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Thermal Characteristics and Parametric Analysis of an Improved Solar Wall

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Thermal Characteristics and Parametric Analysis of an Improved Solar Wall applied sciences Article Thermal Characteristics and Parametric Analysis of an Improved Solar Wall Xi Zhao 1 , Jiayin Zhu 2,*, Ruixin Li 2 , Weilin Li 2 and Bin Chen 3 1 College of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (W.L.) 3 Department of Construction Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 160003, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-135-2658-2041 Abstract: Solar air collectors installed on buildings can significantly reduce conventional energy consumption in winter and summer. However, some problems arise in the utilization process, such as overheating, inconvenient operation control and low energy efficiency, etc. This work is a parametric analysis focusing on the automatic control and thermal efficiency improvement of the solar wall. An improved color-changing solar wall integrated with automatic control components, such as a photoelectric fan and temperature-controlled damper, was proposed in this paper. Based on the exper- imental data, the average daily heat output of the color-changing solar wall is 1.08 MJ per unit floor area on clear days in winter and the average thermal efficiency is 56.8%. Meanwhile, a quantitative analysis was carried out based on monitoring experiments for evaluating the thermal characteristic of automatic control components. Furthermore, in order to improve the thermal performance of the solar wall, parametric analysis was performed by numerical simulation. Results from this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the application of solar air collectors in modern buildings. Citation: Zhao, X.; Zhu, J.; Li, R.; Li, W.; Keywords: solar energy; an improved color-changing solar wall; automatic control components; Chen, B. Thermal Characteristics and field measurement; parametric analysis Parametric Analysis of an Improved Solar Wall. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6325. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146325 1. Introduction Academic Editor: Sergio Montelpare As a type of renewable energy, solar energy is widely used as an alternative to fossil energy, and has the highest potential to meet the ever-increasing energy demands. Since Received: 31 May 2021 the middle of the last century, solar air heating has aroused great interest in the community Accepted: 7 July 2021 of solar researchers because it is a relatively simple, inexpensive and low maintenance Published: 8 July 2021 application [1]. As a typical component of passive solar air heating, solar air collectors are mainly used to convert incident solar radiation into useful heat in different types of Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in buildings. These heat collectors have been adopted around the world to reduce fossil fuel published maps and institutional affil- consumption for space heating and domestic hot water production [2]. Along these years, iations. several types of solar air collectors, differentiated by the type of solar absorber element (flat plate, V-corrugated plate, cylindrical tubes, plates with fins, etc.) were designed, mathematically modelled and experimentally tested [3,4]. The thermal performance of different types of solar air collectors is studied and compared in Table1. Among them, the most common system used for absorbing solar irradiation is the flat-plate solar air Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. collectors, which are always integrated on building façades as passive heating components. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6325. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146325 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FORTable PEER REVIEW1. Investigations on thermal performance of different types of solar air collectors. 2 of 21 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 Appl. AuthorSci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER TypesREVIEW Diagram Inference 2 of 21 Table 1. Investigations on thermal performance of different types of solar air collectors. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 Author solarTable airTypes 1. heater Investigations duct on thermal performanceDiagram of different types of solar air collectors.Inference Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6325 Table 1. Investigations on thermal performance of different typesThe maximumof solar air collectors.value of the thermal perfor-2 of 18 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FORhavingTable PEER multi REVIEW1. Investigations V-shaped on thermal performance of different types of solar air collectors. 