DOCSLIB.ORG

DHS' Roles in Food in Defense and Critical Infrastructure Protection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DHS' Roles in Food in Defense and Critical Infrastructure Protection DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Office of Inspector General The Department of Homeland Security’s Role in Food Defense and Critical Infrastructure Protection OIG-07-33 February 2007 Office of Inspector General U.S. Department of Homeland Security Washington, DC 20528 February 23, 2007 Preface The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Inspector General (OIG) was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-296) by amendment to the Inspector General Act of 1978. This is one of a series of audit, inspection, and special reports prepared as part of our oversight responsibilities to promote economy, effectiveness, and efficiency within the department. This report assesses actions taken by DHS in support of food defense and critical infrastructure protection. It is based on interviews with employees and officials of relevant agencies and institutions, direct observations, and a review of applicable documents. The recommendations herein have been developed to the best knowledge available to our office, and have been discussed in draft with those responsible for implementation. It is our hope that this report will result in more effective, efficient, and economical operations. We express our appreciation to all those who contributed to this report. Richard L. Skinner Inspector General Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 1 Background..................................................................................................................................... 2 Overview of the Food Sector ................................................................................................... 2 Hazards to the Food Sector...................................................................................................... 3 Potential Impacts of Food Sector Hazards............................................................................... 6 A Historical Perspective on Federal Food Defense and Critical Infrastructure Protection Responsibilities........................................................................................................................ 8 DHS Food Sector Responsibilities ........................................................................................ 12 Challenges Intrinsic to the Fulfillment of DHS’ Mandate..................................................... 14 Results of Review ........................................................................................................................ 17 DHS’ Internal Coordination of Food Sector Activities ......................................................... 17 Distribution of DHS Food Sector Activities.............................................................. 17 Management of DHS Food Sector Activities ............................................................ 20 Need for Consolidated DHS Food Sector Leadership ............................................... 27 Public and Private Partners .................................................................................................... 28 Sector Governance and Information Sharing............................................................. 29 Charting and Protecting the Food Sector................................................................... 44 Coordination of Research and Development, Education and Training Initiatives .... 50 Prioritization Challenges........................................................................................................ 59 DHS Fulfillment of its Responsibilities................................................................................. 68 Opportunities for Additional Work........................................................................................ 74 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 87 Management Comments and OIG Analysis...................................................................... 88 Appendices Appendix A Purpose, Scope, and Methodology................................................................. 98 Appendix B Recommendations.......................................................................................... 99 Appendix C Management Comments on the Draft Report ............................................... 101 Appendix D Farm-to-Table Continuum ............................................................................ 120 Appendix E Federal Food Sector Regulatory Oversight................................................... 121 Appendix F Critical Infrastructure Sectors and Designated Sector-Specific Agencies.... 124 Appendix G DHS Food Sector Responsibilities ............................................................... 125 Appendix H DHS Food-Sector-Related Programs and Initiatives .................................... 128 Appendix I The Food Sector in Frameworks for Infrastructure Protection, National Preparedness, and Incident Management....................................... 136 Appendix J Chronology of Significant Events................................................................. 144 Appendix K Major Contributors to This Report ............................................................... 147 Appendix L Report Distribution ....................................................................................... 148 DHS’ Role in Food Defense and Critical Infrastructure Protection Contents Tables Table 1 DHS Food Defense and Critical Infrastructure Protection Activities and Initiatives ................................................................................ 