DOCSLIB.ORG

What We Know So Far About Immigration Changes Under President Biden by Sonseere H

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
What We Know So Far About Immigration Changes Under President Biden by Sonseere H What We Know So Far About Immigration Changes Under President Biden by Sonseere H. Goldenberg - Friday, January 22, 2021 We have a new President and a new administration that looks like America looks—diverse. Some of the most highly-qualified people in the country comprise the Biden-Harris team. President Biden is shaking things up across the board, as promised. And, U.S. immigration is no exception. Yesterday, barely a few hours after his inauguration, he got down to business. Righting some of the most egregious wrongs of the Trump administration’s immigration policy for both employers and families. We are relieved that Stephen Miller is out. Miller and then Attorney General Jeff Sessions were the architects of the cruel child-separation policy. Miller was also behind the policies preventing entry of H-1B workers, J-1 doctors and au pairs, and people from predominantly-Muslim countries from being able to obtain visas for employment, to join their families, or to obtain immigrant visas at U.S. consulates. President Biden is a seasoned lawmaker who understands his limitations and the need to work with Congress on passing a long-overdue comprehensive immigration package. Yet, he does have the authority to reverse many of Trump’s executive orders and issue new ones in the meantime. Yesterday, the White House issued a flurry of prepared-in-advance executive orders, memoranda, proclamations, and reinstatements. The Labor and Employment Group at Felhaber Larson also issued a post about orders affecting employers in general. 1 / 4 These affect immigration law and immigrants: A Memorandum to the heads of regulatory agencies and departments across the entire Federal government: Regulatory Freeze Pending Review. This Memorandum instructs the heads of these agencies that they are not to issue any new rules without Presidential review. The memo also states that many of the recent and interim Trump immigration rules and regulations will not take immediate effect, if at all. Agencies were instructed to recall rules slated for publication in the Federal Register. The freeze affects already-issued rules differently, depending upon where each rule is in the procedural process of becoming “effective.” Finally, should any agency have frustrated the intent of this Memorandum by making any last- minute rule on January 20, 2021 before noon, that rule will still be subject to Presidential review. Proclamation on Ending Discriminatory Bans on Entry to The United States. The Trump administration enacted bans on legal immigration from people in primarily-Muslim countries and expanded the bans to many African countries. President Biden notes that not only are these bans inconsistent with what America stands for, they also undermine America’s security. “And when visa applicants request entry to the United States, we will apply a rigorous, individualized vetting system. But we will not turn our backs on our values with discriminatory bans on entry into the United States.” He has revoked Executive Order 13780, and Proclamations 9645, 9723, and 9983. Executive Order on the Revision of Civil Immigration Enforcement Policies and Priorities. By revoking Executive Order 13768 of January 25, 2017, President Biden notes the extreme complexity of the U.S. immigration system and the difficulty of enforcing our immigration laws. This is a broad Order intended to recalibrate the focus and mission of the immigration and enforcement agencies, ensure due process, and protect American security interests. “The policy of my Administration is to protect national and border security, address the humanitarian challenges at the southern border, and ensure public health and safety. We must also adhere to due process of law as we safeguard the dignity and well-being of all families and communities. My Administration will reset the policies and practices for enforcing civil immigration laws to align enforcement with these values and priorities.” Memorandum Preserving and Fortifying Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). The Obama administration originally issued a “memorandum, known as the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) guidance.” DACA prevented the government from deporting “certain undocumented immigrants who were 2 / 4 brought to the United States as children, have obeyed the law, and stayed in school or enlisted in the military.” DACA also allowed the children to attend college and work legally. The program “reflects a judgment that these immigrants should not be a priority for removal based on humanitarian concerns and other considerations, and that work authorization will enable them to support themselves and their families, and to contribute to our economy, while they remain.” President