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Marjan MOUSAVI Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur de l'Université de Nantes sous le sceau de l’Université Bretagne Loire École doctorale : Sciences pour L’ingénieur Discipline : Sciences pour l’ingénieur Spécialité : Génie Civil Unité de recherche : Génie Civil et Mécanique UMR CNRS 6183 Soutenue le 28 Novembre 2018 Thèse N° : Territorial Environmental Modeling of Cement Concrete Demolition Waste (CCDW) Management with a Life Cycle Approach JURY Président du jury Rapporteurs : Bernard CHRISTOPHE, Professeur, Université d’Amiens Nicolas PERRY, Professeur, Université de Bordeaux Examinateurs : Adélaïde FERAILLE, Maître de Conférences, HDR, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées Nordine LEKLOU, Maître de Conférences, HDR, Université de Nantes – Polytech (GeM) Invité : Valéry FERBER, Directeur scientifique, Charrier Stéphane LEPOCHAT, Directeur scientifique, Evéa Directeur de Thèse : Anne VENTURA, Chargée de recherche, HDR, IFSTTAR, Nantes Co-directeur de Thèse : Nicolas ANTHEAUME, Professeur, Université de Nantes – IAE (LEMNA) Abstract Recycling Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) and conserving natural resources have become an essential issue in Europe due the huge amounts of waste generated and primary materials consumed every year in the construction sector. The aim of this PhD thesis was to evaluate the environmental performance of Cement Concrete Demolition Waste (CCDW) management in a given territory and to compare the current situation in this territory with different scenarios. The question was whether recycling would improve the environmental performance of waste management in the territory and minimize the dependence on primary materials. The territory understudy was Loire-Atlantique on the west coast of France. Recycled Cement Concrete (RCC) recycled from CCDW was considered to be a technically viable alternative to basic quality natural aggregates (A1- dependent co-product of the quarry process) to be used for the foundations of constructions or the sub-base of roads. Our territorial model of CCDW management was an expanded system including different processes and multiple reference flows such as: quarry process with its three co-products, recycling process, landfilling and stock of the demand-constrained materials. A combination of different methods was applied to evaluate the environmental performance of the territorial CCDW management in terms of 12 environmental impacts: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Materials Flow Analysis (MFA) and a local market mechanism model. LCA was used to estimate the potential environmental impacts of the territorial CCDW management. MFA provided us with information concerning the production and consumption of materials in the territory, associated with the territorial waste management, and accumulation of the materials in the territory (this issue is usually ignored in LCA studies). The local market mechanism model enabled us to investigate the possible decision procedures and parameters of buyers in the “basic quality aggregates” market. We then studied how they made choices between A1 and RCC in this market. As a consequence of these decisions, the waste stream towards the waste management system and the dynamics of the stock of materials were investigated. In this model, the real location of the market’s suppliers (quarries and recycling facilities) in the territory were found and used. The environmental assessment results showed that the quarry process in the territory is the main contributor to the environmental impacts of the system we studied. The recycling process of CCDW had much lower environmental impacts compared to the quarry process. Transport was found to be negligible for all environmental impacts compared to other processes in the territory. The local market mechanism model revealed that the current mechanisms in the basic quality aggregate market were mainly structured based on the prices of the resources (A1 and RCC) and the buyers’ degree of confidence in the quality of RCC. Comparative environmental assessment results indicated that increasing the share of RCC in the market did not have substantial environmental benefits (except for the fossil cumulative energy demand, urban land occupation and depletion of the abiotic resource indicators). This was mainly due to the fact that, the lower environmental impacts of CCDW recycling were offset by the impacts of the stock of unused A1. Although replacing A1 with RCC in the foundations minimized the waste streams to landfills, it did not avoid A1 production in the quarry. In order to decrease the dependence on primary materials in the construction sector, the quality of RCC needs to be improved to replace high quality natural aggregates (the determining co- product of the quarry process) in high-grade applications. In addition, it is required to work on the I buyers’ confidence in the quality of RCC. However, an environmental analysis is required to determine whether using RCC