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Managing Marine Protected Areas: a Toolkit for the Western Indian Ocean

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ManagingManaging MarineMarine ProtectedProtected AreasAreas A TOOLKIT for the Western Indian Ocean 2004 PUBLISHED BY IUCN Eastern African Regional Programme in collaboration with Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA) United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Coastal Zone Management Centre (CZMC) Coastal Zone Management This Centre, Netherlands publication has been made possible by funding from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) The designation of geographical entities in this toolkit, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, WIOMSA, UNEP, WWF, CZMC and NORAD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, WIOMSA, UNEP, WWF, CZMC and NORAD. This publication has been made possible by funding from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD). Published by: IUCN Eastern African Regional Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, in collaboration with the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and the Coastal Zone Management Centre (CZMC), Netherlands. Coastal Zone Management Centre, Netherlands Copyright: © 2004 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. This publication may be reproduced in whole or part and in any form for education or non-profit uses, without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. IUCN would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication which uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or other commercial purpose without the prior written permission of IUCN. Citation: IUCN 2004. Managing Marine Protected Areas: A Toolkit for the Western Indian Ocean. IUCN Eastern African Regional Programme, Nairobi, Kenya, xii + 172pp. ISBN: 2-8317-0773-0 Design and layout: Samaki Consultants Ltd., P.O. Box 77143, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. www.samaki.net Graphic design: Kaya design. Email: [email protected] Art work by: Adam Lutta, Babatau Inc., Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Email: [email protected] Printed by: Kul Graphics Ltd, Maasai Road, off Mombasa Road, P.O. Box 18095, Nairobi, Kenya Cover photographs: Front: Background image, monitoring, tourism, zoning, education, conservation and fishing images by M. Richmond; compliance, community and livelihoods images by S. Wells. Back: Man with fish and boat by S. Wells; seaweed farming and fish weighing by M. Richmond. Available from: IUCN- EARO Publications Service Unit, P. O. Box 68200 - 00200, Nairobi, Kenya; Telephone + 254 20 890605-12; Fax + 254 20 890615; Email: [email protected] Contents Preface G MONITORING, EVALUATION AND RESEARCH Introduction - How to use the Toolkit G1 Monitoring and evaluation principles MPAs of the Western Indian Ocean - maps G2 Compliance and enforcement MPAs of the Western Indian Ocean - list of details G3 Monitoring coral reefs Addresses and contact details for WIO MPAs G4 Monitoring mangroves and seagrasses Global and regional conventions and initiatives G5 Monitoring physical conditions Using the Internet G6 Socio-economic monitoring Obtaining further information G7 Fisheries monitoring Acknowledgements G8 Information management G9 Assessing management success PART 1. THE MANAGEMENT PROCESS G10 Evaluations and reviews G11 Research A LEGISLATIVE & INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK A1 Types and categories of MPAs PART 2. CONSERVATION AND A2 MPA goals and objectives SUSTAINABLE USE A3 Organisational structures A4 Legislation H HABITATS AND SPECIES A5 Integrated coastal management H1 Threatened marine species A6 Environmental impact assessment H2 Marine turtles H3 Seabirds and shorebirds B PARTICIPATORY PROCESSES H4 Marine mammals B1 Participatory techniques H5 Biodiversity and ecosystem health B2 Conflict resolution H6 Coral reef rehabilitation B3 Gender and MPAs H7 Coral bleaching B4 Local and traditional knowledge H8 Crown-of-thorns outbreaks H9 Mangrove restoration C PLANNING AND REPORTING H10 Red tides and harmful algal blooms C1 Mapping and surveying H11 Diseases of marine organisms C2 MPA design and zonation C3 Management plans I FISHERIES C4 Logical framework approach I1 No-take areas C5 Progress and donor reports I2 Managing fishing gears I3 Mariculture D HUMAN RESOURCES I4 Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) D1 Personnel I5 Shark and ray fisheries D2 Consultants and experts I6 Octopus and sea cucumber fisheries D3 Partnerships and volunteers I7 Sport and recreational fishing D4 Safety and emergency procedures I8 Marine organisms for aquaria I9 Marine curios E FINANCES E1 Financial planning J TOURISM, RECREATION AND EDUCATION E2 Financial management