Biden directed that “The Secretary of Homeland Security, in consultation with the Attorney General, shall take all actions he deems appropriate, consistent with applicable law, to preserve and fortify DACA.” Memorandum Reinstating Deferred Enforced Departure for Liberians. The immigration status of Liberians in America is complex. The first wave of Liberians came as early as 1991, fleeing civil war. The civil unrest mostly ended in 2003 and the immigration protections the U.S. offered to Liberians ended in 2007. Presidents Bush and Obama extended protections from deportation to Liberians through 2018 through temporary programs including, Deferred Enforced Departure, or DED. This status prevented the government from deporting Liberian nationals and allowed them to work legally. President Trump ended these protections but allowed for a wind-down period through March of 2020. Unexpectedly, when in 2019 Congress enacted the National Defense Authorization Act for 2020 (NDAA), it included the Liberian Refugee Immigration Fairness (LRIF) provision. Minnesota benefits greatly from this since we have one of the largest Liberian communities in the country. Many Liberians work in our healthcare systems and provide critical services caring for the elderly and COVID-19 patients. The LRIF provision, with a few exceptions, allows Liberians who have been continuously present in the United States since November 20, 2014, as well as their spouses and children, to file for green cards and become lawful permanent residents. Liberian nationals had until December 20, 2020, to apply. After the enactment of the LRIF provision, President Trump further extended the DED transition period through January 10, 2021, to ensure that Liberian DED beneficiaries would continue to be eligible for employment authorization during the LRIF application period. Due to the pandemic in 2020 among other reasons, the LRIF application process at USCIS faced many problems. The government was slow to launch the program, applicants found the application process difficult, and USCIS offices made many errors, even rejecting lawfully-filed applications. As a result, Congress enacted a 1-year extension to the application period but did not provide for continued employment authorization past January 10, 2021, the expiration of the most recent DED transition period. This Memorandum extends protection to Liberians from deportation through June 30, 2022 and 3 / 4 provides employment authorization through that date. While we don’t know yet how employers can document this employment authorization extension, they should review this Memorandum until USCIS releases instructions. Bottom Line Watch this space for more immigration news. It’s coming fast and it’s been all good news so far. If our immigration laws affect you, please call your senators and representatives and encourage them to support immigration reform. 220 South 6th St, Suite 2200, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55402 612-339-6321 | 800-989-6321 4 / 4 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CPM Client City of Richmond Files Lawsuit Against President Trump's "Sanctuary Jurisdictions" Executive Order
    CPM Client City of Richmond Files Lawsuit Against President Trump's "Sanctuary Jurisdictions" Executive Order � 2017 Attorneys Joseph W. Cotchett The City of Richmond has filed a lawsuit today in the Federal District Court in San Francisco against President Donald Trump, Attorney Practice Areas General Jeff Sessions, and Secretary of Homeland Security John Kelly, Municipal & Public Entity Litigation seeking to have declared unconstitutional an Executive Order issued by President Trump concerning “Sanctuary Jurisdictions.” The lawsuit alleges that Executive Order 13768, issued on January 25, 2017, is an unconstitutional action by the President as it provides unfettered discretion to the Attorney General and Secretary of Homeland Security to take away all federal funds from “sanctuary jurisdictions” which they believe do not follow federal immigration law. The suit alleges that the President does not have authority under the Constitution or any Congressional act to restrict federal funds based on such an Executive Order. The Executive Order does not define “sanctuary jurisdictions” and while there are many cities that have been referred to as “sanctuary cities,” there is no definition of either term. Under the vague and far-reaching language of the Executive Order, Richmond could lose federal funds without having violated any federal immigration policy. Richmond’s Mayor, Tom Butt, stated on behalf of the City Council: “Over 25 years ago, the Richmond City Council enacted an ordinance as a result of immigration raids by federal officers by setting forth a procedure for Richmond police to respond to requests for information by federal immigration authorities. We are confident that the policies we have put in place to promote a community policing culture comply with all federal laws.