19 Table 2 Areas of Shared DHS Food Defense and Critical Infrastructure Protection Program Thrust .............................................................................................. 24 Table 3 DHS Execution of Food-Related Responsibilities......................................... 68 Table 4 Critical Infrastructure Sectors and Sector-Specific Agencies....................... 124 Table 5 DHS Food Sector Responsibilities and Their Origins .................................. 125 Figures Figure 1 Review Focus Along Incident Timeline ........................................................ 13 Figure 2 Farm-to-Table Continuum ............................................................................ 120 Figure 3 Regulatory Oversight of Sample Foods........................................................ 123 Figure 4 Food Sector Elements of Homeland Security Frameworks.......................... 141 Abbreviations CBP Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services DHS Department of Homeland Security FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation, Department of Justice FDA Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services GAO Government Accountability Office HHS Department of Health and Human Services ISAC Information Sharing and Analysis Center NCFPD National Center for Food Protection and Defense NIPP National Infrastructure Protection Plan S&T Science and Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security UC Davis University of California, Davis U.S. United States U.S.C. United States Code USDA United States Department of Agriculture DHS’ Role in Food Defense and Critical Infrastructure Protection OIG Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General Executive Summary The federal government is charged with defending the food supply from intentional attacks and natural hazards. While the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is not the designated lead for a number of key activities in this area, Congress and the President have assigned DHS many important food defense and critical infrastructure protection responsibilities. This report examines DHS activities relating to post-harvest food, and focuses on prevention, protection, preparedness, and detection efforts. There are four main limitations in DHS’ related efforts. First, DHS must improve internal coordination. DHS food sector activities are distributed across multiple organizational units, and similar program thrusts have emerged. Consolidated management attention is required to reduce the risk of duplication and promote collaboration. Second, DHS needs to engage its public and private food sector partners more effectively. Food sector partners were frustrated by the quality and extent of DHS external coordination in sector governance and information sharing; mapping; and research, development, education, and training. Third, DHS could do more to prioritize resources and activities based on risk. DHS units have used different approaches to prioritizing food sector activities in the context of their larger missions, and have not developed a common perspective on food sector risk. There is little consensus on how any of the elements of risk apply to the food sector, and staff in key positions expressed misinformed views about food sector risk. Finally, DHS must fully discharge its food sector responsibilities. DHS has satisfied basic requirements in most, but not all, areas of responsibility. The department has not submitted an integrated federal food defense budget plan or clearly established assessment standards for use in the food sector. Our report contains 16 recommendations to enhance DHS’ performance and improve the security posture of the food supply. DHS concurred with 12 of these recommendations.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Shortage of Skilled Workers Looms in U.S. - Los Angeles Times
    Shortage of skilled workers looms in U.S. - Los Angeles Times http://articles.latimes.com/2008/apr/21/local/me-immiglabor21 California | Local You are here: LAT Home > Articles > 2008 > April > 21 > California | Local Shortage of skilled workers looms in U.S. By Teresa Watanabe April 21, 2008 With baby boomers preparing to retire as the best educated and most skilled workforce in U.S. history, a growing chorus of demographers and labor experts is raising concerns that workers in California and the nation lack the critical skills needed to replace them. In particular, experts say, the immigrant workers needed to fill many of the boomer jobs lack the English-language skills and basic educational levels to do so. Many immigrants are ill-equipped to fill California’s fastest-growing positions, including computer software engineers, registered nurses and customer service representatives, a new study by the Washington-based Migration Policy Institute found. Immigrants – legal and illegal – already constitute almost half of the workers in Los Angeles County and are expected to account for nearly all of the growth in the nation’s working-age population by 2025 because native-born Americans are having fewer children. But the study, based largely on U.S. Census data, noted that 60% of the county’s immigrant workers struggle with English and one-third lack high school diplomas. The looming mismatch in the skills employers need and those workers offer could jeopardize the future economic vitality of California and the nation, experts say. Los Angeles County, the largest immigrant metropolis with about 3.5 million foreign-born residents, is at the forefront of this demographic trend.
