the from a grand linguistic vocabulary, it is literary criticism and linguistics is its involved in both, spoken and written, link-ing technique. He also suggests that lit-erary and nonliterary types of stylistics is in between linguistics and lit- language but it is particularly erary criticism and its function is to link associated with writ-ten form of the between two. So, generally, it deals with literary texts. (Leech and Short,1981) both the literary and linguistic factors‖. (Widdowson .1975) Stylistics is the study of varieties of language whose properties positions that Carter believes : ―Stylistics is a language in context. For example, the bridge (link) discipline between linguis- language of advertising, politics, religion, tics and literature. Stylistics is the study individual authors, etc., or the language of the devices in languages such as rhe- of a period in time, all are used distinc- torical terms and syntactical devices that tively and belong in a particular situation. are taken to produce expressive or liter- In other words, they all have ‗place‘ or ary style‖. (Carter,1988)

National Seminar : Research Methodology 36 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

Stylistics is, therefore, a study which leads us to study explicitly ―manipulative‖ conjoins both literary criticism on the one constructions such as imperatives, inter- hand and linguistics on the other as its rogatives, responses, etc. At a more morphological structure suggests: the abstract level, implicature, presupposition, ‗style‘ is relating to literary criticism and and other assumptions ... are highly prom- the ‗istics‘ is to linguistics. Hence, the ising for literary theory and analysis‖. analysis of the poem is based on the Pragmatics is directly interested, not in approach of Linguistic Stylistics which language, but in what people do with has been tested and adjudged reliable for language: its uses and users. Stylistics, on analyzing and interpreting literary texts. the other hand, is the branch of gen-eral Linguistic Stylistics incorporates linguis- linguistics that focuses on style (i.e. the tics and literary criticism. manner of a speaker‘s or writer‘s linguistic expression), particularly in works of Halliday (1973), sees Linguistic Stylistics as: literature. Pragmatics refers to the relationships between signs and their us- ―the description of literary texts by ers. Pragmatics studies the conditions, methods derived from general linguistic methods and consequences of facilitating theories and within the frame work of or impeding the fulfillment of a speaker‘s description of the language in question, objectives: it investigates what language- and the comparison of such texts with users mean, as distinct from what their others by the same and different authors language means, what they do and how in the same and in different genres‖. they do it in real situations. According to PRAGMATICS : Allan B. et al (1988), Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which studies the Pragmatic-oriented stylisticians look characteristics of situational distinctive use at everyday conversation as a means to of language with particular reference to understand literary discourse. According to literary language and tries to establish the Leech (1983), it is the tendency to consider principles capable of accounting for the the text from an interactive point of view. particular choices made by individuals and Fowler (1979, p. 15) explains: ―At a more social groups in their use of language. ‗superficial‘ end of linguis-tics, illocutionary or pragmatic theory Pragmatics is the study of language

National Seminar : Research Methodology 37 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X usage (Levinson: 1983, p. 5), a phrase Basically, then, it can be seen that which conceals a divergence between the pragmatics coincides with stylistics in that Anglo-American practice of the discipline both are directly interested in speakers‘ (represented in Levinson: 1983 or choices from among a range of gram- Leech:1983), which restricts it to certain matically acceptable linguistic forms, al- fields of activity, and the continental Eu- though pragmatics looks primarily at ropean practice (exemplified in the Jour-nal choice as the means chosen to perform of Pragmatics), which regards a wide range actions (request, inform... ) and stylistics of linguistic study as pragmatic, provided it studies choice with particular interest in the is not a purely formal analysis of structure consequences on the linguistic level or meaning. (formality or informality, elegance or in- elegance... ) and the effects produced on The continental European approach the hearer (aesthetic, affective..) has more liberal definitions, so that they P R A G M A S T Y L I S T I C S : admit a more literal, more general, view of language uses and users, including most Pragmastylistics provides an effective link- functional or non-formalist studies of age between language and literature, by its languages. The continental European adoption of pragmatic and stylistic approach covers many views of language- parameters for the investigation of the form use which are also included under other and function of language use, in specific existing headings, such as conversation discourse situations. As the term suggests, analysis, discourse analysis, coherence and pragmastylistics is stylistics but with a cohesion, text linguistics and discourse pragmatic component added to it. In semantics, discourse connectives or par- studying the stylistic potential of a lan- ticles, psycholinguistics and sociolinguis- guage or of a particular construction, or in tics. Indeed, this broader version is a highly analyzing a specific text, pragmastylistics dynamic, developing discipline, which is pays special attention to those features actively seeking new insights into language which a speaker may choose, or has use and is closing no doors to any chosen, from a range of acceptable forms contributions that may throw light on the in the same language that would be more practical aspects of language study. semantically might perform or achieve different objectives or do so

National Seminar : Research Methodology 38 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X in different ways. In other words, the high priority in pragmatics, a choices are seen as determined by the pragmastylistic analysis will focus on desired effects (expressive, affective, any piece of language in use, ranging attitudinal etc.), by the communicative from a phrase or clause to a complete qualities aimed at (clarity, effectiveness discourse or text, written or spoken. etc.) and by the context or situation INDIAN ENGLISH LANGUAGE itself (what is already known and what AND LITERATURE: is new, relationships between speaker and hearer, the physical distances etc.). In Indian English Literature, repre- In brief, it is now clear that utterances sentation of colonialism, offers an unbi- with the same, or virtually the same, ased common man‘s and common sense meaning may differ in their linguistic perspective on colonialism in India. Mulk form and situational appropriateness, Raj Anand , R.K. Narayan ,Raja Rao and and these differences may have either A.S.P. Ayyer whose life, views and stylistic or pragmatic explanations. language stem from Indian perceptive have discussed Indian landscapes and Pragmastylistics thus involves the culture in their writings on the wide study of all the conditions, linguistic and scale. R.K. Narayan‘s novels reflect ―the extralinguistic, which allow the rules and pattern of the Indian fairy tales.‖ Bhabani potential of a language to combine with Bhattacharya, Manohar Malgonkar, the specific elements of the context to Kushwant Singh and Arun Joshi focus on produce a text capable of causing spe- specific socio-political problems plac-ing cific internal changes in the hearer‘s state the country whereas the novelists like of mind or knowledge. It distinguishes R.P. Jhabvala , Kamala Markandaya, the abstract theoretical meaning or se- Nayantra Sahgal and Anita Desai view, mantic import of a sentence or text from from feminist perspectives ,socio-politi- its usage or effectiveness in a specific cal as well as personal problems. Some situation and from what the speaker recent novelists like Salman Rushdie, means or intends to achieve by using it. Kiran Desai, Githa Hariharan and Although written texts have tended to be Amitabh Ghosh highlight postcolonial is- given favoured treatment by stylisticians, sues in more specific ways. Darkness of and spoken language has been given a ignorance, illiteracy, starvation, poverty,

National Seminar : Research Methodology 39 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X suffering and humiliation prevail in mind. Poverty, superstition, injustice, hy- Indian writings. Post colonial themes and pocrisy, double dealing, east-west en- tech-niques appear in Indian English counter and suffering of language and Poetry. Shiv K Kumar underlines the typical Indianness in the contemporary favourite theme- East –West fusion of society are seen in Post colonial writings Postcolonial Indian English Poetry. This of Indian writers. Through techniques the perhaps re-lates to the fact that several of writers succeed in their mission of pre- our poets have had their education abroad serving the rich Indian heritage. at Ox-ford, Cambridge, Leeds or some In Indian background, pragmastylistics Ameri-can University .So they often tend offers an effectual con-nection between to write like expatriates or exiles while language and literature, by its adoption of living in the west and look back pragmatic and stylistic parameters for the nostalgically on their western experience investigation of the form and function of when they re-turn home.‖ language use in its exclusive discourse Apart from the themes, one impor-tant settings. Pragmastylistics is stylistics but ingredient of postcolonial Indian lit-erature with a pragmatic component added to it. In is the language in which it is written. It was studying the stylistic potential of the In- the conspiracy of the colonial rule to dian language or of a particular construc- introduce English with the intention of tion, or in analyzing a specific text, converting the colonized into mimic men, pragmastylistics pays special attention to but this tool proved to be the nail in their pragmatic and stylistic features. Both are coffin as the Indians learnt how to pay directly interested in speakers‘ choices them in the same coin. But today it is not from among a range of grammatically the problem because Eng-lish has become a acceptable linguistic forms. In other words, global language, and has become a medium the choices are seen as deter-mined by the to represent the east to the west in an desired effects, the com-municative emphatic manner. The writings of the qualities and by the context or situation Indian writers are purely postcolonial in itself. Pragmastylistics thus comprises all texture and struc-ture as their writings deal the conditions, linguistic and with notional and transnational themes extralinguistic in Indian literary and cul- with a poet

National Seminar : Research Methodology 40 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X tural background. It distinguishes the REFERENCES: semantic import of a text from its 1) Enkvist N. E., Linguistic Stylistics usage. A pragmastylistic analysis of The Hague: Mouton, 1973. Indian Lit-erature will focus on any piece of lan-guage in use. 2) Hickey L., ―The style of topicalization, how formal is it?‖ in

