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Class a Color Classification for Light Sources Used in General Illumination www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Class A Color Classification for Light Sources Used in General Illumination Mark Rea, PhD Jean Paul Freyssinier October 2012 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Introduction Color rendering and the color of illumination are two key factors that support architectural lighting (e.g., retail lighting). However, presently accepted metrics used to describe color properties (CRI and CCT) often are not perfectly predictive of people’s assessments of illumination from a light source. Amerlux Amerlux photos.com 2 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Color Rendering of Illumination © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Basic issues CRI is used almost exclusively for color rendering January 2004 survey of 242 lighting professionals http://www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/nlpip/lightinganswers/lightsources/abstract.asp 4 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Color rendering index (CRI) Measure of the degree of color shift objects undergo when illuminated by CRI = 90 the light source as compared with the color of those same objects when illuminated by a CRI = 70 reference source of comparable color temperature. IESNA Lighting Handbook, 9th Ed. (2000) CRI = 50 5 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Color gamut area Fluor. In general, Inc. HPS MH the larger the Daylight gamut area, the more u’ saturated the color samples are and the easier it is to discriminate between them. v’ Adapted from Human Factors in Lighting - 2nd Edition Boyce, P. R. 2003. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. 6 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Basic issues Solid-state lighting is putting new demands on old metrics General Preference Skin Preference 100 100 RGB-low high power amber white 80 80 y = -0.6594x + 87.587 2 RGB-high R = 0.441 RGB-low phosphor LED RGB-high 60 60 y = -0.6215x + 115.03 incandescent 2 40 R = 0.3448 40 amber white high power Preference rating (%)rating Preference 20 incandescent (%)rating Preference 20 phosphor LED 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Color rendering index (Ra) Color rendering index (Ra) Color Rendering Properties of LED Light Sources N. Narendran and L. Deng. 2002. Solid State Lighting II: Proceedings of SPIE 7 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Basic issues Different dimensions of color rendering › Bouma (1948) suggested that daylight is the best source: naturalness, hue discrimination, color naming accuracy › Within CIE’s TC1-69 committee, several concepts are used: • Fidelity 20 ) s t i • Colorfulness n u y 15 r a r t i b • Naturalness r a ( e c 10 n a • i Memory d a r r i e v 5 i • t Discrimination a l e R • Preference 0 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 • Clarity Wavelength (nm) • Vividness Bouma, P.J. 1948. Physical aspects of colour; an introduction to the scientific study • …and over 10 more of colour stimuli and colour sensations. Eindhoven: Philips Gloeilampenfabrieken (Philips Industries) Technical and Scientific Literature Dept. 8 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Experimental Approach Objective evaluation › Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test Subjective evaluation › Restrict colors to red and blue › Restrict subjective responses to vividness and naturalness › Paired comparisons (sequential) for vividness and naturalness Compare different light levels Examine correlations of subjective and objective evaluations to CRI and GAI 9 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Experiment setup Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue color vision test Collage of cardinal and blue jay pictures 10 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Experiment setup Electric light source conditions Daylight conditions 11 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Apparatus Eight phosphor-based light sources Two light levels: 5 fc and 50 fc 5000-6700 K 3100-3800 K 12 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Farnsworth test results 13 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Farnsworth test results index 14 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Paired comparisons mixed CCTs: Vividness CRI GAI red blue Rea MS, Freyssinier-Nova JP. Color rendering: A tale of two metrics. Color Res Appl 2008; 33:192-203 15 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Paired comparisons: Vividness Warm CCTs (3100-3800 K) 95 CRI 80 CRI 81 CRI 92 CRI 95 CRI 80 CRI 81 CRI 91 CRI 52 GAI 64 GAI 73 GAI 94 GAI 55 GAI 64 GAI 74 GAI 93 GAI 100% overall 90% reds 80% blues 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% was chosen over the others the chosenover was 20% Percentage of times that a light source light a that times of Percentage 10% 0% WW1 WW2 WW3b WW4 WW1 WW2 WW3b WW4 5 fc 50 fc 16 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Paired comparisons: Vividness Cool CCTs (5000-6700 K) 75 CRI 78 CRI 72 CRI 94 CRI 75 CRI 78 CRI 71 CRI 94 CRI 65 GAI 95 GAI 81 GAI 90 GAI 66 GAI 97 GAI 81 GAI 99 GAI 100% overall 90% reds 80% blues 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% was chosen over the others the chosenover was 20% Percentage of times that a light source light a that times of Percentage 10% 0% CW1 CW2 CW3 CW4 CW1 CW2 CW3 CW4 5 fc 50 fc 17 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Paired comparisons: Vividness Which light source renders the display more vividly? (5 fc) CW175 (75 65 65) 31% Cool CCTs (5000-6400 K) Which light source, the first or CW372 (72 81 81) 48% the second, renders the display more vividly? CW494 (94 90 90) 69% 5 fc and 50 fc 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Average percentage of times that a light source was chosen over the others VIV Which light source renders the display more vividly? (50 fc) CW175 (75 66 66) 24% CW371 (71 81 81) 35% CW494 (94 99 99) 85% Rea, M. S. and Freyssinier-Nova, J. P. (2008), Color rendering: A tale of two metrics. Color Research & Application, 33: 192–202. doi: 10.1002/col.20399 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Average percentage of times that a light source was chosen over the others VIV 18 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved. www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/recommends/lightcolor.asp www.lrc.rpi.edu/programs/solidstate/assist/whitelight.asp Paired comparisons: Naturalness Which light source renders the display more naturally? (5 fc) CW175 (75 65 65) 45% Cool CCTs (5000-6400 K) Which light source, the first or CW372 (72 81 81) 51% the second, renders the display more naturally? CW494 (94 90 90) 69% 5 fc and 50 fc 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Average percentage of times that a light source was chosen over the others Naturalness Which light source renders the display more naturally? (50 fc) Which light source renders the display more naturally? (5 fc) CW1 (75 66) 41% 75 66 WW1 (95 52) 31% WW2 (80 64) 46% WW4 (92 94) 62% CW371 (71 81 81) 0% 20% 51%40% 60% 80% 100% Average percentage of times that a light source was chosen over the others Naturalness Which light source renders the display more naturally? (50 fc) WW1 (95 55) 25% WW2 (80 64) 55% CW494 (94 99 99) 78% Rea, M. S. and Freyssinier-Nova, J. P. (2008), Color rendering: A tale of two metrics. WW4 (91 93) 62% Color Research & Application, 33: 192–202. doi: 10.1002/col.20399 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 0% 20% 40%Average percentage of times that60% a light source was chosen over the80% others 100% Naturalness Average percentage of times that a light source was chosen over the others Naturalness 19 © 2012 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
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