    [Show full text]
  • Plaintiffs Filed a Motion for Preliminary Injunction, Or in the Alternative
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PHILIP KINSLEY, et al. Plaintiffs, Civil Action No. 1:21-cv-00962-JEB v. ANTONY J. BLINKEN, et al. PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION OR Defendants. SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN THE ALTERNATIVE AILA Doc. No. 21040834. (Posted 6/15/21) PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR A PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION OR SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN THE ALTERNATIVE Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65 and Local Civil Rule 65.1, Plaintiffs respectfully move the Court for a preliminary injunction, or in the alternative, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 and Local Civil Rule 7, summary judgment to enjoin Defendants from continuing a “no visa policy” in specific consulates as a means to implement suspensions on entry to the United States under Presidential Proclamations issued under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(f), Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA” ) § 212(f). The parties conferred and submitted a joint scheduling order consistent with the procedural approach for an expedited resolution of this matter. See ECF No. 14. The filing of this motion complies with the agreed upon schedule, though undersigned counsel understands the Court has yet to grant the parties’ motion. Id. Dated: June 11, 2021 Respectfully Submitted, __/s/ Jeff Joseph_ Jeff D. Joseph Joseph & Hall P.C. 12203 East Second Avenue Aurora, CO 80011 (303) 297-9171 [email protected] D.C. Bar ID: CO0084 Greg Siskind Siskind Susser PC 1028 Oakhaven Rd. Memphis, TN 39118 [email protected] D.C. Bar ID: TN0021 Charles H. Kuck Kuck Baxter Immigration, LLC 365 Northridge Rd, Suite 300 Atlanta, GA 30350 [email protected] AILA Doc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Labor Department's Green-Card Test -- Fair Process Or Bureaucratic
    The Labor Department’s Green-Card Test -- Fair Process or Bureaucratic Whim? Angelo A. Paparelli, Ted J. Chiappari and Olivia M. Sanson* Governments everywhere, the United States included, are tasked with resolving disputes in peaceful, functional ways. One such controversy involves the tension between American employers seeking to tap specialized talent from abroad and U.S. workers who value their own job opportunities and working conditions and who may see foreign-born job seekers as unwelcome competition. Given these conflicting concerns, especially in the current economic climate, this article will review recent administrative agency decisions involving permanent labor certification – a labor-market testing process designed to determine if American workers are able, available and willing to fill jobs for which U.S. employers seek to sponsor foreign-born staff so that these non-citizens can receive green cards (permanent residence). The article will show that the U.S. Department of Labor (“DOL”), the agency that referees such controversies, has failed to resolve these discordant interests to anyone’s satisfaction; instead the DOL has created and oversees the labor-market test – technically known as the Program Electronic Review Management (“PERM”) labor certification process – in ways that may suggest bureaucratic whim rather than neutral agency action. The DOL’s PERM process – the usual prerequisite1 for American businesses to employ foreign nationals on a permanent (indefinite) basis – is the method prescribed by the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) for negotiating this conflict of interests in the workplace. At first blush, the statutorily imposed resolution seems reasonable, requiring the DOL to certify in each case that the position offered to the foreign citizen could not be filled by a U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Per-Country Limits on Permanent Employment-Based Immigration
    Numerical Limits on Permanent Employment- Based Immigration: Analysis of the Per-country Ceilings Carla N. Argueta Analyst in Immigration Policy July 28, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42048 Numerical Limits on Employment-Based Immigration Summary The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) specifies a complex set of numerical limits and preference categories for admitting lawful permanent residents (LPRs) that include economic priorities among the criteria for admission. Employment-based immigrants are admitted into the United States through one of the five available employment-based preference categories. Each preference category has its own eligibility criteria and numerical limits, and at times different application processes. The INA allocates 140,000 visas annually for employment-based LPRs, which amount to roughly 14% of the total 1.0 million LPRs in FY2014. The INA further specifies that each year, countries are held to a numerical limit of 7% of the worldwide level of LPR admissions, known as per-country limits or country caps. Some employers assert that they continue to need the “best and the brightest” workers, regardless of their country of birth, to remain competitive in a worldwide market and to keep their firms in the United States. While support for the option of increasing employment-based immigration may be dampened by economic conditions, proponents argue it is an essential ingredient for economic growth. Those opposing increases in employment-based LPRs assert that there is no compelling evidence of labor shortages and cite the rate of unemployment across various occupations and labor markets. With this economic and political backdrop, the option of lifting the per-country caps on employment-based LPRs has become increasingly popular.