CONCLUSIONS : The Pragmatics of Style London: Routledge, 1989, pp. 52-70. Pragmastylistics offers more complete explanations for many hitherto unex- 3) Hickey L., ―Surprise, surprise, but plained phenomena than stylistics or do so politely‖, Journal of Pragmat- pragmatics can do alone. So it is intended ics, 15 1991, pp. 367-372. to see how it functions in Indian English 4) Leech G. N. and Short M. H., Style Literature by examining how stylistic and in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduc- pragmatic factors co-determine the sur-face tion to English Fictional Prose form of utterances, which conse-quently London: Longman, 1981. lend themselves to pragmastylistic analysis. Hence, it seems certain that in 5) Levinson S. C, Pragmatics Cam- bridge: CUP, 1983. Indian situation a speaker will find cer-tain language features or properties de-sirable and others undesirable. It is also assumed that pragmatic and stylistic may combine harmoniously in some utterances while conflicting in others. The only pur-pose of this paper is to illustrate how pragmatic and stylistic criteria influence an utterance in Indian English Literature.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 41 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

IMPORTANCE OF LITERATURE REVIEW IN RESEARCH

Dr. S. I. Noorani *

Abstract : L. N. Shikalgar**

The present paper discusses the importance of literature review in academic research. A review of scholarly literature provides information that can be used to investigate a topic of importance to learn what is known about that topic for its own sake or as a basis for designing a research study. A literature review is used to develop research questions of different types, such as descriptive, co relational, or interventionist. Researches can also benefit by looking outside of published scholarly research to community members to provide a different perspective on what needs to be studied and how it should be studied. The literature review serves as foundation for forming research questions. Literature reviews are important as research tools, especially in different emerging areas.

Keywords : Review, Literature, Research, Tools.

INTRODUCTION : rationales for your research that might

emerge from literature review include the Almost every primary research study consistency in reported results, uncov- begins with a review of literature. The ered a flaw in previous research based on purpose of the literature review to ex- its design and uncertainty about the plain the topic of the research and to interpretation of previous studies etc. build a rationale for the problem that is studied and the need for additional re- Literature reviews are important as search. Researcher uses the literature research tools, especially in emerging areas review to identify a rationale for the need with populations that typically yield small for their own study. Some of the specific samples or an areas that represent

* Associate Professor, Department of English, Dattajirao Kadam Arts, Science and Commerce, College, Ichalkaranji. Mob. : 9403600076

** Head of Dept. of English, Devchand College, Arjunnagar, Nipani M.8055539910

National Seminar : Research Methodology 42 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X value laden positions adopted by advo-cacy problem that is studied and the need for groups. Literature reviews are also valuable additional research (Boote and Belie, in the light of the knowledge explosion and 2005) eloquently explain ―The purpose the consequent impossi-bility of reading of literature review in planning primary everything. When your purpose is to plan research: ―As the foundation of any re- your own research study, the number of search project, the literature review studies that you actually cite in your should accomplish several important ob- literature review may be fairly limited jectives. It sets the broad context of the because of space limita-tions or because study, clearly demarcates what is and the review is consid-ered a learning what is not within the scope of the inves- activity. Use of the litera-ture review to tigation, and justifies those decisions. It plan and conduct a study requires that you also situates an existing literature in a critically evaluate the research that you broader scholarly and historical context. read. The purpose of the literature review is It should no only report the claims made to place the cur-rent research into the ―big in the existing literature but also examine picture‖ of what is known and not known critically the research methods used to about specific topic. Literature reviews that better understand whether the claims are are pub-lished on your topic of interest warranted. Such an examination of the consisting of synthesis and analysis of literature enables the author to previous re-search published on that topic. distinguish what has been learned and accomplished in the area of study and what still needs to be learned and LITERATURE REVIEWS FOR accomplished. Thus, the good literature PLANNING PRIMARY RE- review is the basis of both theoretical and SEARCH: methodological sophistification thereby

The aim of the literature review sec- improving the quality of subsequent tion of a research article is to provide the research‖. (Boote and Bellie, p. 4) reader with an overall framework for where this piece of work fits in the ―big REVIEW OF LITERATURE AS AN END IN ITSELF: picture‖ of what is known about a topic from previous research. Thus, the litera- The review of literature can be seen ture review serves to explain the topic of as an end in itself, either to inform prac- research and to build a rationale for the tice or to provide a comprehensive un-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 43 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X derstanding about what is known about 200 references in her review of arts a topic. The process for conducting this education in order to examine the type of literature review varies, depend- chang-ing place of the arts in education ing on researcher‘s purpose. Therefore, through a lens of power, culture, and when you look to the literature for a representa-tion. She draws conclusions solution, you may rely on the people‘s for research-ers and educators in terms literature reviews, or you may seek out of future di-rections suggested by the primary research reports until you find current body of scholarly knowledge in one that seems to fit your situation. For this area (Gadsden, 2008). example, (Mayo, 2007) reviewed literature from the LG.BTQ community with THE STEPS IN THE LITERATURE REVIEW PROCESS a specific focus on the act of ―coming out‖ as it is researched in schools from In this part, we find the following the obstacles that the youth encounter, steps in the literature review process, the as well as in terms of agency and commonalities in the research process are resiliency dem-onstrated by some described, along with the recognition of youth. Mayo uses the literature review appropriate caveats that differentiate to suggest promising strategies for work within alternative paradigms. school leaders, youth, and researchers 1) Identify Research Topic : A few to make progress on this issue. pieces of advice should guide research-ers When a literature review is con-ducted as they begin their literature review to provide a comprehensive un-derstanding process. They should be flexible in their of what is known about a topic, the process conceptualization of the research prob-lem is much longer. For example (Mckinley, being investigated, and they should begin 2007) included over 300 references in their with a broad idea and be prepared to literature review of race as a construct in narrow it down as they progress through educational re-search, examining such the research. Sometimes, stu-dents choose topics as the meaning of equity, inequality, topics for research that turn out to be not whiteness, and race as social constructs and very researchable, and as they begin impli-cations of degradation and placement reading and seeing what is available, their in special education for members of racial ideas change as to what they want to minority groups. Gadsden included almost investigate. Also, if the topic definition is too narrow, it may not be

National Seminar : Research Methodology 44 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X possible to identify any previous and are accessible in print form. research that addressed that specific · Additional primary research articles topic. It helps to identify research topic. can be identified by examining the 2) Review Secondary Sources to reference lists found at the end of get an Overview : A good literature relevant journal articles or books. review written by someone else can You can also go directly to journals pro-vide you with an overview of what that you known published articles is known about your chosen topic. Spe- related to your topic. cific places that you can look for literature reviews include journals that typi- LITERATURE REVIEW IN SCI- cally publish literature reviews, such as ENCE EDUCATION WITH ENG- the Review of Educational Research, LISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS:

Harvard Educational Review and the In selecting research studies Psychological Bulletin, and books that for inclusion in this synthesis, a contain literature reviews such as the systematic review of the relevant following: literature was con-ducted according to the following param-eters : · Review of Research in Education:

This series is published annually by 1. Studies with direct relevance to the the American Educational Research topic, i.e. those involving ELLS in Association. Each volume contain a science education and those ad- series of chapter on various topics, dressing the intersection between such as implications for socially just science education and English lan- education rooted in discipline - spe- guage acquisition. To the extent that cific areas such as literacy and sci- language and culture are interrelated, ence for diverse groups students this review includes studies examin- (Vol. 31, Parker, 2007). ing cultural beliefs and practices that ELLS bring to the science classroom. · Identify Preliminary Sources: Pre- liminary sources include databases 2. Studies published from 1982 through and indexes that contain a compila- 2004. The landmark for science tion of bibliographic information, education reform was the release of abstracts, and sometimes full test the science for All Americans docu- articles for a wide range of topics ment (American Association for the

National Seminar : Research Methodology 45 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

Advancement of Science, 1989). The criteria for critically analyzing The period between 1982 and 2004 lit-erature reviews depend on the nature spans the years leading up to the of the review being analyzed. A literature release of this document and more review that serves as an introduction to a than a decade afterwards. primary research study reported in a journal would be subject to a different 3. Studies conducted within the United type of scrutiny than would a compre- States and broad but limited to those hensive literature review on topic. published in English and focusing on

settings where English is the main CONCLUSIONS: medium of science education. Review of literature plays very vital 4. Studies focusing on science educa- role in any research work. It paves the tion at the elementary and second- way to new avenues for the research. It ary levels, K-12 studies involving develops new areas and sub-areas in the or adult learners are not included. academic research activities. Literature

USE OF LITERATURE REVIEW: review finds out the new research topics and develops the quality of good re- The narrative or statistical synthesis search. It also finds out neglected re- serves as a basis for the literature section search areas. It works as launching pad of a research proposal or report. The for further research. Appendix contains an outline for a research proposal for thesis or disserta-tion. REFERENCES:

It is important for the proposal writer to 1. David N. Boote and Penny Bellie realize that each institution and spon- “Literature Review” Research soring agency has its own requirements Ar-ticle. 2005. p. 4. for proposal writing, so it is best to check 2. Mayo (2007). Research Article. with those sources before proceeding with writing. Proposal writers must also 3. Gadsden (2008). Research Article. real-ize that in this synthesis of research 4. Mckinley (2007). Research Article. they are selling their ideas to a research com-mittee, institutional review board, or 5. Parker (2007). Research Article fund-ing agency. So above all, make it Volume 31. clear why the research is important. 6. American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, 1989.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 46 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

IMPORTANCE OF CITATION, IMPACT FACTORS

Sunita N Dalvai* Abstract : Scholarly writing is grounded in prior research. Citations, whether they are prepared to document the sources consulted for course papers or articles submit-ted to research journals, must follow certain rules of style and structure. These rules governing the required components of citations, the sequence in which these components are arranged, the print attributes applied to certain compo-nents, and the punctuation used to separate the components are generally pub-lished in “style guide” manuals, handbooks, and “Instructions to Authors.” Differing citation style guides are predominant in differing disciplines, different countries, and some are even specific to academic presses and journals. Citing a source means that you show, within the body of your text, that you took words, ideas, figures, images, etc., from another place. Citations consist of standard elements, and contain all the information necessary to identify and track down publications, which are discussed in the paper. Measuring the “impact factor” is a way to determine the relative importance of a journal within its field. The higher the impact factor, the more important the journal is compared to others in the same discipline. Impact factors are deter-mined based on calculating the number of citations to articles published in a particular journal. This practice is most commonly used in science/technology and social sciences fields. The journal impact factor is often used to judge the scientific quality of individual research articles and individual journals. Despite numerous reviews in the literature criticising such use, in some countries the impact factor has become an outcome measure for grant applications, job applications, promotions and bonuses. The aim of this review is to highlight the major issues involved with using the journal impact factor as a measure of research quality Impact factor of a journal is indicative of its rank and to a certain extent its quality in the world. It is a measure of frequency with which an average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. Higher the impact factor, higher is the prestige of the journal and the paper. Getting a paper published in such a journal is prestigious. Example: Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior has the highest impact factor 2,260 among the 29 journals in the rank list.

KeyWords : Research, Citation, Impact factors, style guide.

* HOD English, Academic Coordinator & Professional Soft Skills Trainer BIMAT

National Seminar : Research Methodology 47 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

Citations are integral to scholarly lit- · To be a responsible scholar by erature. The scholarly literature on a topic giv-ing credit to other researchers and acknowledging their ideas is like a huge conversation that can include many experts from around the world · To avoid plagiarism by quoting and across the centuries. When an indi- words and ideas used by other au- vidual writer credits his sources, he ties his thors work to the larger scholarly discourse. · To allow your reader to track Because citations identify intellectual links down the sources you used by throughout scholarly literature, they can be citing them accurately in your helpful not only while writing but also paper by way of footnotes, a when conducting research.(1) bibliography or refer-ence list

A citation is a reference that allows Citations may look different, you to acknowledge the sources you use depend-ing on what is being cited and in a formal academic paper, and enables which style was used to create them. a reader to locate those sources through Choose an appropriate style guide for the key information it provides. Citations your needs. Here is an example of an are placed both in the text and in an article citation using four different organized list at the end of the text, un- citation styles. No-tice the common less you use a footnote or endnote sys- elements as mentioned above: tem, which can be self-contained without Author - Deshpande, Shashi. an organized list. Source material might come from books, journal articles, Article Title - Of Concerns, Of Anxi- eties, Indian Literature speeches, websites, on-line articles, films, government publications, legal Source Title – English proceed-ings, maps, and so on. Literature(Humanities)

It‘s important to cite sources you Volume and issue - Vol. XXXIX used in your research for several rea- Publication Date - London: Virago, sons: 1996.

· To show your reader you‘ve done Page numbers - 1527-1533 proper research by listing sources you used to get your infor-mation American Chemical Society (ACS) style:

Langer, R. New Methods of Drug De-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 48 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X livery. Science 1990, 249, 1527-1533. nal concept or theory presented. Giving IEEE Style: proper attribution to those whose thoughts, words, and ideas you use is an R. Langer, ―New Methods of Drug important concept in scholarly writing. De-livery,‖ Science, vol. 249, pp. For these reasons, it is important to adopt 1527-1533, SEP 28, 1990. habits of collecting the bibliographic in- American Psychological formation on source works necessary for Association (APA) style: correct citations in an organized and thor-

Langer, R. (1990). New methods of ough manner. drug delivery. Science, 249(4976), Humanities citation styles, for in- 1527-1533. stance, tend to place the Author‘s name Modern Language Association with the title, and furnish publication dates (MLA) style: as the last component of the citation, while

citations styles for scientific publications Langer, R. ―New Methods of Drug De-livery.‖ Science 249.4976 (1990): almost invariably begin with the Author‘s 1527-33. name and the publication date. A few of the more widely used of these guides in the US Readers often want to relocate a are: The Modern Language As-sociation work you have cited, either to verify the Style Guide, The Chicago Manual of Style, information or to learn more about issues The Publication Manual of the American and topics addressed by the work. It is Psychological Associa-tion, and Kate important that readers should be able to Turabian‘s A Manual for Writers of Term relocate your source work easily and Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. There efficiently from the information included are innumerable guides, however - far too in your citations, in the sources available many for us to list here - in many countries to them - which may or may not be the and areas of study. Many of these guides same as the sources available to you.(2) are now published on the web. Citations allow you to demonstrate that your position or argument is thor- The rules put forward in each of these oughly researched and that you have style manuals provide writers with a guide referenced, or addressed, the critical for determining the sequence in which authorities relevant to the issues. components of the citation are to be Give credit to the author of an origi- presented; the print attributes to be used

National Seminar : Research Methodology 49 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X to format the text, and the punctuation are accented in citations with italics or to be used to separate different compo- underscoring, and the year of publica- nents. These rules are significant, tion, in legal citations, is the last compo- because they are the ―code‖ that helps nent in the citation. With the source work readers identify the type of work cited type identified, a reader can search a li- (whether it is an article, a book, etc.), brary system for a book titled Reading and this information is necessary for and Righting by Arthur James, and find the work to be relocated. the third edition published by Preston in 1999. It is important to remember that Consider, for instance, the following citations: publication information and edition descriptions help readers locate the exact James, Arthur R. Reading and edition of the source work, so that pin- Righting: politicized research. 3rd ed. point cites to material printed on specific New York: Preston, 1999. pages can be located on the same pages. Manners, William. ―Chalk and Citations of articles in periodicals Chess.‖ PMLA 43 (1999): 223-24. contain the same sequence of a title, The sequence, formatting, and punc- journal name, volume number, year and tuation separating the different compo- page. The critical piece of information in nents of the citations helps readers iden- each of these citations, however, is the tify the type of source work being refer- print attributes used for the title - indicat- enced, and, hence, assists readers in ing that the work is published in a jour-nal, relocating the source. Knowing the type and that readers will need to search in the of source work is essential to relocating a serials or periodicals held by the library for work, since differing types of source the volume containing the cited material. works are housed in different locations, This is actually quite important, since and readers will need to use search strat- libraries do not list the contents of journals egies peculiar to that type of work to by author or article title. relocate it. It is of course true that not all of For example: we can deduce that the your readers will need to rush out and first citation is for a book, from the print find the works you have used as sources. attributes: titles of significant works or An important part of the purpose of ci- collections, such as treatises, books, tations in scholarly writing, however, is monographs, journal series and the like, that your citations should also make this

National Seminar : Research Methodology 50 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X possible for those who do wish to stances, plagiarism has meant that stu- relo-cate the work. Formatting your dents have had to leave the institutions citations properly is a significant part where they were studying and also teach- of accom-plishing the objectives of ers in Universities had to forgo their jobs. citing your source works. The best way to avoid plagiarism You must cite: is to cite your sources - both within

· Facts, figures, ideas, or other the body of your paper and in a infor-mation that is not common bibliogra-phy of sources you used at knowl-edge the end of your paper

· Ideas, words, theories, or exact Because there is no one standard citation style used: lan-guage that another person used in other publications · Ask your professor or guide which style s/he prefers for the course. · Publications that must be cited include: books, book chapters, arti- · Consult a style guide for examples of cles, web pages, theses, etc. using various citation styles to create

· Another person‘s exact words in-text citations, bibliographies and should be quoted and cited to reference lists, or use citation show proper credit software to assist you in tracking sources used and building in-text Avoiding plagiarism citations and bibliographies.

Plagiarism occurs when you · Use a standard style, such as borrow another‘s words (or ideas) and APA, and be consistent with it do not acknowledge that you have done throughout your paper. so. In this culture, we consider our · Ask for citation and paper-writing words and ideas intellectual property; assistance at any Writing and like a car or any other possession, we Com-munication Center. believe our words belong to us and Style guides to consult cannot be used without our permission.