    [Show full text]
  • Trump Tax Cuts Could Start with Executive Action
    RobertRobert W. W. Wood Wood THETHE TAX TAX LAWYER LAWYER TAXES 2/27/2017 Trump Tax Cuts Could Start With Executive Action U.S. President Donald Trump flanked by business leaders holds a executive order establishing regulatory reform officers and task forces in US agencies in the Oval Office of the White House on February 24, 2017 in Washington, DC. Earlier in the day, Trump stated he would cut 75 percent of regulations. (Photo by Olivier Douliery – Pool/Getty Images) So far, President Trump has moved boldly—or rashly, depending on your perspective—with many executive actions, including: Proclamation 9570: National Day of Patriotic Devotion Executive Order 13765: Minimizing the Economic Burden of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Pending Repeal A Memorandum that was a type of Regulatory Freeze memo Pending Review Presidential Memorandum: Withdrawal of the United States From the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations and Agreement Presidential Memorandum: Mexico City Policy, reinstituting and expanding a policy President Obama had rescinded restricting the use of foreign aid money to support family planning organizations that promote abortion. Presidential Memorandum: a federal Hiring Freeze Presidential Memorandum to bring back consideration of the Construction of the Keystone XL Pipeline Presidential Memorandum to reconsider Construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline Presidential Memorandum to review Construction of American Pipelines Executive Order 13766 Expediting Environmental Reviews and Approvals for High Priority Infrastructure Projects Presidential Memorandum Streamlining Permitting and Reducing Regulatory Burdens for Domestic Manufacturing Proclamation 9571: National School Choice Week, 2017 Executive Order 13767: Border Security and Immigration Enforcement Improvements, the “build the wall” executive order.
    [Show full text]
  • Immigration Enforcement
    IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT This is an excerpt from Inside the Numbers: How Immigration Shapes Asian American and Pacific Islander Communities, a report published by Asian Americans Advancing Justice—AAJC and Asian Americans Advancing Justice—Los Angeles in June 2019. The report is available for download: https:// advancingjustice-aajc.org/inside-the-numbers-report-2019 ISSUE BRIEF: IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT: ARRESTS, DETENTION, AND DEPORTATION Within five days of taking office, President Trump issued several executive orders that made sweeping changes to our immigration enforcement system. Through these major policy shifts, the administration has rapidly increased arrests, detention, and deportations of immigrants in the interior of the United States, and severely curtailed the due process rights of immigrants along the southern border. The federal government has the authority to exercise prosecutorial discretion in immigration enforcement, meaning that immigration officials may decide whether to arrest, detain, and deport an immigrant. Previous Republican and Democratic administrations adhered to priorities that focused enforcement on certain individuals. For example, the Obama administration issued immigration enforcement priorities that shielded around 87% of the undocumented immigrant population from deportation. In contrast, the Trump administration has explicitly abandoned all forms of prosecutorial discretion and has directed federal agencies to employ “all lawful means” to deport “all removable” noncitizens. As a result, the enforcement agencies Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and Customs and Border Protection Since 2017, we have (CBP) have enacted a dragnet enforcement approach, escalating raids and arrests witnessed a drastic across the country, and striking fear into immigrant communities.159 increase in targeted enforcement against Since 2017, we have witnessed a drastic increase in targeted enforcement long-time community against long-time community members, including many long-term residents and refugees.
