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Healthy Tadulako Journal 16 FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN

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Healthy Tadulako Journal 16 FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian ...( Ari & Sudirman) FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN PENYAKIT MALARIA DI DESA BOBALO KECAMATAN PALASA KABUPATEN PARIGI MOUTONG TAHUN 2013 Ari Krisna1, Sudirman2 1Program Studi Kesehatan Masyarakat, Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Tadulako 2 Bagian AKK, Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Tadulako Abstract Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasite (Protozoa) from Genus plasmodium, which is spread by Anopheles’ (kind of mosquito) bite. Malaria is endemic in 80% cities in Indonesia and at about 45% people who live in endemic area is at risk for malaria infection. In Central Sulawesi, there were 84.653 cases in 2011. In Parigi Moutong regency, there were 701 cases in 2011. In Bobalo village, the case was increase from 6 in 2011 to 93 in 2012. This research was aimed to find out factors related to malaria incidence in Bobalo village, Palasa district, Parigi Moutong regency. This research employed an observational analytical design with cross sectional study' approach. There were 69 samples that were obtained by purposive sampling technique. The results show there is correlation between traveling habit and malaria incidence (p=0.001), living in swampy area and malaria incidence (p=0.000), using mosquito net and malaria incidence (p=0.000), types of occupation and malaria incidence (p=0.036). Promotion and prevention efforts are needed to increase the knowledge of society in applying prevention efforts of malaria. Key words: Malaria, Bobalo village Abstrak Malaria adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh parasit (Protozoa) dari Genus plasmodium, yang dapat ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles. Di Indonesia saat ini, masih terdapat 80% Kabupaten/Kota masih termasuk kategori endemis malaria dan sekitar 45% penduduk bertempat tinggal di daerah yang beresiko tertular malaria. Di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah jumlah kasus pada tahun 2011 sebanyak 84.653 kasus. Di kabupaten Parigi Moutong jumlah kasus pada tahun 2011 sebanyak 701 kasus. Untuk Desa Bobalo jumlah kasus pada tahun 2011 sebanyak 6 kasus meningkat menjadi 93 kasus pada tahun 2012. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui “Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Penyakit Malaria di Desa Bobalo Kecamatan Palasa Kabupaten Parigi Moutong”. Jenis penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional study. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan adalah 69 orang, dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada hubungan antara kebiasaan keluar rumah dengan kejadian penyakit malaria, yaitu ρ = 0,001 atau ρ ≤ 0,05. Terdapat hubungan antara keberadaan daerah rawa dengan kejadian penyakit malaria, yaitu ρ = 0,000 atau ρ ≤ 0,05. Terdapat hubungan antara penggunaan kelambu dengan kejadian penyakit malaria, yaitu ρ = 0,000 atau ρ ≤ 0,05. Terdapat hubungan antara jenis pekerjaan dengan kejadian penyakit malaria, yaitu ρ = 0,036 atau ρ ≤ 0,05. Perlunya upaya promotif dan preventif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat agar dapat menerapkan upaya-upaya pencegahan penyakit malaria. Kata Kunci : Malaria, Desa Bobalo. Healthy Tadulako Journal 16 Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako Vol. 1 No. 1, Januari 2015 : 16-27 PENDAHULUAN terinfeksi malaria dan lebih dari 1 juta orang meninggal dunia. Kasus terbanyak Malaria adalah penyakit menular yang terdapat di Afrika dan beberapa negara disebabkan oleh parasit (Protozoa) dari Asia termasuk Indonesia, Amerika Latin, genus Plasmodium yang dapat ditularkan Timur Tengah dan beberapa bagian melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles betina. Negara Eropa dan penyakit ini mampu Istilah Malaria diambil dari dua kata membunuh anak setiap 20 detiknya dan bahasa Italia, yaitu “mal” (buruk) dan menjadi penyakit paling mematikan “area” (udara) atau udara buruk karena (WHO, 2010). dahulu banyak terdapat di daerah rawa- rawa yang mengeluarkan bau busuk. Sampai tahun 2010, ada sekitar 80% Penyakit ini juga mempunyai beberapa Kabupaten/Kota masih termasuk kategori nama lain, seperti demam aroma, demam endemis malaria di Indonesia dan sekitar rawa, demam tropik, demam pantai, 45% penduduk bertempat tinggal di demam charges dan demam kura (Muhtar, daerah yang beresiko tertular malaria. 