Plagiarism is a very serious offense. Academic organizations and some If it is found that you have plagiarized — disciplines outline their own styles of deliberately or inadvertently — you may how to cite sources and format research face serious consequences. In some in- pa-pers. You may have heard of or used some of the styles before.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 51 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

Consult these print and online · Chicago Manual of Style - style guides for examples of citing Hayden Library, Humanities sources in the text of your paper and Reference and Dewey Library in a bibliog-raphy or reference list. Reference, Z253.C532

MLA: Modern Language Association · Chicago Manual of Style (MIT [Humanities] only, online subscription)

· MLA Style Manual and Guide to · Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide Scholarly Publishing - Hayden (online from the Chicago Manual of Li-brary, Humanities Reference, Style web site, with examples of cit- PN147.G444 ing various types of publications)

· MLA 2009 Formatting and Style ACS: American Chemical Society

Guide (online from The Owl at · ACS Style Guide - Hayden Library Purdue, with many examples of Reserve Stacks, QD8.5.A25 cre-ating in-text footnotes and works cited entries) · ACS Style Guidelines (online from UW-Madison Libraries, APA: American Psychological providing examples for citing Associa-tion [Social Sciences] references in the text and the bibliography of a re-search paper) · Publication Manual of the American Psychological CBE: Council of Biology Editors Association - Hayden Library, Humanities Reference and Dewey · Scientific Style and Format: The Library Reference, BF76.7.A46 CSE Manual for Authors, Editors and Publishers - Hayden Library, · Basics of APA Style Tutorial Science Reference, T11.S386 (online from the APA, outlining writing and citing guidelines) · CSE Style: Biology and Other Sci-ences (online from Research · APA Formatting and Style Guide and Documentation Online by (online from The Owl at Purdue Diana Hacker; gives examples of with several examples of in-text in-text and reference list citations) citations and reference list entries) IEEE: Institute of Electronics & CMS: Chicago Manual of Electri-cal Engineers Style [various subjects] · Writing and Speaking in the Tech-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 52 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

nology Professions: A Practical job applications, promotions and Guide - Barker Library Stacks, bonuses. The aim of this review is to T11.W75 highlight the major issues involved

· IEEE Editorial Style Manual (online with using the jour-nal impact factor as a measure of re-search quality(3) PDF; ―provides editorial guidelines for IEEE Transcations, Journals, and It is frequently used as a proxy for Letters.‖ Includes citation examples) the relative importance of a journal

· How to Cite References - IEEE Style within its field, with journals with higher (online from Murdoch University impact factors deemed to be more Library, with many examples of cit- important than those with lower ones. ing various publications) The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for NLM: National Library of Medicine or Scientific Information. Impact factors are AMA: American Medical Association calculated yearly starting from 1975 for · AMA Manual of Style: A Guide those jour-nals that are indexed in the for Authors and Editors - Hayden Journal Citation Reports. Li-brary, Science Reference, Impact factor of a journal is indica- R119.A533 tive of its rank and to a certain extent its · Citing Medicine: The NLM Style quality in the world. It is a measure of Guide for Authors, Editors and frequency with which an average article Pub-lishers (online from the in a journal has been cited in a particular National Li-brary of Medicine) year. Higher the impact factor, higher is The impact factor (IF) of an aca- the prestige of the journal and the paper. demic journal is a measure reflecting the Getting a paper published in such a jour- average number of citations to recent nal is prestigious. Example: Journal of articles published in that journal. The Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior journal impact factor is often used to has the highest impact factor 2.260 judge the scientific quality of individual among the 29 journals in the rank list. research articles and individual journals. Calculation Despite numerous reviews in the litera- In any given year, the impact factor ture criticising such use, in some coun- of a journal is the average number of tries the impact factor has become an citations received per paper published in outcome measure for grant applications,

National Seminar : Research Methodology 53 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X that journal during the two preceding lates to a specific time period; it is pos- years.For example, if a journal has an sible to calculate it for any desired period, and the Journal Citation Reports impact factor of 3 in 2008, then its papers published in 2006 and 2007 re- (JCR) also includes a five-year ceived 3 citations each on average in impact factor.(6) The JCR shows 2008. The 2008 impact factor of a jour- rankings of journals by impact factor, nal would be calculated as follows: if desired by discipline, such as

2008 impact factor = A/B. organic chemistry or psychiatry.

where: The impact factor is used to compare different journals within a certain A = the number of times that all field. The ISI Web of Knowledge in- items published in that journal in dexes more than 11,000 science and 2006 and 2007 were cited by indexed social science journals.(5) publications during 2008. References: B = the total number of ―citable 1. http://www.grinnell.edu/academic/ items‖ published by that journal in writinglab/ethicaluse/ 2006 and 2007. (―Citable items‖ for this cal-culation are usually articles, 2. Seglen PO. The skewness of sci- reviews, pro-ceedings, or notes; not ence. J Am Soc Inform Sci 1992; editorials or let-ters to the editor). (4) 43:628- 38.

New journals, which are indexed 3 Garfield E. Journal impact factor: from their first published issue, will re- a brief review. CMAJ 1999; 161:979-80. ceive an impact factor after two years of indexing; in this case, the citations to the 4 Petroianu A. Quantitative year prior to Volume 1, and the number parameters to evaluate the of articles published in the year prior to publication of scien-tific

Volume 1 are known zero values. Jour- papers (Portuguese). Rev Assoc nals that are indexed starting with a vol- Med Bras 2003; 49:173-6. ume other than the first volume will not 5 "Introducing the Impact Factor‖. get an impact factor until they have been Re-trieved 2009-08-26. indexed for three years. Annuals and other irregular publications sometimes 6 "JCR with Eigen factor‖. Retrieved 2009-08-26. publish no items in a particular year, af- fecting the count. The impact factor re-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 54 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

ETHICS AND FEMINIST RESEARCH: A PERSPECTIVE

Dr. Sunil Patil*

ABSTRACT : Research is the foundation of modern organizational science in academics; its goal is to empower individuals and nations alike with growth achieved through acquired wisdom. When done effectively, research can be conducted much like reeling an onion. Each layer provides new direction perspectives and truths. In the same way, research is like walking through a maze that sometimes takes scholars on roads that seem to lead nowhere, generate new questions for them to pursue, or reward them with the satisfaction of coming to the end of a journey with new enlightenment that cannot seem to be contradicted. Good scholarly research does not occur quickly or easily. However, modern advances in technology lend to making research more accessible, organized, and easier to assimilate than prior to the development of word processors and computer databases. The present paper is concerned with ethical perspectives on qualitative social research from a feminist perspective in particular. Ethics relate with the morality of human conduct. On the part of researchers throughout the research process it refers to the moral deliberation, choice and accountability. General concern about ethics in social research has grown apace. In the late 1980s, in U.K. a number of professional associations developed revised ethical declarations for their members. Research funders may also produce ethical statements, such as the Economic and Social Research Council, a leading research and training agency. There are three interrelated features of feminist thinking on ethics: personal experience, context and nurturing relationship. Daily life dilemmas are shaped by social divisions of gender, class and ethnicity: experiences of these generate different ethical perspectives.

KeyWords : Ethics , Feminist Research, Epistemological strategies

INTRODUCTION : effectively, research can be conducted much like reeling an onion. Each layer Research is the foundation of mod- provides new direction perspectives and ern organizational science in academics; truths. In the same way, research is like its goal is to empower individuals and walking through a maze that sometimes nations alike with growth achieved takes scholars on roads that seem to lead through acquired wisdom. When done nowhere, generate new questions for

* Associate Professor, Department of English, Arts and Commerce College, Ashta, [email protected]

National Seminar : Research Methodology 55 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X them to pursue, or reward them with the research. I think feminist discussions of the satisfaction of coming to the end of a research process and of the ethics of care journey with new enlightenment that can- have a lot of concern in common. My focus not seem to be contradicted. Good schol- is on philosophical theories of ethics and arly research does not occur quickly or difficulties we face as research-ers in easily. However, modern advances in applying these models in our prac-tice technology lend to making research more when we conduct our research projects. accessible, organized, and easier to as- According to Marlyn ‗ethics‘ is one of the similate than prior to the development of four main tendencies operat-ing in word processors and computer databases. contemporary qualitative social research. The present paper is con-cerned with The others are empiricism, instrumentalism ethical perspectives on quali-tative social and modernism. Hamersley sees the posing research from a feminist perspective in of research as ethics as leading to neglect particular. of research technique the better or worse ways of carrying out the processes or ETHICS AND FEMINIST research in terms of the quality of research RESEARCH : knowl-edge that they generate. There may Ethics relate with the morality of well be other factors at work in the rise in human conduct. On the part of research-ers concern with research ethics. There are two throughout the research process it refers to main links: first, there is a concern that the moral deliberation, choice and researchers should retain their aca-demic accountability. General concern about freedom. They should not accept ethics in social research has grown apace. contractual conditions that conflict with In the late 1980s, in U.K. a number of ethical practice, such as confidentiality of professional associations developed re- data and protection of participants‘ in- vised ethical declarations for their mem- terests, and should consider carefully any bers. Research funders may also pro-duce attempt to place restrictions on their ethical statements, such as the Eco-nomic publication and promotion of their find- and Social Research Council, a leading ings. There has been recent concern about research and training agency. the way that Government depart-ments can place restrictions on research that they Few feminist analyses and fund, requiring researchers to submit draft elaborations of an ethics of care at the reports, publications and so on. Secondly, epistemological level pay attention to the we can also detect a con- empirical process of conducting social