    [Show full text]
  • Why the Securing America's Future Act, 2.0 Won't Fix the Farm Labor Crisis
    WHY THE SECURING AMERICA’S FUTURE ACT, 2.0 WON’T FIX THE FARM LABOR CRISIS AREA OF CONCERN #1: CURRENT WORKFORCE The proposed single solution, a new H-2C program, will not provide a workable solution for our current workforce. While the SAF Act 2.0 does make a number of improvements that agriculture has been asking for over the past several months, it continues to lack provisions for an effective, stable transition in which we can be confident the current workforce will participate. SAF Act Provisions Why Ag Is Concerned Offers experienced, unauthorized agricultural workers At least half of the ~2 million farm workers hired the ability to participate in the H-2C guest worker each year lack proper status. Requiring initial program. This allows them to attain legal work status departure from the U.S. will lead to chaos for H-2C and the ability to travel to and from the United States. users and non-users alike, despite proposals for a “pre-certification” process addressing employer Requires unauthorized agricultural workers to eligibility. The average term of employment of the temporarily leave the U.S. in order to join the H-2C workforce exceeds 14 years. It is unlikely that program, which they must do within the first 12 months married falsely documented farm workers will of enactment of the final rules implementing the Act. voluntarily elect to join a program that increases the chances their immediate family will be deported. Once they are in the H-2C program, seasonal workers Production ag needs a stabilization period which will are required to depart the country every 24 months and allow current experienced workers to apply and be go through the visa process again.
    [Show full text]
  • Driver's Licenses, State ID, and Michigan Immigrants
    Driver’s Licenses, State ID, and Michigan Immigrants DRAFT Introduction Since 2008, Michigan has required applicants for driver’s licenses and state identification to provide proof of U.S. citizenship or immigration status. This change was part of a series of post-9/11 changes, and has had significant consequences for all Michiganders who use the roads. Ten states, plus the District of Columbia, have already changed their laws to permit some form of legal driving without proof of immigration status.1 States have chosen to restore access to driver’s licenses irrespective of immigration status to address significant economic and public safety-related challenges posed by greatly-increased numbers of unlicensed drivers, including reductions the agricultural workforce, exclusion from the insurance market, This report highlights the economic and safety benefits to all Michigan residents of expanding access to driver’s licenses for all otherwise-eligible Michigan drivers. Section One describes the legal background, the federal REAL ID Act and states’ relationship to it; Section Two explores potential benefits to the State of Michigan by allowing more individuals to be eligible for state driver’s licenses and identification cards; and Section Three states specific recommended changes to Michigan law. Section 1: Background A. Background of Michigan Driver’s Licenses & REAL ID Act Compliance Prior to 2008, Michigan law contained no requirement that an applicant for a driver’s license or state ID card needed a specific immigration or citizenship status in order to be eligible. Applicants did have to submit documents that were sufficient to prove identity and establish state residency.
    [Show full text]
  • COYOTES Animal Damage Control Lakewood, Colorado 80228
    Jeffrey S. Green Assistant Regional Director USDA-APHIS- COYOTES Animal Damage Control Lakewood, Colorado 80228 F. Robert Henderson Extension Specialist Animal Damage Control Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 66506-1600 Mark D. Collinge State Director USDA-APHIS- Animal Damage Control Boise, Idaho 83705 Fig. 1. Coyote, Canis latrans Damage Prevention and Shed lambing, kidding, and calving Toxicants usually reduce coyote predation. Control Methods M-44 ejector devices for use with Remove carrion to help limit coyote sodium cyanide-loaded plastic Exclusion populations. capsules. They are most effective Produce livestock in confinement. Frightening Agents and during cold weather (fall to spring). Repellents Herd livestock into pens at night. Livestock protection collars (LPC) Guarding dogs: Some dogs have containing Compound 1080 Exclusion fences (net-wire and/or (sodium monofluoroacetate) are electric), properly constructed and significantly reduced coyote predation. registered for use only in certain maintained, can aid significantly in states. reducing predation. Donkeys and llamas: Some are Fumigants Cultural Methods and aggressive toward canines and have Habitat Modification reduced coyote predation. Gas cartridges are registered as a burrow (den) fumigant. Select pastures that have a lower Sonic and visual repellents: Strobe incidence of predation to reduce lights, sirens, propane cannons, and Trapping exposure of livestock to predation. others have reduced predation on both sheep and calves. Leghold traps (Nos. 3 and 4) are Herding of livestock generally reduces effective and are the most versatile Chemical odor and taste repellents: predation due to human presence control tool. during the herding period. None have shown sufficient effectiveness to be registered for Snares are effective where coyotes pass Change lambing, kidding, and calving use.