    [Show full text]
  • The Surprisingly Contentious History of Executive Orders | Huffpost  
    4/2/2020 The Surprisingly Contentious History Of Executive Orders | HuffPost Ben Feuer, Contributor Chairman, California Appellate Law Group The Surprisingly Contentious History Of Executive Orders Cries of “unprecedented” executive action on both sides are more histrionic than historical. 02/02/2017 04:59 am ET | Updated Feb 03, 2017 Despite howls that Presidents Trump and Obama both issued “unprecedented” executive orders, presidents have embraced executive actions to enact controversial policies since the dawn of the Republic. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-surprisingly-contentious-history-of-executive-orders_b_58914580e4b04c35d583546e 1/8 4/2/2020 The Surprisingly Contentious History Of Executive Orders | HuffPost NICHOLAS KAMM/AFP/GETTY IMAGES Recently, USA Today savaged President Trump’s executive orders since taking office, from encouraging Keystone XL approval to altering immigration policy, as an “unprecedented blizzard.” In 2014, the Washington Post raked President Obama for his Deferred Action immigration directives, more commonly called DACA and DAPA, deeming them “unprecedented” and “sweeping,” while Ted Cruz published an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal lashing Obama’s “imperial” executive order hiking the minimum wage for federal contractors as one with “no precedent.” A 2009 piece in Mother Jones lamented a President George W. Bush executive order allowing former-presidents and their families to block the release of presidential records as — you guessed it — “unprecedented.” With all the talk of precedent, you might think executive orders historically did little more than set the White House lawn watering schedule. But the reality is that presidents have long employed executive actions to accomplish strikingly controversial objectives without congressional approval.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ironic Privacy Act
    Washington University Law Review Volume 96 Issue 6 Trust and Privacy in the Digital Age 2019 The Ironic Privacy Act Margaret Hu Kenan Institute for Ethics, Duke University; Washington and Lee University School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview Part of the Immigration Law Commons, National Security Law Commons, President/Executive Department Commons, and the Privacy Law Commons Recommended Citation Margaret Hu, The Ironic Privacy Act, 96 WASH. U. L. REV. 1267 (2019). Available at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_lawreview/vol96/iss6/7 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School at Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Washington University Law Review by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE IRONIC PRIVACY ACT MARGARET HU* ABSTRACT This Article contends that the Privacy Act of 1974, a law intended to engender trust in government records, can be implemented in a way that inverts its intent. Specifically, pursuant to the Privacy Act’s reporting requirements, in September 2017, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) notified the public that record systems would be modified to encompass the collection of social media data. The notification justified the collection of social media data as a part of national security screening and immigration vetting procedures. However, the collection will encompass social media data on both citizens and noncitizens, and was not explicitly authorized by Congress. Social media surveillance programs by federal agencies are largely unregulated and the announcement of social media data collection pursuant to the reporting requirements of the Privacy Act deserves careful legal attention.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanctuary: K-12 School Districts in Agricultural Communities
    SANCTUARY: K-12 SCHOOL DISTRICTS IN AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES I. INTRODUCTION Executive Order 13768, Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States (hereinafter “Executive Order”) was issued in January of 2017.1 It charged non-compliant sanctuary jurisdictions with shielding illegal immigrants from removal from the United States, and declared them ineligible to receive federal funding.2 Primary and secondary (hereinafter “K-12”) schools in agricultural communities have a particular interest in both adopting sanctuary resolutions and implementing policies that run counter to mandates like that of the Executive Order for one main reason: they have a federal duty to not hinder access to education for any child, regardless of the child’s immigration status, or that of the child’s parents.3 Populations in agricultural communities are comprised of high numbers of immigrant farmworkers, only half of whom are estimated to be authorized to work in the United States.4 Of these workers, many are parents of school-aged children.5 Given the federal duty to not impede access to education for any child, the Executive Order put K-12 schools in a difficult situation; complying with its mandates would have caused them to potentially violate the constitutional rights of their students, while not complying with the mandates might have subjected them to the loss of federal funding.6 This comment was initiated some eight months after the Executive Order was issued and well after the Executive Order’s enforcement had been 1 Exec. Order No. 13768, 82 Fed. Reg. 8799 (Jan. 25, 2017) (the Executive Order has been permanently enjoined, and that ruling has been appealed.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Update Town Hall