National Seminar : Research Methodology 56 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X cern that researchers need to protect alter and inform the ethical dilemmas that themselves from any legal consequences we face as researchers and the range and that might arise if they unwillingly con- appropriate choices in resolving them. tractually agree to research funders‘ re- These dilemmas are not abstract but rooted strictions and then break that agreement. in specific relationships that in-volve There are no laws (at least in the U.K.) emotions, and which require nurturance requiring researchers to submit their pro- and care for their ethical con-duct. posals and modes of practice to ethics According to Eva Kittay the main elements committees, professional associations‘ of an ethics of care in contrast with an guideline hold no legal status. Like jour- ethics of justice, which we have adapted nalists, however, researchers do not en-joy from a environment to a research context. the protection of the law if they seek to She poses the two ethics as if they were in keep their data confidential when its opposition to one another. Sarah Ruddick disclosure is subpoenaed. The University has taken a similar posi-tion, arguing that Ethics Committee Code of Practice at one ethics of care and jus-tice cannot be of our institutions, which is not dis-similar subsumed under each other and that they to codes being adopted at other written cannot be integrated, be-cause in her view ethical approval from any collabo-rating justice depends on notion of individual as a organizations involved in the re-search. It detached rather than relational being. She also requires researchers to ask research also argues that justice and care as participants to sign consent from basically complimentary and argue that they need to stating they have had the nature and be integrated in thinking about moral purpose of the research explained to them issues. Feminist criti-cisms of justice from and that they fully and freely con-sent to care perspectives have been directed participate in the study. towards a specific variety: that of liberal, rational, distribu-tive models of justice that There are three interrelated features are not framed exclusively in distributive, of feminist thinking on ethics: personal sameness or universal terms, but which experience, context and nurturing rela- take into ac-count situations and tionship. Daily life dilemmas are shaped consequences. Eth-ics of research should by social divisions of gender, class and be based on val-ues of reconciliation, ethnicity: experiences of these generate reciprocity, diver-sity, responsibility and different ethical perspectives. These per- awareness of power. Justice thus does not spectives are not only obtained in particular contexts, but these contexts also stand alone but with care. Carol Gilligan first used

National Seminar : Research Methodology 57 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X the concept in her work on gender differ- of caring‘, rather than as a set of princi-ples ences in moral reasoning between boys which can simply be followed. Eth-ics is and girls. She argued that girls and about how to deal with conflict, women deliberate in a ‗different‘ (ethi- disagreement and ambivalence rather them cal) voice to boys / men because they attempting to eliminate it. A feminist ethics find themselves dealing with dilemmas of care can help researchers think about over their own desire and the needs of how they do this by illuminating more the others, and the responsibility that they sources of moral dilemmas and formulating feel for those within their web of con- meaningful epistemological strategies in nections in ways that are gendered. John order to deal with these di-lemmas, even if Tronto‘s analysis of the way that the only on an order to deal with these practical, relational, caring work prima- dilemmas, even if only on a temporary rily undertaken by women is excluded basis. Ethics cannot be ex-pected to be from mainstream moral and political phi- source of absolute norms. losophy and theorizing because it is re- Thus, the rightness or wrongness of garded as instinctual practice rather than actions is judged by their consequences willed action based on rules. rather than their intent. In this way, re-

CONCLUSIONS : search is driven by universal principles such as honesty, justice and respect. Thus, what is moral and ethical is arrived at through an active and situational WORKS CITED: contingent exchange of experiences, per- 1) Berger, P. and Luckman, T. The ceptiveness and ideas across differences. So-cial Construction of Reality, (Particularly around gender, also in terms Lon-don: Penguin, 1967. Print. of other social divisions ). Moral respect is a symmetrical reciprocity, comprising a 2) Bialy stok, E. Communication relation of symmetry between self and Strategies, Oxford: Basil other or putting ourselves in the place of Blackwell, 1990. Print. others. The ethics of care involves differ- 3) Porter, E.Feminist Perspectives in ent moral concepts: responsibilities and Ethics, Harlow: Education, 1999. relationships rather than rules and rights. Print. Secondly, it is bound to concrete situations rather than being formal and ab-stract. And thirdly, the ethics of care can be described as an activity, the ‗activity

National Seminar : Research Methodology 58 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

RESEARCH AREAS IN ENGLISH LITERATURE

Mrs Snehal R Prabhune *

Abstract :

Research is often defined as a movement from the known to the unknown; from ignorance to knowledge. The aim of all research has been to satisfy the basic human impulse of curiosity; “to know”. It leads man to explore, find new things. While satisfying his curiosity, these attempts make a substantial addition to the existing pool of knowledge. “Literary research is not only finding some-thing new, but it also aims at the revision of accepted theories in the light of the new facts. Moreover, it can be the practical application of new or revised con-clusions or theories” (Deshpande: 9). Literature is a reflection of life and hence, no area related to human life can be outside the purview of literature and consequently of literary research. Research may be undertaken for various purposes like earning a degree like M Phil, Ph D or as a part of research project or to write a research paper for presentation or publication. The objective deter-mines the scope of literary research. The present paper attempts to shed light on some of the areas of research available in English literature

Keywords : Research, English Literature, Literary Theories, Knowledge.

INTRODUCTION: topics related to these areas. Regarding forms of literature too, there are numer-ous Deshpande has enumerated seven topics waiting to be researched. Many areas for literary research viz. forms of western forms have been studied. But literature, literary theories or critical con- Indian poetry too provides many such cepts, interpretation of literary works, topics. The Ovi, the Abhanga, the Lavani, history of literature, translations, Indian the Powada are a treasure in themselves. writing in English and literatures in Eng- These forms can be presented to the world lish. A cursory glance at the above re- by translating them and making a detailed veals that there are immense opportuni- analysis of each of them. Tukaram‘s ties to undertake research of various abhangas have been translated

* Associate Professor Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Karad

National Seminar : Research Methodology 59 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X by Dilip Chitre and it would be interest- are studied from the point of theme, style, ing to study these two works in com- vision, folk literature, specific approach parison to each other. Here the possibil- etc. according to Deshpande. Studies ity of Ramdas‘ Manache Shloka and with regard to themes and style are quite

Dasbodh and the bharuds of Eknath popular among researchers. But the use naturally come to the mind as areas for of folk literature in literary works can turn study. A detailed study of Marathi saint out to be quite rewarding in case of In- literature, its role in the social and spir- dian literature which reflects the varied itual education of the society, its relevance culture of the country. Writers like today need to be undertaken. If a sonnet Karnad, Tendulkar have introduced some or a haiku can be introduced into English forms of folk literature in their plays like literature, why cannot the above men- Yakshagana, Vagnatya, Tamasha, tioned forms are introduced into English Dashavatari etc. In addition, these au- literature? thors have also fused some elements from

Sanskrit drama and folk literature into Research may be based on theoreti-

their plays like nati, sutradhar, cal approach or critical concepts like brahmavakya, use of dolls, puppets etc. Psycho-analytical, Marxist, Structuralist, This experimentation also needs to be Postcolonial, Feminist, Lesbian, Gay, studied. Queer, Subaltern, Diaspora,

Poststructuralist etc. These perspectives A study of women writers and their may be used to study the objects of works from feminist point of view and research like novels, plays, poems of one that of Dalit literature from a subaltern or more authors. Works of one or more point of view could prove quite reward- authors can be studied from the point of ing. Works and authors can also be stud- gender roles presented in them, the his- ied for their vision or philosophy of life. torical, political, social background of the Hardy‘s tragic vision, the study of human works, the genres used by the author to psyche in Browning‘s poems and the like communicate his views, the characters in also provide opportunities for research. the works, their significance, symbolism Shakespeare is one author whose attrac- if any in the works etc. tion is endless. One can study the dearth

of mother characters in his plays. Chil- Interpretation of literary works is a

dren‘s literature is also an area to ex- very predominant area for research. Two plore which can provide vital inputs re- or more works of one or more authors

National Seminar : Research Methodology 60

Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X garding the world of children, their Bangladesh, Afghanistan, China and emo-tions and their thoughts. also other Asian nations. Writers from Children‘s lit-erature produced in these countries are also making their different countries at different times is presence felt. A study of their works also likely to present many differences. therefore needs to be undertaken.