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Customs and Border Protection General Notices
    U.S. Customs and Border Protection General Notices AGENCY INFORMATION COLLECTION ACTIVITIES: Cost Submission AGENCY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security. ACTION: 30-Day Notice and request for comments; Extension of an existing information collection: 1651–0028. SUMMARY: U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) of the De- partment of Homeland Security has submitted the following infor- mation collection request to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and approval in accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act: Cost Submission. This is a proposed extension of an information collection that was previously approved. CBP is propos- ing that this information collection be extended with no change to the burden hours. This document is published to obtain comments form the public and affected agencies. This proposed information col- lection was previously published in the Federal Register (72 FR 59104) on October 18, 2007, allowing for a 60-day comment period. This notice allows for an additional 30 days for public comments. This process is conducted in accordance with 5 CFR 1320.10. DATES: Written comments should be received on or before Febru- ary 15, 2008. ADDRESSES: Interested persons are invited to submit written comments on the proposed information collection to the Office of In- formation and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Bud- get. Comments should be addressed to Nathan Lesser, Desk Officer, Department of Homeland Security/Customs and Border Protection, and sent via electronic mail to [email protected] or faxed to (202) 395–6974. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) encourages the general public and affected Federal agencies to submit written comments 1 2 CUSTOMS BULLETIN AND DECISIONS, VOL.
    [Show full text]
  • The Biden Administration IMMIGRATION PRIORITIES
    The Biden Administration IMMIGRATION PRIORITIES TRUMP ADMINISTRATION BIDEN ADMINISTRATION Twilight Executive Action First 100 Days 300 Days 500 Days Green Card Interviews. Re-prioritize green card interviews Public Charge. Revise document requirements for establishing New Rules. Issue new final DOL wage rule; issue new final New Rules. Suspend implementation of new final rules to focus on fraud data, removing interview requirements for financial capacity. DHS Strengthening H-1B rule (not published); and issue final pending review by Biden administration and withdraw employment-based applications and focusing on marriage- rule on H-1B lottery selection based on wage levels. DHS Strengthening H-1B rule. On January 20, the Biden based applications. Administration placed a temporary, 60-day regulatory On February 4, the Biden Administration announced that the freeze on certain rulemaking, including these new rules. effective date of the H-1B Wage Selection Final Rule will be delayed until December 31, 2021. Travel and Visa Bans. Rescind Proclamation 10052 STEM PhD H Cap Exemption. Exempt recent graduates of Annual EB Quotas. Work with Congress to increase the number Travel and Visa Bans. Extend COVID-related travel suspension of entry for certain H-1B, L-1, J-1, and H-2B PhD programs in STEM fields in the United States from annual of annual employment-based, immigrant visas beyond 140,000 restrictions and nonimmigrant (H-1B, L-1, J-1 and H-2B) visa non-immigrants and Proclamation 10014 suspension of H-1B caps. and create a process for varying the number based on and green card bans. new immigrant visas. contemporary economic circumstances.
    [Show full text]
  • Equal Access to Green Cards for Legal Employment (EAGLE) Act of 2021 Section-By-Section
    Equal Access to Green cards for Legal Employment (EAGLE) Act of 2021 Section-by-Section SEC. 1. SHORT TITLE. Establishes the short titles of the bill as the “Equal Access to Green cards for Legal Employment Act of 2021” or “EAGLE Act.” SEC. 2. NUMERICAL LIMITATION TO ANY SINGLE FOREIGN STATE. • Eliminates the “per country” limitation on employment-based immigrant visas and raises it from 7 percent to 15 percent for family-based immigrant visas. • Restores 1,000 employment-based visas per fiscal year that have been set aside for applicants under the Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992. • Establishes an effective date of the first day of the second fiscal year after the date of the enactment of the Act. • Provides for a 9-year transition period for the elimination of the per-country limit for the employment-based second (EB-2 advanced degree professionals/exceptional ability aliens) and employment-based third (EB-3 professionals/skilled workers/other worker) preference categories as follows: o Reserved Visas for Lower Admission States. Reserves visas for countries other than the two countries with highest demand for such visas (India and China) for nine fiscal years (FY) as follows: . FY 1: 30% of such visas. FY 2: 25% of such visas. FY 3: 20% of such visas. FY 4: 15% of such visas. FY 5 and 6: 10% of such visas. FY 7, 8, and 9: 5% of such visas. o Reserved Visas for New Arrivals. For FY 1 through FY 9, reserves an additional 5.75% of such visas for individuals from countries other than India and China, to be allocated in the following order of priority: (1) derivatives who are accompanying or following-to-join a principal in the United States; (2) new principal arrivals who have not lived or worked in the United States in the 4 years preceding the filing of the immigrant visa petition; and (3) other new arrivals.