as high-quality aggregates would significantly improve the environmental performance in the territory, especially if some modifications are required to obtain a better quality of RCC. Key words: Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) management, system expansion, Consequential Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material Flow Analysis (MFA), local market mechanism, modeling market mechanism, territorial impacts. II Acknowledgement Funds for the research and education in chair of civil engineering and eco-construction were provided by the Chamber of Trade and Industry of Nantes and Saint-Nazaire cities, the CARENE (urban agglomeration of Saint-Nazaire), Charier, Architectes Ingénieurs Associés, Vinci construction, the Regional Federation of Buildings, and the Regional Federation of Public Works. I would like to thank them all for their financial support. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my director, Prof. Anne Ventura head of Chair- Civil Engineering and Eco-Construction at University of Nantes, and my co-director, Prof. Nicolas Antheaume director of the Institute of Economics and Management at University of Nantes, who gave me this opportunity to work on this interesting subject. I am sure this dissertation would not have been possible without their truly helpful support. Thank you, Anne Ventura, for all your scientific supports during my PhD concerning conceptual modeling and LCA. Nicolas Antheaume, thank you for your scientific support concerning market mechanism modelling. I was not so familiar with economic and market issues, but I have learnt a lot from you. Thanks for your good pieces of advice and your patience. I would like to thank Valéry Ferber from Charier Company and François Boisson from CERC who patiently provided us with data required for my PhD thesis. Especial thanks to Pierre Thiriet from IRSTEA who helped me with GIS model and drawing a nice map. I owe sincere thanks to Dr. Naeem Adibi, managing director at We-Loop, whose feedbacks enabled me to considerably improve my works. I would like to thank Prof. Bernard Christophe, Prof. Nicolas Perry, Adélaïde Feraille, Nordine Leklou, Valéry Ferber and Stéphane Lepochat for accepting to take part in evaluation of my thesis and participate as jury members of my PhD. To IEG team at institute of Research in Civil Engineering and Mechanics (GeM), IUT in Saint- Nazaire, France: Dear Prof. Abdelhafid Khelidj, thank you for so kindly welcoming me into your team, IEG. Thanks for all your supports during these three years, you always gave me energy. Dear Prof. Didier Marot, whenever I had any questions, you tried to help me kindly, thank you. Dear Karine frocq, I would never forget all your helps and supports when I arrived in France. You are missed at IEG. Especial thanks to Abdo Yammine who helped with the French summary. Finally, all PhD students, my colleagues and officemates at IEG, we shared a lot of good memories and laughter together. Thank you! Dear Luc and Marie Chereau, thank you both for your great support and friendship during these three years. You were and still are like my family I have never had in France. I never felt like I was a foreigner, or I was from another culture. You, like parents, came with me step by step during these three years and were with me in any moments, happiness, success, sadness, disappointment. You were trying to teach me French and correct me patiently. I owe learning my new language to you! Thank you for letting me to be one of your family members. You cannot imagine how much I felt relaxed whenever I was with you. You could cheer me up III easily. Again, thanks to Anne Ventura who introduced one of the most wonderful people in the world to me. Dear Line and Bernard Ventura, I would never forget all your helps and supports especially in the beginning. You know how difficult it is to live in France without knowing the language, but you made things very easy for me. Bernard you were the only person whom I could communicate and speak in English with in the beginning. Once you told me that kindness is like a loop that would come back to yourself at the end. I wish all your kindness comes back to you lovely creatures. Dear Bob, Malika, Simeon and Augustin, thanks for all your kindness and hospitality. Augustin and Simeon, you cannot imagine how you were able to drag me out of the PhD bubble and make me forget about all the challenges of PhD for a few hours I was spending with you. Dear Mireille Winka, I would never forget that whenever I was tired of struggling with French and trying to speak French, you invited me over to discuss in English to rest my mind. Thank you! The last but not least, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my father (baba), my mother (maman), my sister (Maryam) and my brother (Mohammad) that without their help and support I would not have been here today. To my father, baba thank you for teaching me to be strong in the ups and downs of life and supporting me to pursue my goals.

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