Translation is an important area in Print literature has been the focus research. If we consider literatures in hitherto. But with the advent of ICT, lit- English then translations of literature from erature has also adapted itself to it and various languages in the world into Eng- the world is now flooded with e-litera- lish also need to be studied along with ture. Today there are graphic novels works originally written by authors world- which can be studied. There is collabo- wide in English. Tagore‘s Gitanjali caught rative writing quite prevalent in the world the western eye only after its translation of cyber literature. Novels or poems are into English. India has produced a number written collectively and not by any single of eminent writers but they remain like author. They are circulated on the net and violets hidden from the western eye due to authors suggest addition of episodes, lethargy in translation, feels Deshpande. characters, stanzas etc. We have to de- vise methods to study this virtual litera- India is a country blessed with ture. These novels, that do not provide boun-ties of nature. Moreover, our the pleasure of touch, smell like the tra- religions and culture have always ditional print novels, are a form available emphasized the worship of nature. to the netizens to share their creativity Indian literature con-tains profuse descriptions of her natural beauty. The with the world. One need not be sur- pantheism of our artists and research prised if tomorrow we have a novel from the point of view of eco-criticism written in the form of a blog and stretch- are also areas that beckon a researcher. ing just over a couple of pages and written in the cryptic language of SMS. In With globalization there is a dire that case one needs to study the rise of e- need to get ‗glocal‘. While opening the literature, its characteristics and its sig- doors to the world, we cannot disregard nificance. Blogs could also be consid- our local or indigenous literature and the ered as autobiographical literature. E-lit- lit-erature of our immediate neighbours erature does not imply merely a transfor- i.e. literatures from Sri Lanka, Pakistan, mation of a printed work into an elec-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 61 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X tronic version, but expects the work to be CONCLUSIONS : originally written in the electronic In the field of research, India cuts a medium. Recently, a Marathi e-Diwali poor figure in comparison to some of her magazine was written by the young close neighbours. Literary research no generation of IT and other professionals. doubt sharpens the critical insight and the In Marathi literature there is a rich tradi- literary sensibility but according to tion of issuing special Diwali editions of Deshpande, the wider objective is ―en- magazines. A study of this tradition, the richment of personality and of quality of various magazines, their content and life‖. As the quality of life depends on pres-entation is also a matter of research. social change, Deshpande considers re- A study of editorials and certain columns searchers to be ―the pioneers of social in newspapers, the readers‘ letters can change‖. Thus, the need for research is pro-vide insights into contemporary underlined by the need for social change thought processes, issues, outlook of and it is clear enough that there is no readers etc. Cartoons in newspapers can dearth of research areas or topics. also be stud-ied from the point of their themes, satire, humour etc. Thus, literary WORKS CONSULTED: forms ―embody the change in society, 1).Deshpande, H.V. Research in Litera- change in human life and the changing ture and Language. Patan: Sukhada perceptions of the masters- the men of Saurabh Prakashan, 2007. Print. letters‖( Deshpande: 48). 2) .www.hubpages.com/hub/Research- Films and televisions offer great op- Topics-on-English-Literature portunities for research. The themes of the television serials offer a rich scope for study. The presentation of female characters in these serials, its consequences are a point to be pondered over. The thematic study of some recent films, the biopics and the period films produced by Indian cinema present many opportunities for research.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 62 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY THE RESEARCHERS AND

THEIR PROBABLE SOLUTIONS.

Dr. Reshma R. Sadalge *

Abstract :

There has been a considerable rise in the number of research scholars today as the UGC insists on maintaining the standard of academics. Earlier research was supposed to be taken up with zeal and out of passion for the same because the norms did not make it compulsory for any candidate to get a degree of Ph.D. But with the rise in the aspirers for research in English literature it can be seen that the conducting research has become a kind of formality which has affected the quality of research. Nevertheless, the problems faced by the researcher remain despite increase in the facilities and resources. Through this paper, an attempt has been made to discuss the problems faced by a researcher and also probable solutions are discussed which would be helpful for an upcoming re-searcher as well as the one facing difficulties at any point of time conducting research.

Keywords : Problems, Researcher, Probable Solutions.

INTRODUCTION : time-consuming affair. This problem can be tackled by discussing the topic of As a researcher enters the world of research in general with his fellow re- research, he seems to be puzzled with the searchers as they can identify with the question where he must begin with. At problem faced. Apart from this, lack of the outset, it is necessary that he must training in techniques of research meth- develop a passion for the topic he has odology is the root cause of a research- chosen. One must not consider research er‘s every problem. A sound knowledge as a mere formality to fulfill course re- of the methods of research like knowl- quirement. Unless one involves himself edge of different types of research, se- with the subject, research will not take its lection of the topic, research problem, natural course as well it becomes a

* Research Scholar, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. [email protected]

National Seminar : Research Methodology 63 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X review of literature, data collection tools, duce the anxiety of a researcher but data analysis, are necessary in order to he would indeed enjoy the process of carry out research smoothly throughout. re-search which in turn leads to a satisfac-tion. Another important problem of a researcher is the lack of research skills. Further, in order to avoid more prob- Research skills are different from research lems on the chapter scheme and content of methods. They are techniques for han-dling the research work, it is necessary for a the material at hand. It is indeed important researcher to establish a good rapport with for a researcher to possess basic research the guide and note down every important skills like skills required for library, thing he suggests. Many a times lack of editorial skills, bibliographic skills, IT communication between the guide and a skills and the like. For a re-searcher of scholar goes unnoticed in the be-ginning, English Literature, it is very important to but as the deadline for submis-sion nears, possess the skill of textual analysis as it the scholar actually realizes the importance forms the very base of re-search. In order of the same. Hence care must be taken that to acquire this knowl-edge, one must be a communication gap does not exist right aware of the various and trending from the beginning. Updates on progress perspectives. For instance, Rushdie‘s and every chapter must be regularly Midnight‟s Children can be analyzed from conveyed to the super-visor and remarks be the post-colonialist per-spective as well as noted. It is advis-able that the universities from the standpoint of post-modernism as must organize interaction programs in well. A post-colo-nial reading of the novel order to tackle the problem of lack of would bring us face to face with the image interaction among the guides and their of India dur-ing partition while a post- scholars. modernist read-ing will introduce us to the It is important to mention that the various char-acteristics of post-modernism problem faced by any researcher regard- like irony, black humor, a sense of paranoia ing the adequate resources for the study and the fall of the meta-narratives. A re- cannot be overlooked. The libraries of searcher must keenly observe the events the universities may not be updated with and incidents in the novel and give a the latest books on the topic chosen. The thought on each of them in the light of researcher loses a lot of time searching every perspective. This will not only re- for material –in the archives, in the newspapers and the journals. It is advisable

National Seminar : Research Methodology 64 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X that a researcher must pay a visit to the sidered a burden. With lot of resources libraries of different universities and around in the present media-driven de-rive the required material with the world, care must be taken to not hurt the help of library skills. Reference section sen-timents of any particular group-may of librar-ies is a treasure to be explored it be religious, governmental or political. where various thesis and dissertations REFERENCES: on the topic selected could be found. In case they are not found and books are 1) Vijayalakshami, G. and rare on the topic chosen, it is advisable Sivapragasam C. Research Methods: to seek the aid of internet resources and Tips and Techniques. Chennai: MJP academic websites. Academic websites Publish-ers. 2008. Print. like Jstor.org, Google Scholar, Inflibnet 2) Ed. Griffin, Gabrielle. Research etc. open up a pandora of online Methods for English Studies. research articles which would be useful Edinburg: Edinburg University in devel-oping a perspective about Press. 2005. Print. one‘s own research work. 3) ―Problems Encountered by the A systematic approach towards Re-searchers in India‖ the research work and organized ar- Researcher‟s Club. 9 July 2013. rangement of the data collected will Web. 14 March 15, 2015 avoid confusion –both for the researcher as well as the guide/reader. 4) ―The Problem with the Research Acknowledging the sources referred to Process‖. Sage Research Methods. must be strictly fol-lowed otherwise it 6 Feb. 2006. Web. 14 March 15, would amount in pla-giarism or violation 2015. of intellectual prop-erty rights.

CONCLUSIONS :

Conducting research must not be considered a mere formality but the necessary skills must be acquired so that the same contributes to academics as well as the society at large. Research must be enjoyed at every phase and not be con-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 65 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X

CHRISTIANITY AND LITERATURE: AN AREA OF RESEARCH

Dr. Kawita Tiwade *

Dr. Satish Ghatge ** Abstract :

Religious poetry is one of the oldest genres of literature & consists of many different types, depending on the culture and era in which it was written. Many of the earliest works of literature are poems with religious content. The work of postmodern writers questioned whether that Jesus Christ was worthy or religious worship. Despite the challenges Christianity faced in the twentieth century, many writers adhered to traditional Chris-tian beliefs to their own personal style of worship. Many Christian writers maintained the adherence to the Christian faith served to preserve western cultural traditions and protected civilisations from further despair and deca- dence. Considering an importance and relevance of religion in literature with special regard to Christianity. The present paper throws light upon religion in Larkin‟s poetry. The present study is carefully crafted to understand Christian‟s tradition and to identify the role of religion in Larkin‟s poetry.