    Chesapeake Town Hall Tuesday, April 18, 2017 Congressman Robert C. “Bobby” Scott Third District of Virginia The Federal Budget Federal Revenue and Outlays As a percentage of gross domestic product 35% Actual Extended Baseline Projection 30% 25% 20% 15% Average Revenue (1967-2016) Average Outlays (1967-2016) Outlays Revenues 10% 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027 2032 2037 2042 2047 Source: Congressional Budget Office -$1,600 -$1,400 -$1,200 -$1,000 -$800 -$600 -$400 -$200 $200 $400 to Deficit over 10 years 10 over to Deficit Trillion $3.9 AddedDeal Cliff 2013 Fiscal Recent Contributor to Long Contributor Recent $0 1992 1993 CBO Baseline Pre-Deal 1994 *Compares CBO’sAugust 2012 Baselinewith CBO’sJanuary 2017 Baseline. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Source: Congressional Budget Office 2002 2003 2004 2005 CBO Baseline withDeficit Deal* 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 - 2011 2012 Debt: term 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Obama Inherited Deficit v. Trump Inherited Deficit Projected deficit in billions of dollars on date of Inauguration 1,400 1,200 1,186 1,000 800 600 400 559 200 0 2009 2017 Source: Congressional Budget Office Breaking Down the Federal Budget Fiscal Year 2016 Spending and Revenues By Category Source: Congressional Budget Office President Trump’s FY18 budget proposal Percent change in agency budgets from 2017 budget -31% Environmental Protection Agency -29% State Department -21% Agriculture Department -21% Labor Department -18% Department of Health and Human Services -16% Commerce Department -14% Education Department -13% Department of Housing and Urban Development -13% Transportation Department -12% Interior Department -6% Energy Department -5% Small Business Administration -4% Treasury Department -4% Justice Department -1% NASA Department of Veterans Affairs 6% Department of Homeland Security 7% Defense Department 9% Sources: “America First: A budget blueprint to make America great again,” Office of Management and Budget, 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF File 2021.01.19 Joint Letter to POTUS
    January 19, 2021 The Honorable Joseph Biden, Jr. President-Elect Office of the President-Elect 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20230 Dear President-Elect Biden, We write to you today as elected officials representing communities that have placed limitations on coordination between local law enforcement and federal immigration enforcement, often known as sanctuary jurisdictions. Our communities have prioritized protecting immigrants and refugees from the constant barrage of attacks leveled by President Trump and his administration over the last four years. We congratulate you on your historic victory in the 2020 Presidential Election. Your resounding 1 victory -- with the largest vote percentage obtained against an incumbent President since 1932 ​ -- ​ clearly provides you with a mandate to repudiate the policies of hate and division that have been promulgated by the current administration over the last four years. Today we are urging you to use your executive authority to immediately repeal, end, or replace many of the policies that the Trump administration has instituted to punish and demonize immigrant and refugee communities. These policies have not made our jurisdictions safer, nor resulted in a just or equitable immigration system, and have harmed the safety and cohesion of our communities. We are also urging you to take steps to repair the damage done to families, our communities, and the reputation of our nation by the inhumane acts of the Trump Administration. Most heinously, the Trump Administration’s policy of family separation has resulted in the callous separation of hundreds of children from their parents. As of October 2020, at least 545 children 2 have still not been reunited with their families .​ The immediate reunification of these families must ​ be a top priority of your administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Executive Actions Signed by President Joseph Biden Total
    Overview of Executive Actions Signed by President Joseph Biden Total Number of Executive Actions Signed as of March 12: 57 Subject Executive Action Total Executive Order on Protecting the Federal Workforce Economy Executive Order on Economic Relief Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic 3 Pausing Federal Student Loan Payments Memorandum on Maximizing Assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency Proclamation on the Suspension of Entry as Immigrants and Non-Immigrants of Certain Additional Persons Who Pose a Risk of Transmitting Coronavirus Disease Executive Order on Establishing the COVID-19 Pandemic Testing Board and Ensuring a Sustainable Public Health Workforce for COVID-19 and Other Biological Threats National Security Directive on United States Global Leadership to Strengthen the International COVID-19 Response and to Coronavirus Advance Global Health Security and Biological Preparedness 15 Executive Order on Protecting Worker Health and Safety Executive Order on Supporting the Reopening and Continuing Operation of Schools and Early Childhood Education Providers Executive Order on Ensuring an Equitable Pandemic Response and Recovery Executive Order on a Sustainable Public Health Supply Chain 3/12/2021 Subject Executive Action Total Memorandum to Extend Federal Support to Governors’ Use of the National Guard to Respond to COVID-19 and to Increase Reimbursement and Other Assistance Provided to States Executive Order on Ensuring a Data-Driven Response to COVID-19 and Future High-Consequence Public Health Threats Executive Order