J1 Tourism policy and planning E3 User fees and direct revenue J2 Visitors and carrying capacity E4 Environmental trust funds J3 Publicity materials and promotion E5 Donor proposals J4 Educational activities E6 Economic valuation J5 Visitor centres J6 Visiting the reef F EQUIPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE J7 Artificial reefs F1 MPA buildings J8 Visiting the mangroves F2 Energy sources F3 The MPA office K COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND SHIPPING F4 Equipment purchase and maintenance K1 Coastal engineering F5 Boats and engines K2 Nutrient and sewage pollution F6 Vehicles K3 Oil spills F7 Radio and telecommunication K4 Solid waste disposal F8 SCUBA and snorkelling equipment K5 Alien invasive species F9 Moorings and buoys Managing Marine Protected Areas: A TOOLKIT for the Western Indian Ocean Preface Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been established The Nairobi Convention calls upon the Contracting Parties throughout the world for a variety of purposes such as to ‘formulate and adopt guidelines, standards or criteria conservation, tourism and education. At the time of concerning the identification, selection, establishment and producing this Toolkit there are more than 70 individual management of protected areas’. Furthermore, the Biennial sites (nationally and internationally designated), in the (2000-2001) Work Programme of the Nairobi Convention Western Indian Ocean (WIO), over which some form of proposed that existing MPA global guidelines should be management exists. Most of these sites are managed under ‘regionalised’ with the intention of improving their relevance formal government mandates while some correspond to to the situation in the WIO region. The Task Force of the traditional or localised arrangements, and span the spectrum WIO Marine Biodiversity Conservation Project therefore from fully protected “no take” areas to multiple use areas. suggested that such guidelines could be prepared as one of Every country in the region now has one or more MPAs and the Project’s activities. the number is on the increase. A needs assessment was first undertaken to determine more The revitalization of the Convention for the Protection, precisely the requirements of MPAs in the region. The Management, and Development of the Marine and Coastal assessment, which was based on questionnaires, email Environment in Eastern Africa (the Nairobi Convention, correspondence and focused discussions, involved a range of adopted in 1985) has contributed significantly to this practitioners and experts from within and outside the increase and has also resulted in the establishment of the region, and benefited from contributions from members of Group of Experts on Marine Protected Areas in Eastern the Task Force and GEMPA-EA. The assessment revealed that Africa (GEMPA-EA), hosted jointly by the United Nations MPA managers and practitioners felt that many guidelines, Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Western Indian training manuals and other relevant materials already exist Ocean Marine Science Association (WIOMSA). and largely fulfill their intended purposes. However, the remote locations of many of the WIO MPAs, and their A number of other regional initiatives have also contributed inadequate funding and communication facilities, mean that to the progress in MPA establishment and management, they have very limited access to simple and practical including: information. It was therefore recommended that a Toolkit be prepared to assist MPA managers and practitioners access G A Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation existing information relating to all stages of MPA (NORAD)-funded project - the WIO Marine Biodiversity establishment and management, including site selection, Conservation Project, which has identified MPAs as a planning, day-to-day management, sustainable financing, priority theme for attention. management effectiveness and monitoring and evaluation. G The Coastal Zone Management Centre (CZMC) of the Netherlands - supported project on Capacity building in The Toolkit is designed to complement and build on the MPA management in the Western Indian Ocean region. Regional Training Course in Marine Protected Areas Implemented in collaboration with WIOMSA, the Management in the Western Indian Ocean Region and a project aimed at providing training in skills, techniques manual entitled Training for the sustainable management of and tools necessary for effective management of MPAs Marine Protected Areas: A training manual for MPA managers. in the region. The Toolkit aims to act as a first point of call in the search G World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)’s Eastern African for information
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