Humour in Terry Pratchett's Discworld Series - Application of Psychological and Linguistic Theories of Humour

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Humour in Terry Pratchett's Discworld Series - Application of Psychological and Linguistic Theories of Humour Humour in Terry Pratchett's Discworld Series - Application of Psychological and Linguistic Theories of Humour Raisa Aromaa University of Tampere School of Language, Translation and Literary Studies English Philology Pro Gradu Thesis March 2011 Tampereen yliopisto Englantilainen filologia Kieli-, käännös- ja kirjallisuustieteiden yksikkö AROMAA, RAISA: Humour in Terry Pratchett's Discworld Series - Application of Psychological and Linguistic Theories of Humour Pro gradu -tutkielma, 109 sivua + liite (2 sivua) Kevät 2011 Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa käsitellään huumoria Terry Pratchettin Discworld-romaaneissa. Tutkielmassa pyritään vastaamaan seuraaviin tutkimusongelmiin: mikä tekee kirjoista kerätyt esimerkit hauskoiksi, miksi jotkin esimerkit ovat hauskempia kuin toiset, mitä tekniikoita huumorin luomiseen on käytetty, ovatko jotkin tekniikat yleisempiä kuin muut sekä kuinka hyvin nykyiset huumoriteoriat ovat sovellettavissa tutkimusaineistoon ja ovatko kyseiset teoriat riittäviä. Tutkielma koostuu teoriaosuudesta sekä analyysiosuudesta. Huumoriteorioista esitellään kolme suurinta psykologista teoriaryhmää (ylemmyys-, huojennus- ja inkongruenssiteoriat) sekä kaksi tunnetuinta lingvististä huumoriteoriaa (Semantic Script Theory of Humour ja General Theory of Verbal Humour). Tutkimusaineisto sisältää 521 esimerkkiä, jotka on kerätty 25 ensimmäisestä Discworld-romaanista. Aineistoa analysoidaan teoriaosuudessa esiteltävien psykologisten sekä lingvististen huumoriteorioiden avulla, ja teorioihin pohjautuvia hypoteeseja testataan löydöksillä. Esimerkeistä arvioidaan hauskuus viisiportaisella asteikolla, vihamielisyys (kohde, hyökkäystyyli ja sympatia kohdetta kohtaan) sekä hävyttömyys (tabuaihe ja voimakkuus viisiportaisella asteikolla). Lisäksi esimerkit analysoidaan lingvististen teorioiden avulla ja jaotellaan ryhmiin tekniikoiden perusteella. Analyysin tulokset osoittavat useimmat hypoteesit paikkansapitäviksi. Hauskuutta parantaa vihamielinen ja hävytön sisältö, oivaltava ja tuore idea, hyvin toteutettu lingvistinen rakenne sekä kohtuullisen vaativa päättelyprosessi. Negatiivisia tekijöitä ovat vihamielisten ja hävyttömien elementtien täysi puuttuminen, toisto ja keinotekoisuus sekä liian helppo tai vaikea päättelyprosessi. Sen sijaan tulokset kumoavat hypoteesin, jonka mukaan voimakas hävyttömyys tai vihamielisyys sympatiaa osakseen saavia kohteita vastaan vaikuttaisivat negatiivisesti hauskuuteen. Tutkimuksessa käy ilmi, että huumorin hauskuus riippuu monen tekijän kokonaisuudesta, jossa yksikään osa ei saa olla ala-arvoinen. Tutkielmassa ehdotetaan, että huumorin hauskuuteen vaikuttavat eniten onnistunut idea sekä kielellinen toteutus, joiden jälkeen vihamieliset elementit ovat hieman tärkeämpiä kuin hävytön sisältö. Tutkimustulokset viittaavat siihen, että nykyiset huumoriteoriat eivät yksinään riitä monimutkaisten humorististen tekstien analysoimiseen ja hauskuuden selittämiseen. Sen sijaan yhdistelemällä niiden tarjoamia mahdollisuuksia, voidaan huumoria tutkia varsin kattavasti. Avainsanat: huumori, Terry Pratchett, Discworld, psykologiset ja lingvistiset huumoriteoriat, SSTH, GTVH i Table of contents 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................1 2. Humour research.....................................................................................................................4 2.1 Defining humour and problematic issues..................................................................4 2.2 Humour research.......................................................................................................8 3. Theories of humour...............................................................................................................11 3.1 Psychological theories of humour...........................................................................11 3.1.1 Hostility theories......................................................................................12 3.1.2 Release theories........................................................................................14 3.1.3 Incongruity theories..................................................................................20 3.2 Linguistic theories of humour.................................................................................28 3.2.1 The Semantic Script Theory of Humour (the SSTH)...............................28 3.2.2 The General Theory of Verbal Humour (the GTVH)...............................38 3.2.3 Further developments of linguistic theories.............................................43 4. Materials and methods..........................................................................................................46 4.1 Terry Pratchett and the Discworld novels...............................................................46 4.2 The approach to the present study...........................................................................48 5. Psychological dimensions.....................................................................................................54 5.1 Hostile content.........................................................................................................54 5.1.1 Targets......................................................................................................55 5.1.2 Types of hostility......................................................................................57 5.1.3 Sympathy with the targets........................................................................59 5.1.4 Discussion.................................................................................................60 5.2 Obscene content......................................................................................................62 5.2.1 Taboos.......................................................................................................63 5.2.2 The level of explicitness...........................................................................65 5.2.3 Discussion.................................................................................................66 6. Linguistic techniques and structures.....................................................................................69 6.1 Ambiguity and incongruity at different linguistic levels.........................................69 6.1.1 Lower linguistic levels.............................................................................69 6.1.2 Higher linguistic levels.............................................................................74 6.1.3 Discussion.................................................................................................78 6.2 Script analysis of the examples...............................................................................81 6.2.1 Scripts.......................................................................................................82 6.2.2 Script overlap............................................................................................83 6.2.3 Script opposition.......................................................................................84 6.2.4 Script-switch triggers................................................................................88 6.2.5 Discussion.................................................................................................89 6.3 Knowledge resources and lines...............................................................................90 6.3.1 Script opposition (SO)..............................................................................90 6.3.2 Logical mechanism (LM).........................................................................91 6.3.3 Situation (SI)............................................................................................98 6.3.4 Target (TA)...............................................................................................98 6.3.5 Narrative strategy (NS).............................................................................99 ii 6.3.6 Language (LA).......................................................................................100 7. Discussion...........................................................................................................................103 8. Conclusion..........................................................................................................................108 Bibliography............................................................................................................................110 Works cited..................................................................................................................110 Primary sources...........................................................................................................112 Appendix 1: List of groups in the corpus................................................................................113 iii 1. Introduction Humour and laughter have always interested people and even early philosophers tried to analyse it. The reason for the intriguing nature of humour is its central place in our every day life and, indeed, the fact that it is one of the things that separate us from other animals, as does language, for instance. Humour research, as a more serious academic discipline, began to gain popularity in the 1960s and the 1970s, although humour was for quite a long time considered a rather peculiar and even trivial subject of study. The first studies were mainly conducted
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