    [Show full text]
  • Riverside Lawyer Magazine
    C M Y K C M Y K 100 100 100 100 25 50 75 100 100 100 100 25 50 75 100 100 100 100 25 50 75 100 100 100100 100100 10025 10050 2575 50100 75100 100100 100100 100BLU GRN100 RED25 50100 75100 100100 100100 10050 10050 2550 50100 75100 100100 100100 10050,39,39100 2550 50100 75100 100100 100100 100 100 BLU300 GRN100 RED100 100100 100100 100 100 50330 50 50 100 100 100 100 50,39,39 50 100 100 100 100 300 100 100 100 100 330 GATF Digital Four-Color Control Bar (version 2.3) GATF Digital Four-Color Control Bar (version 2.3) Bar Association - CVR-RCL 0812 GTO 338809.indd, Chris, 08/29/12, 11:27AM, 2540 dpi, 200 lpi, STOCK= 80# house gloss book, RUN SIZE= 12x18, CUT= 11x17, PRESS QTY= 1,155, FINISHED QTY=1,155 • SIGNATURE 1 OF 2 PRSRT STD Riverside US POSTAGE County LAWYER PAID PERMIT #1054 Riverside County Bar Association RIVERSIDE, CA 4129 Main St., Ste. 100, Riverside, CA 92501 RCBA 951-682-1015 LRS 951-682-7520 September 2012 • Volume 62 Number 8 MAGAZINE www.riversidecountybar.com [email protected] In This Issue: Are Your Clients Considering Sponsoring Someone for a Work Visa or Green Card? What They Need to Know! California’s Expansive Criminal Law Provisions Protecting Elders Assist Immigrant Victims of Abuse CYAN Ethically and Effectively Represent a Non-U.S. Citizen in the Criminal Defense Court Asylum in America MAGENTA Bi-National Same-Sex Couples Present Another Challenge to DOMA Overview of the Inadmissibility and Removability Process Reaffirming Federal Control Over Immigration YELLOW Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals The Cantor-Adams Bill: On Gutting VAWA BLACK BOARD OF DIRECTORS:Harry H.
    [Show full text]
  • A Quest for Acceptance: the Real ID Act and the Need for Comprehensive Gender Recognition Legislation in the United States
    Michigan Journal of Gender & Law Volume 14 Issue 2 2008 A Quest for Acceptance: The Real ID Act and the Need for Comprehensive Gender Recognition Legislation in the United States Jason Allen Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjgl Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Law and Gender Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Legislation Commons Recommended Citation Jason Allen, A Quest for Acceptance: The Real ID Act and the Need for Comprehensive Gender Recognition Legislation in the United States, 14 MICH. J. GENDER & L. 169 (2008). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjgl/vol14/iss2/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Gender & Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUEST FOR ACCEPTANCE: THE REAL ID ACT AND THE NEED FOR COMPREHENSIVE GENDER RECOGNITION LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES Jason (4llen* I. INTRODUCTION 169 II. UNDERSTANDING THE TRANSGENDER WORLD • 172 III. THE VALUE OF GENDER RECOGNITION • 175 A. The Lackluster U.S. System • 176 1. Statutory Law • 176 2. Case Law • 178 B. A ProgressiveApproach to Gender Recognition: The United Kingdom • 180 1. Corbett v. Corbett- Adoption of the Biological Test • 180 2. The ECHR Intervenes: The Road to Goodwin • 181 3. The U.K. Solution: The Gender Recognition Act • 184 IV. IMPROVING THE GRA: NATIONAL GENDER RECOGNITION LEGISLATION FOR THE UNITED STATES • 186 A.
    [Show full text]