Keywords : Christianity, Religion, beliefs, Philip Larkin.

INTRODUCTION : found in the scriptures have made their

Christianity and literature is one of way into much of the literature. We study the research areas devoted to the schol- and enjoy today. Other great writers in arly explorations of New Literature en- the history of western civilization include gages Christian thought, experience and Chaucer, William Shakespeare, John practice . Writers over the centuries have Donne, Nathawel Hawthorne, Herman been greatly influenced by the Bible. Melville, William Blake, T.S. Eliot and From Dante to Milton, to Fyodary William Faulkner. Many other forms of Dostoyevsky, the words and themes music known today have Christian roots such on the Sonata, the symphony and

* Asst. Prof. Vivekanand College, Kolhapur. ** Associate Prof. Vivekanand College, Kolhapur.

National Seminar : Research Methodology 66 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X the Oratorio. Most forms of music be- Inference- gan psalms, hymns and spiritual Christian poetry is any poetry that songs and outgrowth from there contains Christian teachings themes or progressed on the monks and references .The influence of Christianity churches spread through-out the ages. on poetry has been great in any area that Christianity is the religion Christianity has taken hold.Christian po- stemming from the life, teachings and ems often directly reference the Bible of Jesus Christ; belief in God as the ,while others provide allegory. father Al-mighty and Jesus Christ as The poems selected could help Lord and savoir who proclaimed to the researcher to observe the 20th man the gos-pel of salvation, century and loss of religious faith ,a conformity to the Chris-tian religion. rejection of Christianity.

The precise objectives of the Larkin lived in a society that was study as follows. fundamentally Christian therefore, his 1 To study Christian tradition basic notions especially on transcendence

are much attended by Christianity. His 2 To study existence of God in Philip Larkin‘s poetry po-ems Faith Healing, The Explosion and Living III are based on Christian tradi- 3 To provide a comprehensive critical tion, i.e. healing acts, the Resurrection statement on Larkin‘s poetry the Last supper. Many parts of the Bible 4 To study Bible and Larkin‘s are about Jesus healing- the ill bodies or religious potery. guilty. To mention only two stories, the

Inference- one referred to in ‗Faith Healing‘, about healing an eye and a knee; from Mark 10: 1. The data could help the researcher 46: 52, Matthew 9:27:31, Luke 18:35:43, to know about the religion and John 9 (healing blind), and Mark 2:1 -12, Philip Larkin‘s poetry . Matthew S:1‘8, Luke 5:17‘2G healing a

2. To understand personal ,social, eco- cripple. ‗Faith Heal-ing* seems to have a nomic and situational characteristic religious dimension as it describes a of the religious poetry. service, but it is not about just one healing service. It is about the central 3 To study Philip Larkin and aspect role of love as the supreme healer. Larkin with special regard to Christianity. implies in the poem that

National Seminar : Research Methodology 67 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X we are all loving, hence our distress is cussed in the Bible, since it is one of the intensified by our vision of what love most important, scenes of the New Tes- ought to be. The poem has its origin in an tament. John 19: 1 - 23 Luke 24:1 - 35, American evangelist‘s repeated visits to Mark 16: 1 - 8 and Matthew 28: 1 - 10 London to heal the sick through the As in ‗The Building‘ and ‗The Trees‘, power of his faith in God. Larkin himself in The Explosion too, Larkin manages to did not believe in the existence of God or modify his fear of death by merging it with deny God‘s existence, were strong a vision of an after life and thereby making believers in faith healing. The poem itself the moment of death continue with life is not identical to the biblical stories in through his faith in the resurrec-tion any way, rather the situation is very spoken in the Bible. ‗The Explosion is the much like the story, about the cripple. description of tragic incident and its The place where the healer works is aftermath. It describes an explosion in a crowded with ill people. What the healer coal - mine in which a number of peo-ple actually does is to pray to God to heal. were killed it above describes the reaction Religious faith here touches a pro- of their wives to the tragic deaths. A found level of human nature. The serv- funeral service is held in the local church to ices of the healer are hypnotizing the mourn the deaths. The priest assures those women by making them self conscious. present in the prayer meeting that,

Here, the idea of faith-healing is only as " The dead go on before us, they central metaphor for human attitude to love for Larkin, personally, there never Are sitting in God‘s house in com-fort, was any religious dimension to be dis- proved; for the women in this poem, too, We shall see them face to face. the poem is saying that the reason for (C.P.P. 175) their tears is not faith but a sudden rend- Towards the end of the poem, ing realization of the impossibility to find comes the most important idea of the love in life. Therefore, no external heal- poem, it seems to the wives of the ing helps it the mind and spirit are not dead men, that their husbands have healed. To, love and to be loved is the come back to life. Thus, these wives important aspect of the life in the poem had witnessed a kind of resurrection. as well as is the essential thesis of Jesus. Larkin writes the poem who wants to The resurrection theme is widely dis- prove that religion is nothing real there-

National Seminar : Research Methodology 68 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X fore miracles do not happen in the real these poems may reveal another aspect world. Thus people who still think that of Larkin‘s relationship to religion in they ―Saw men of the explosion‖ do gen-eral and Christianity itself too. not know real life but hide behind If I were called in religion to forget about real problems. To construct a religion The Last supper is one of the im- I should make use of water portant part of the New Testament {Mat-thew 26:17-29, Mark 14:12 - (cp,p.93) 25,‘ Luke 22:7-23, John (13-17) The poet considers an invitation to Originally, the in-cident was about establish a new religion. He says that, Jesus‘ last benediction of bread and he would make use of water. Going to wine, while Jesus tells His disciples church necessitates drying different that one of them would betray Him. clothes, but his religion would make Livings III is a reflection on the Last use of images of drenching and soaking supper. The eighth line gives us a biblical the body in water. This is a Christian alternative, but the first line ―Tonight we ritual known as ‗Baptism‘. This poem, dine without the Master‖, can be read in ex-presses the vision of daylight, a religious way: The Master is Jesus him- passing through the transparent self, who first named bread His flesh and medium of water in a glass. wine His blood. He thereby established Although it begins with the task, the custom of the Holy communion, the hypothetically given to the speaker, of ceremony in which to remember him by constructing a religion, the poem is all eating and drinking. To dine without Him about water-the role this element would means that we cannot remember Jesus, play in the alternative form of religion. therefore Christianity ceases to exist. The Now, water itself, the controlling image of loss of the reassuring belief in either the poem, is indeed a positive symbol, Christ or self's knowledge was the main signifying flowing life, purification and problem of the disciples and is a main spiritual renewal. Water in this poem is theme of the Living III. also presented as being instrumental in Larkin‘s ‗Water‘ and ‗Solar‘ are not bringing about an internal transformation. explicitly about Christianity, they deal with Larkin shows an awareness towards the religiousness in general. The analysis of symbols representing serenity. In such

National Seminar : Research Methodology 69 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X away the ordinariness of water is trans- makes religion in to something complex formed into religious significance. The regardless of what it was originally. The poem is also about an image of another images of a confessional cathedral pro- cult, the one of the sun that gives light. vide the religious interpretation. ‗The Building‘ and ‗Ambulances‘ are two im- The image of the sun leads to an- portant poem concerned with the image other poem closely connected to Water, of death. The two poems are about hos- that is ‗Solar‘. The poem itself has the pitality explicitly and the Church implic- form of a psalm, and can be connected itly. Thus, medicare is a new religion of especially to Psalm 104. The poem is a science of human knowledge. parody of Christian devotional poetry. The sun is an image of both delight awe. Death and life are both dreams in

Coined there among these poems. Life is a dream of happi- ness that cannot be reached while death Lonely horizontals is an unconscious dream that nobody You exist openly alive knows about. The ill of

Out needs hourly ‗Ambulances‘ are unconscious, while the ambulance men are like death itself, ‗The Climb and return like angles Building‘ is a place of healing. The poem You give for ever. has presented the description of people who are wait-ing for their death. The angle come from Jacob‘s dream in Genesis 28, but here they have be- Larkin establishes a similarity become ‗our needs‘. The generous open tween the hospital and a church through hand is from Psalm 104:28. the constant use of religious terms in the description of the hospital ‗Solar‘ is a parody not only because it ‗confess‘, ‗Congregations‘ ‗transcend‘, personifies the sun drawing a picture of an ‗propitiatory‘ etc. The ill are anxious to almost physical force, since there were avoid death and long for its religions where sun was the deity. Moreo- postponement. Death should not occur ver, it might be explained as God being the now or here, but later and elsewhere. sun instead the ‗real God‘. This is a poem about an uncomplicated religion, in which The hospital m ‗The Building‘ is religion itself is nothing com-plex, on the pre-sented as a natural symbol not only contrary, it is the church that of human mortality but also of an expression of the human desire to physically