2008). Sementara jumlah kasus yang dilaporkan pada tahun 2010 sebanyak 1.840.703 Malaria adalah penyakit yang disebabkan orang. Sedangkan jumlah penduduk yang oleh parasit Plasmodium dan ditularkan beresiko terinfeksi penyakit malaria untuk oleh nyamuk Anopheles. Penyebaran tahun 2010 adalah sebanyak 119.701.457 malaria di dunia sangat luas yakni antara orang, adapun penyebaran penyakit garis bujur 64° Lintang Utara dan 32° malaria cukup merata di seluruh kawasan Lintang Selatan yang meliputi lebih dari Indonesia, terutama di luar Jawa dan Bali. 100 negara yang beriklim tropis dan sub Jumlah ini mungkin lebih kecil dari tropis. Penduduk yang berisiko terkena keadaan yang sebenarnya karena lokasi malaria berjumlah sekitar 2,3 miliar atau yang endemis malaria adalah Desa-Desa 41% dari penduduk dunia. Setiap tahun yang terpencil dengan sarana transportasi jumlah kasus malaria berjumlah 300-500 yang sulit dan akses pelayanan kesehatan juta dan mengakibatkan 1,5 s/d 2,7 juta yang rendah (Kemenkes, 2010). kematian, terutama di Afrika sub Sahara. Wilayah di dunia yang kini sudah bebas Berkaitan dengan penyebaran malaria, ada malaria adalah Eropa, Amerika Utara, tiga faktor utama yang saling sebagian besar Timur Tengah, sebagian berhubungan yakni Host besar Karibia, sebagian besar Amerika (manusia/nyamuk), Agent (parasit Selatan, Australia dan Cina (WHO, 2010). plasmodium) dan Environment (lingkungan). Penyebaran malaria terjadi Malaria ditemukan hampir di seluruh apabila ketiga komponen tersebut bagian dunia, terutama di negara-negara mendukung. Sebagai Host Intermediate, yang beriklim tropis dan subtropis, seperti manusia bisa terinfeksi oleh Agent dan beberapa bagian Benua Afrika dan Asia merupakan tempat berkembangbiaknya Tenggara. World Health Organization Agent. demikian pula dengan cara hidup, (WHO), memperkirakan setiap satu tahun berpengaruh terhadap penularan, misalnya lebih dari 500 juta penduduk dunia tidur dengan kelambu relatif lebih aman Healthy Tadulako Journal 17 Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako Vol. 1 No. 1, Januari 2015 : 16-28 dari infeksi parasit. Sedangkan faktor Kecamatan Palasa Kabupaten Parigi lingkungan yang cukup memberi Moutong tahun 2011, jumlah kasus pengaruh antara lain lingkungan fisik malaria di Desa Bobalo sebanyak 6 kasus seperti suhu udara, kelembaban, hujan, positif malaria dan pada tahun 2012 angin, sinar matahari, arus air, lingkungan jumlah kasus malaria positif mengalami kimiawi, lingkungan biologi peningkatan yang signifikan yaitu (mikroorganisme pathogen) dan sebanyak 93 kasus positif malaria yang lingkungan sosial budaya. Tumbuhan diikuti dengan Kejadian Luar Biasa bakau, lumut, ganggang dan berbagai (KLB) Malaria di daerah tersebut (Dinkes jenis tumbuhan lain dapat mempengaruhi Kab. Parigi Moutong, 2011). kehidupan larva nyamuk karena ia dapat menghalangi sinar matahari (Chandra, Malaria menjadi masalah kesehatan 2007). masyarakat, yang berdampak pada penurunan Human Development Index Hal ini sesuai dengan teori H. L. Blum (HDI) karena dapat menimbulkan dalam Notoatmodjo (2005), derajat turunnya kualitas sumber daya manusia kesehatan seseorang ataupun masyarakat dan berbagai masalah sosial, ekonomi, dipengaruhi oleh empat faktor, yaitu kemiskinan dan keterbelakangan. Malaria lingkungan, perilaku, pelayanan kesehatan merupakan penyebab meningkatnya angka dan keturunan. Hasil penelitian di negara kesakitan dan kematian. Gangguan maju, diantara faktor tersebut, yang kesehatan ibu dan anak dapat mempunyai andil paling besar terhadap menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi status kesehatan adalah lingkungan. Di termasuk anemia. Anemia yang diderita negara berkembang, perilaku mempunyai ibu hamil dapat menyebabkan perdarahan kontribusi yang lebih besar. Oleh karena bahkan kematian saat persalinan, berat itu, sebenarnya perilaku akan bayi lahir rendah, dan gangguan mempengaruhi pula kondisi lingkungan pertumbuhan pada anak yang yang ada di sekitar manusia. mengakibatkan mundurnya kemampuan kognitif dan kemampuan memahami Berdasarkan data profil Dinas Kesehatan pelajaran di sekolah. Produktifitas Propinsi Sulawesi Tengah tahun 2011 angkatan kerja rendah, oleh karena itu jika jumlah kasus malaria sebanyak 84.653 Indonesia berhasil bebas dari malaria orang dan penduduk yang beresiko maka akan didapat peningkatan kesehatan terinfeksi malaria sebanyak 2.685.024 masyarakat dan mutu generasi penerus orang (Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Sulawesi bangsa. Tengah, 2011). Hal inilah yang menjadi alasan peneliti Berdasarkan data profil Dinas Kesehatan untuk melakukan penelitian tentang Kabupaten Parigi Moutong jumlah kasus “Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan malaria untuk tahun 2011 sebanyak 701 Kejadian Penyakit Malaria di Desa kasus positif dan yang beresiko terinfeksi Bobalo Kecamatan Palasa Kabupaten malaria sebanyak 421.438 orang. Parigi Moutong”, mengingat malaria saat ini merupakan penyakit berbahaya dan Berdasarkan data Puskesmas Palasa Healthy Tadulako Journal 18 Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako Vol. 1 No. 1, Januari 2015 : 16-28 hampir setiap tahunnya mengalami sebanyak 40 orang atau 58%. Sedangkan peningkatan kasus. yang terendah pada pria yaitu sebanyak 29 orang atau 42%. BAHAN DAN CARA Tabel 2. Distribusi Responden menurut Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah Golongan Umur di Desa Bobalo Kec. penelitian Analitik dengan pendekatan Palasa Kab. Parigi Moutong Tahun Cross sectional
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