    [Show full text]
  • In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
    IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA CIVIL ACTION v. NO. 17-3894 JEFFERSON BEAUREGARD SESSIONS III, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES NOTICE TO COUNSEL OF THE COURT’S INTENT TO TAKE JUDICIAL NOTICE UNDER FED. R. EVID. 201 OF PUBLIC STATEMENTS BY PRESIDENT TRUMP AND ATTORNEY GENERAL SESSIONS THIS NOTICE will advise counsel and the parties that the Court intends, as part of the trial record of this case, for the trial beginning April 30, 2018, to take judicial notice of certain public statements that have been made by President Trump and Attorney General Sessions which may be relevant to the issues of this case. The facts set forth below qualify, subject to any objections or authoritative law to the contrary, cited by counsel, as being admissible under Fed. R. Evid. 201.1 Rule 201 permits the Court to take notice of an adjudicative fact “that is not subject to reasonable dispute because it can be accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” F.R.E. 201(b)(2). Courts may take judicial notice of Executive Orders and of actions taken pursuant to Executive Orders. See, N.L.R.B. v. E.C. Atkins & Co., 331 U.S. 398, 406 n. 2 (1947). Courts also may take judicial notice of public statements made by the President and other Executive officials. See, American Civil Liberties Union v. National Sec. Agency, 493 F.3d 644, 648 n. 1 (6th Cir. 2007). Under Rule 201, both parties are entitled to be heard, upon timely request, “on the 1 Statements by the President and the Attorney General are also clearly admissible as an opposing party’s statement under Fed.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanctuary Networks and Integrative Enforcement
    University of Colorado Law School Colorado Law Scholarly Commons Articles Colorado Law Faculty Scholarship 2018 Sanctuary Networks and Integrative Enforcement Ming Hsu Chen University of Colorado Law School Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles Part of the Administrative Law Commons, Immigration Law Commons, Law and Society Commons, National Security Law Commons, President/Executive Department Commons, and the State and Local Government Law Commons Citation Information Ming Hsu Chen, Sanctuary Networks and Integrative Enforcement, 75 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 1361 (2018), available at https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/articles/1210. Copyright Statement Copyright protected. Use of materials from this collection beyond the exceptions provided for in the Fair Use and Educational Use clauses of the U.S. Copyright Law may violate federal law. Permission to publish or reproduce is required. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Colorado Law Faculty Scholarship at Colorado Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of Colorado Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sanctuary Networks and Integrative Enforcement Ming Hsu Chen* Abstract My intended focus is on the widespread response—in cities, churches, campuses, and corporations that together comprise “sanctuary networks”1—to the Trump Administration’s Executive Order 13768 Enhancing Public Safety in the Interior of the United States2 as an instance of the changing relationship between federal, local, and private organizations in the regulation of immigration. After briefly covering the legal background of the Trump Interior E.O., the focus of the Article shifts to the institutional dynamics arising in communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Sanctuary Networks Rose Cuison Villazor
    University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository Minnesota Law Review 2019 Sanctuary Networks Rose Cuison Villazor Pratheepan Gulasekaram Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Cuison Villazor, Rose and Gulasekaram, Pratheepan, "Sanctuary Networks" (2019). Minnesota Law Review. 72. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/72 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Minnesota Law School. It has been accepted for inclusion in Minnesota Law Review collection by an authorized administrator of the Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Article Sanctuary Networks Rose Cuison Villazor† and Pratheepan Gulasekaram†† Introduction ........................................................................... 1210 I. Defining “Sanctuary” ....................................................... 1217 II. Sanctuary Everywhere .................................................... 1225 A. Church Sanctuaries ................................................... 1228 B. Sanctuary Cities ........................................................ 1235 C. New Sanctuaries ........................................................ 1242 1. Sanctuary Campuses and School Districts ........ 1242 2. Sanctuary Workplaces ......................................... 1246 3. Rapid Response Networks ................................... 1249 4. Social Network and Technology Sanctuaries ..... 1250 III. Sanctuary Networks .......................................................
    [Show full text]