National Seminar : Research Methodology 70 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X and spiritually structure this building into a to-tally forgotten. Larkin believed reli- substitute cathedral. Like the church in gion has disappeared from our society, as ‗Church Going‘, the hospital is a ‗seri-ous‘ presented in ‗High Windows‘ only place where the patients come to contest hypocrites attend church, therefore that ―Something has gone wrong‖ they Christianity itself is a masquerade. All come here with a ‗hunger‘ for a cure. The these poems represent a scene from the patients are ―unseen congre-gation‖ to Bible more or less explicitly and another whom the visitors bring waste-ful, weak, aspect is the irony that can be detected, propitiatory flowers‖. The work about religion and Christian-ity. Philip ―propitiatory‖ is a theological form relat- Larkins highlights religion and find new ing to an act of atonement, in the Chris-tian tradition usually to that of Christ. But, at ways to adapt it to the chang-ing world. the end of the poem the speaker ad-mits Larkin dissociate himself form that the hospital symbolizes the po-tentially institutionalized religion and sug-gest of the modern medical science to provide alternative foci for human spiritu-ality, in something to equivalent to orthodox asserting his cultural identity. Larkin religion ‗Church Going‘ is the best known, seeks to facilitate a shift of spir-itual poem by Philip Larkin. He is here focus, not only way from institu- concerned not with religion but going to tionalized religion, but also from the church. He wonders what use church would divine to the secular a spirituality of the have in future. The poem describes the ordinary and sacredness of custom poet‘s speculations about what churches Works Cited would become when they have fallen 1. Larkin, Philip: Collected Poems, completely out of use. The protagonist Anthony Thwaite ed Victoria: enters a church certainly not as a devotee to Marvell Press and London: Faber join the services. His intention is to and Faber, 2003. visualize the future of this sacred building threatened to be turned into deserted place 2. Motion Andrew, A Writer‘s life, London: Faber and Faber, 1993. by the quick disap-pearance of the religious faith. 3. Salwak Dale, ‗Philip Larkin‘ The Man and His Work, London Conclusion: Macmillan, 1989. Christianity is already in ruins and 4. King James version: The Holy Bi- nobody believes anymore, rather there ble, Authorized, lowa Falls: is a vague prediction about a time when World Bible Publishers, Undated Christianity is no longer optional but

National Seminar : Research Methodology 71 Vivek Research Vol-IV, No. II, Jan. 2015 ISSN : 2249-295X Guideline for Researchers

☛ Abstract : ☛ ÔÃÃÀÃÂÍÃ :

☛ Key Words : ☛ ¹ÃÃÃÄÀ¼ÃÃÃÄÓÃ‡ÃŠ ÍÃºª :

☛ Introduction : ☛ : ¹ÃÆÔ¦ÃÃÌÃ¶ÃÃ ☛ Research Subject Matter : ☛ ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã¶Ã ÃÄÌÃÓÃ¾ÃÃÞÃÃÈ ½ÃÃÂ¡¥ÃÃÈ :

☛ Findings : ☛ ÃÄ¶ÃÓ‡ÃŠÓÃÃ : ☛ Conclusions : ☛ : ÔÃ½ÃÃÀÃÑ¹Ã ☛ References Index : ☛ ÔÃÂª¼ÃÃ ÔÃÎÞÃÃÈ :

D. A. Desai Executive Editor ÃÄÌÃ¶Ã½ÃÆ ‚ÃÃÌÃÃÖ¶Ã

½ÃÃ. ¹ÃÆÃÞÃÃ¾ÃÃ, ¹ÃÆÃ£¾ÃÃ¹Ã‡ÃŠ, ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã‡ÃŠ

ÃÄÌÃÌÃÑ‡ÃŠÃ¶ÃÂª ‡ÃŠÃÙÊÃÑ•Ã, ‡ÃŠÃÑÊÖÃ¹ÃÎÀ ÖÑ ½ÃÖÃÀÃÓ›ÈÃ¦ÃÃÈÊÃ `A' ½ÃÃ¶ÃÃÂ‡ÃŠ¶Ã ‚ÃÔÃÊÃÑÊÃÑ †‡ÃŠ ‚ÃØÃÆØÃ¥¾Ã ¹ÃÆ¾ÃÃÑØÃÍÃÃÈÊÃ

½ÃÖÃÃÄÌÃ²ÃÃÊÃ¾Ã ‚ÃÃÖÑ ÖÑ ‚ÃÃ¹Ã¥Ã •ÃÃ¥Ã¦ÃÃÞÃ. ¾ÃÃ ½ÃÖÃÃÄÌÃ²ÃÃÊÃ¾ÃÃ¦ÃÎ¶Ã `VIVEK RESEARCH JOURNAL' ÖÃÈ ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã¶Ã¹ÃÀ ¹ÃÃÄ¨Ã‡ÃŠÃ ØÃÑÊÃÃÈ

¦ÃÃÈ¶Ã ÌÃÓÃÓ ÔÃÃ¦Ã¦¾ÃÃ¶ÃÑ ªÃÑ¶Ã ÔÃ¨ÃÃ¦Ã ¹ÃÆÃÄÔÃ® ‡ÃÑŠÊÃÃÈ •ÃÃ¦ÃÑ. ¾ÃÃ ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã¶Ã¹ÃÀ ¹ÃÃÄ¨Ã‡ÃÑŠÔÃÃŸÃÈ PEER REVIEW COMMITTEE

¶ÃÑ½ÃÊÃÑÊÃÃÈ ‚ÃÔÃÎ¶Ã ÃÄ¦ÃÞ¾ÃÃ´ÃÀÑ ª•ÃÓªÃÀ ‚ÃÔÃÑ ÍÃÃÑ£ÃÃÄ¶ÃºÃÂ£Ã ¹ÃÆÃÄÔÃ® ‡ÃŠÀ¥¾ÃÃÞÃÑ ‡ÃŠÃ¾ÃÃ ‡ÃÑŠÊÃÑ •ÃÃ¦ÃÑ. ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã¶Ã ÀÃÑ¨ÃÃ¦ÃÃÈÊÃ

†‡ÃŠ ª•ÃÓªÃÀ Ì¾ÃÃÔÃ¹ÃÃÈŸ ¾ÃÃ ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã¶Ã ¹ÃÃÄ¨Ã‡ÃÑŠÞ¾ÃÃ ½ÃÃ£¾Ã½ÃÃ¦ÃÎ¶Ã ‚ÃÃ½ÖÃÈ ‚ÃÃ¹Ã¥ÃÃÂÔÃ, ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã‡ÃŠ

‚Ã¼¾ÃÃÔÃ‡ÃŠÃÂÔÃ „¹ÃÊÃº£Ã ‡ÃŠÂ¶Ã ÃÄªÊÃÑ ‚ÃÃÖÑ.

½ÃÃ. ¹ÃÆÃÞÃÃ¾ÃÃÄ¶ÃÃ ÃÄÌÃ¶ÃÂ¦ÃÃÈ ‚ÃÃÖÑ ‡ÃŠÃÈ, ¦¾ÃÃÂ¶ÃÃÈ ‚ÃÃ¹ÃÊÃÑ ØÃÆÂ©ÃÃÊÃ¾ÃÃÔÃÃŸÃÈ `VIVEK RESEARCH JOURNAL' ¹ÃÃÄ¨Ã‡ÃÑŠÞÃÃÈ

¶ÃÃÒª¥ÃÃÈ ¹ÃŠÃÈ ¼ÃÂ¶Ã ÃÄÌÃ²ÃÃ©¾ÃÃÄ½Ã£¾ÃÑ ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã¶ÃÃÞÃÃÈ ‚ÃÃÌÃ¡ ÃÄ¶Ã½ÃÃÃ¥Ã ÖÃÑ¥ÃÑÔÃÃŸÃÈ ÔÃÃÑ¾Ã „¹ÃÊÃº£Ã ‡ÃŠÂ¶Ã ²ÃÃÌÃÃÈ ÖÃÈ ‚Ã¹ÃÑÀÃÃ

‚ÃÃ¹Ã¥ÃÃ ÔÃÌÃÃÄÔÃ †‡ÃŠÞÃ ÃÄÌÃ¶ÃÂ¦ÃÃÈ ‚ÃÃÖÑ ‡ÃŠÃÈ ‚ÃÃ¹Ã¥Ã ÌÃ ‚ÃÃ¹ÃÊÃÑ ½ÃÖÃÃÄÌÃ²ÃÃÊÃ¾ÃÃ¦ÃÃÈÊÃ ¹ÃÆÃ£¾ÃÃ¹Ã‡ÃŠ

¹ÃÃŸºÃß ªÑ…¶Ã ÔÃÂÍÃÃÑ£Ã¶Ã ¹ÃÃÄ¨Ã‡ÃŠÃ ¹ÃÆÃÄÔÃ® ‡ÃŠÀ¥ÃÑÔÃÃŸÃÈ ÔÃÖ‡ÃŠÃ¾ÃÃ ‡ÃŠÀÃÌÃÑ.

‡ÃŠÃ¾ÃÃ‡ÃŠÃÀÃÈ ÔÃÂ¹ÃÃª‡ÃŠ

National Seminar : Research Methodology 72