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Fruitflies Ofeconomic S I G Nifi ~/.£ FRUITFLIES OFECONOMIC S I G_NIFI ~/.£. 352 Fruit Flies Fruit Pest Species 353 GENUS Rhagoletis Loew h allowed separation of nine North American Rhagoletis spp. as larvae, puparia w hi c . f h or adults, including five species in cherry and three sympatnc species 0 t e R. (figs 29, 38, 43) pomonella complex. Taxonomic notes Some species have formerly been placed in the genera Megarrhagoletis Rohdendorf, Rhagoletis cerasi (Linnaeus) Microrrhagoletis Rohdendorf and Zonosema Loew, which are synonyms of Rhagoletis. European Cherry Fruit Fly Distribution and biology The genus Rhagoletis includes about 65 known species, with representatives in the New (figs 124, 234; pI. 35) Worl~, Europe ~d temperate Asia. Most species of known biology are stenophagous, attacking the fruits of a few closely related plants, typically members of a single genus. Taxonomic notes Although there are exceptions to that rule, the range of plants attacked by a Rhagoletis This species has also been known as Musca ceras! Linnaeus,. Rhagoletis cer~orum sp. is typically very narrow compared to the pest species of Anastrepha, Bactrocera, (Dufour), R. liturata (Robineau-Desvoidy), R .. sIgnata (~elgen), T~peta sIgnata Ceratitis and Dacus. The hosts of Rhagoletis spp. usually belong to the family (Meigen), Urophora cerasorum Dufour and U. lItura~a ~obmeau-DesvOldy. !here .are Solanaceae in South America, but in the north temperate regions the host families are also forms and subspecies, which are doubtfully dlstmct, called R. cerasl !asctata Berberidaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Cornaceae, Cupressaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Ericaceae, Rohdendorf, R. cerasi nigripes Rohdendorf and R. cerasi form obsoleta Henng. Grossulariaceae, Juglandaceae and Rosaceae. The larvae of Rhagoletis spp. develop in the flesh of their host fruit and they are usually univoltine, with pupariation taking Races place in the soil beneath the host plant, and the adults mate on or near the host; a R. cerasi has two races which are referred to as northern and southern. The southern general review of Rhagoletis biology was given by Boller & Prokopy (1976). This race is found in Italy, Switzerland, southern Germany, south-western France and genu~ has been the subject of extensive work on speciation processes and evolutionary southern parts of Austria. The northern race .is fo~nd north. ~f. those areas from the genetics, and examples of that extensive literature are Bush (1969) and Berlocher & Atlantic to the Black Sea. There is a unidirectional mcompatlblhty between the races, Bush (1982). Another interesting aspect of Rhagoletis research has been the such that southern females and northern males are interfertile, but crosses between development of a technique for using trace element analysis to determine the larval southern males and northern females are sterile (Boller, 1989a; Boller et al., 1976). food of wild caught adults (Diehl & Bush, 1983). The recently established population in Crete provides an example of how the races can be identified. When southern males were crossed with Cretan females the eggs Diagnosis of third instar larva produced were all sterile, but northern males and Cretan females produced fertile eggs; Ant~nnal sensory organ with a short basal segment and cone-shaped distal segment; the Cretan population therefore belongs to the northern race (Neuen:-chwander et al., maxIllary sensory organ flat, with well defined sensilla surrounded by small cuticular 1983). The possibility of using this one way incompatibility as a basiS for con~~ol (the folds; stomal sensory organ rounded, with a peg-like sensilla; large, preoral teeth near incompatible insect technique) has been investigated (Boller et al., 1976; Blumel & base of stomal sensory organ; no preoral lobes; oral ridges in 5-13 short, unserrated Russ, 1989). rows; no accessory plates. Stout spinules forming discontinuous rows on almost all segments. Anterior spiracles with 7-35 stout tubules. Posterior spiracular slits 3-8 times Pest status and commercial hosts as long as broad, with 3-16 short, branched spiracular hairs. Anal lobes large, R. cerasi is the only serious tephritid pest in central and northern Europe and its status protuberant with well defmed tubercles and sensilla. in different countries was reviewed by Fischer-Colbrie & Busch-Petersen (1989). Recorded hosts are black cherry (Prunus serotina), mahaleb cherry (P. mahaleb), ~our Literature cherry (P. cerasus) and sweet cherry (P. avium) (Hendel, 1927; Seguy, 1934; Thiem, The following comprehensive regional keys to adults have been produced: North 1934). Hendel (1927) also recorded it from berberis (Berberis vulgaris), ~ut .that was America, Bush (1966); South and Central America, Foote (1981); Europe and probably based on a misidentification of R. berberidis Jermy (p. 388), which IS a very temperate Asia, Rohdendorf (1961). The larvae of North American pest species were similar looking species. Records from Barbary matrimony vine (Lycium barbarum) and keyed by Phillips (1946) and the three widespread species of walnut husk maggots were bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) (Phillips, 1946) were derived from 19~h centu~ data and separated by Steyskal (1973); the larvae of European and temperate Asian species were are likely to have been based on casual observation rather than reanng; Thiem (1934) keyed by Kandybina (1961; 1977). Berlocher (1980) produced an electrophoretic key listed those plants as being free from attack. F 354 Fruit Flies Fruit Pest Species 355 Adult identification A predominantly black species, with characteristic wing markings (fig. 234) and a scutellum that lacks a black basal mark (fig. 116). Description of third instar larva Larvae medium-sized, length 5.0-6.0mm; width 1.2-1.5mm. Head: Stomal sensory organs rounded, with 2 small sensilla; preoral teeth large, sclerotised, with 6 strong sharply pointed teeth (pI. 35.a, b); oral ridges not discernible; mouthhooks heavily sclerotised, each with a long, slender curved apical tooth and a much smaller preapical tooth on concave surface. Thoracic and abdominal segments: Tl with 3-4 rows of spinules ventrally but none dorsally and laterally; T2 and T3 with 3-5 rows of spinules dorsally and ventrally, but none laterally; Al with 2-3 rows dorsally and 4-5 rows ventrally; A2-A8 with very few spinules dorsally but 9-12 rows of stout spinules ventrally (pI. 35.c); A8 with intermediate lobes well developed. Anterior spiracles: 12- 16 tubules. Posterior spiracles: Each spiracular slit 4.0-5.0 times as long as broad with a thin, sclerotised rima. Dorsal and ventral hair bundles of 6-7 long (about as long as a spiracular slit) sometimes branched hairs, lateral bundles of 3-5 similar hairs. Anal area (pI. 35.c, d): Lobes large, protuberant, with a discontinuous row of small spinules anteriorly and a small concentration of spinulesjust below anal opening. Source: Based on 2 specimens from France (from canned mixed fruit). Distribution of southern race Europe: Austria, France (south-western), Germany (southern), Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Portugal, Spain, Switzerland. Distribution of northern race Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France (except south-west), Germany (except southern Germany), Greece (including Crete), Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway (not permanently established), Poland, Romania, Sweden, Turkey (north and north-west), USSR (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine), Yugoslavia. Temperate Asia: Iran, USSR (Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Russia, Tadzikistan, Turkmenistan). Several countries impose quarantine controls on cherry importation, including the United Kingdom. A distribution map showing the range of both races was produced by CIE (1989a). Fig. 234. Rhagoletis cerasi, adult female. Other references BEHAVIOUR, Katsoyannos (1989b); BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS, Howard (1989); Wild hosts BIBLIOGRAPHY, Haisch et al. (1978) and ZwOlfer (1985); ECOLOGY, Debouzie Some wild cherries (Prunus spp.) are reservoir hosts for R. cerasi. It may also attack (1989), Meats (1989a) and Ranner (1987; 1988a); CONTROL, Cirio & Vita (1980); wild honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae) (Hendel, 1927). The phenology of CYTOTAXONOMY, Bush & Boller (1977); DEVELOPMENT RATE, Fletcher R. cerasi differs between cherry and honeysuckle associated populations (Haisch & (1989a); ECOLOGY, Fletcher (1989c); IMPACT, Fimiani (1989); LARVA,Kandybina Chwala, 1979) and the honeysuckle population is either a well differentiated host race (1961; 1977), Sabatino (1974) and K.G.V. Smith (1989); PARASITOIDS, Fry (1990), or possibly a distinct species (G.L. Bush, pers. comm., 1991). Hennig (1953), Kandybina (1977) and Monaco (1984); PHEROMONES, Averill & ProkoDV (1989a). Boller &. Hllrlp.1" (lQSI'\) Rnll",.. Df nl 11012'7\ lJ...... ~_ -< _. "no"" jiiiLP 356 Fruit Flies Fruit Pest Species 357 Adult identification A complex of predominantly black species, with a characteristic combination of wing (fig. 235) and scutellar markings (fig. 119). Rhagoletis cingulata complex: R. cingulata (Loew) Eastern Cherry Fruit Fly Taxonomic notes This species has also been known as Trypeta cingulata Loew; all pre-1966 references to Rhagoletis cingulata in western North America were based on misidentifications of R. indifferens. Pest status and commercial hosts A pest of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) and sweet cherry (P. avium), which is also recorded from black cherry (P. serotina) and mahaleb cherry (P. mahaleb); it rarely attacks chokecherry (P. virginiana) and there is a doubtful record from pin cherry (P. pensylvanica) (Bush, 1966). Adult identification Plate
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