2 of 21 D. JinAuthor et al. [5] solar airTypes heater duct Diagram mance parameterInference was 1.93 for the range of Author ribs onTypes the absorber Diagram The maximum valueInference of the thermal perfor- Author havingTable multi Types1. Investigations V -shaped on thermal performanceDiagram of different types of solarparameters air collectors.Inference investigated. D. Jin et al. [5] solar airplate heater duct mance parameter was 1.93 for the range of ribssolar on air the heater absorber duct The maximum value of the thermal perfor- Table 1.AuthorInvestigations havingsolarTable on airmultiTypes thermal1. heater Investigations V -shaped duct performance on thermal of performanceDiagram different typesof different of solar typesThe airmaximum of solar collectors.parameters air collectors.valueInference investigated.of the thermal perfor- D. Jin et al. [5] having multiplate V -shaped Themance maximum parameter value was of 1.93 the forthermal the range perfor- of D. Jin et al. [5] havingribs on multi the absorber V-shaped mance parameter was 1.93 for the range of D. JinAuthor et al. [5] solarribs on air Typesthe heater absorber duct Diagram mance parameterparametersInference was investigated. 1.93 for the range of Authorsolar Typesribs airon heaterplatethe absorber with jet Diagram TheThe maximum thermalparameters efficiency value Inference investigated.of ofthe proposed thermal perfor-design A. M. Abogh- plate havingimpingement multi V on-shaped corru- duct is observedparameters almost investigated. 14% more as com- D. Jin et al. [5] solar airplate heater duct manceThe parameter maximum was value 1.93 offor the the thermalrange of rarasolar et al.air [6] heatersolarribs air ducton heaterthe having absorber with jet The thermalmaximum efficiency value of of the proposed thermal designperfor- A. M. Abogh- havinggated absorbermulti V-shaped plate performanceparedparameters to parameterthe investigated. smooth duct. was 1.93 for impingement on corru- duct is observed almost 14% more as com- D. Jin et al. [5] D. Jinmulti et al. V-shaped[5] ribsplate on the mance parameter was 1.93 for the range of rara et al. [6] solarribs air on heaterthe absorber with jet The thermalthe efficiency range of of parameters proposed design A. M. Abogh-absorbersolargated air plate absorber heater with plate jet The thermalparedparameters efficiency to the smoothinvestigated. of proposed duct. design A. M. Abogh- impingementplate on corru- duct is observed almost 14% more as com- solar air heater with jet The thermal efficiencyinvestigated. of proposed design A.rara M. et Abogh- al. [6] impingement on corru- duct is observed almost 14% more as com- rara et al. [6] impingementgated absorber on platecorru- duct is observedpared to almostthe smooth 14% duct.more as com- rara et al. [6] flatgated plate absorber solar air plate heat- TheThe annual thermalpared average to efficiencythe smoothof a nickel ofduct. proposed–tin selec- solar air heater with jet The thermal efficiency of proposed design A.A. Elsolar-Sebaii, air heatergated absorber with jet plate pared to the smooth duct. A. M. Abogh- design duct is observed almost 14% impingementers-double pass on flat corru- and ducttively is observedcoated absorber almost is14% higher more than as com- that A.M. Aboghrara et al. [6] impingement on corrugated H.rara Al -etSnani al. [6] [7] flatsolar plate air heatersolar air with heat- jet TheThemore thermalannual as averageefficiency compared of ofa nickeltoproposed the– smoothtin selec-design A.A.A. M. El Abogh--Sebaii,absorber gatedv-corrugated plate absorber plate plate with a blackpared painted to the smooth absorber duct. by 29.23%. ersimpingement-double pass on flat corru- and ducttively is coated observed absorber almostduct. is 14% higher more than as thatcom- H.rara Al- Snaniet al. [6] [7] flat plate solar air heat- The annual average of a nickel–tin selec- A.A. El-Sebaii, flatgatedv -platecorrugated absorber solar air plate plate heat- withTheThe annuala black annualpared averagepainted to average the smoothofabsorber a nickel of aduct. nickel–tinby–tin 29.23%. selec- A.A. El-Sebaii, ers-double pass flat and tively coated absorber is higher than that flat plateflat plate solar solar air air heat- The annual average of a nickel–tin selec- A.A. El-Sebaii, H. H.A.A. Al -ElSnani-Sebaii, [7] ers-double pass flat and Thermaltivelyselectively coated efficiency absorber coated of double absorber is higher pass than is solar higher that air H. Alheaters-double-Snani [7] ersdoublev-double-corrugated pass pass flatpass solar and plateflat airand withtively a coated black painted absorber absorber is higher by than 29.23%. that B.M. Ramani et v-corrugated plate collectorwith
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