DOCSLIB.ORG

World Heritage Paper Serie

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Heritage Paper Serie 2 World Heritage papers32 Assessing Marine World Heritage from an Ecosystem Perspective The Western Indian Ocean Assessing Marine World Heritage from an Ecosystem Perspective The Western Indian Ocean Published in 2012 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France © UNESCO 2012 All rights reserved ISBN 978-92-3-001072-0 The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover photo: © Keith Ellenbogen Supervision and coordination: Fanny Douvere, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Agne Bartkute, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Authors: David Obura, CORDIO Julie Church, CORDIO Catherine Gabrié Denis Macharia, CORDIO (map assistance) Overall coordination: Fanny Douvere Coordination of the World Heritage Papers Series: Vesna Vujicic-Lugassy, UNESCO World Heritage Centre Graphic layout: Jean-Luc Thierry Prefered Reference: Obura, D.O., Church, J.E. and Gabrié, C. (2012). Assessing Marine World Heritage from an Ecosystem Perspective: The Western Indian Ocean. World Heritage Centre, United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 124 pp. Website: http://www.vliz.be/projects/marineworldheritage This publication is made in consultation with IUCN. World Heritage Centre UNESCO 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Tel.: 33 (0)1 45 68 15 71 Fax: 33 (0)1 45 68 55 70 Website: http://whc.unesco.org This publication and the expert meeting was made possible thanks to the ongoing support to the World Heritage Marine Programme by the government of Flanders (Belgium) Additional support to this publication and the expert meeting was provided by the French Marine Protected Area Agency. The World Heritage Centre is grateful for the long-term support to its Marine Programme provided by the Tides of Time partners: 2 Preface This year is the 40th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention. The World Heritage Committee, the statutory body in charge of the protection of the 936 properties on the World Heritage List, has recognized that the List does not yet fully represent all types of cultural and natural heritage which are of Outstanding Universal Value. In 1994, the World Heritage Committee launched a Global Strategy for a representative, balanced and credible World Heritage List. The Strategy suggests avoiding an over-represen- tation of a small number of regions or categories and ensuring that the World Heritage List reflects the broad diversity of the world’s cultural and natural areas of OUV. An important contribution to the Global Strategy is the effort to encourage nomination of properties from categories and regions currently not or underrepresented on the World Heritage List. One hundred and eighty-nine nations are now “States Parties” to the World Heritage Convention and therefore eligible to submit nominations for sites, including marine areas, to be considered for World Heritage listing to the World Heritage Committee. First, each country makes an inventory of sites located within its boundaries for inclusion on the Tentative List of sites that a State Party may decide to submit for inscription in the next 5–10 years. The World Heritage Committee cannot consider a nomination for inscription on the World Heritage List unless the property has already been included on the State Party’s Tentative List. Contrary to the traditional country-by-country approach, marine World Heritage requires reflection of marine features at larger scales meaningful from an ecosystem perspective. Marine ecosystems almost always transcend national boundaries. In anticipation of increased interest globally in designating new marine World Heritage sites, this project was established to test a more scientific and robust approach to identify marine sites of poten- tial OUV. The project initiated a new approach in the Western Indian Ocean, an area largely under the jurisdiction of African countries and with unique and age-old geological processes currently under-represented on the World Heritage List. The recent expert workshop and this report examined potential areas of OUV in the Western Indian Ocean. The results will enable the States Parties, the World Heritage Committee, and the World Heritage Centre, to take actions to address the need for enhanced protection and sustainable management of marine ecosystems in the Western Indian Ocean. Kishore Rao Director UNESCO World Heritage Centre 3 Introduction Introduction Since about 70% of the world’s surface area is ocean, marine areas are generally under- represented in the World Heritage List. In 2005 the World Heritage Marine Programme was established in part with the aim of ensuring that marine sites with Outstanding Universal Value are inscribed on the World Heritage List and protected so future generations can continue to enjoy them. Following the 1994 Global Strategy, a major focus of the Marine Programme is to support States Parties with the identification of sites in all major marine regions and marine ecosystem types in a balanced, credible and representative manner. Marine ecosystems support much of the world’s goods and services and provide invalu- able economic benefits, yet less than five percent of sites on the World Heritage List are nominated for marine heritage values at this time. Recent reports on the state of marine ecosystems and their resources provide alarming indications on their condition. For example, coral reefs and associated mangrove forests and sea grass beds are severely threatened from a combination of human activities and natural influences, e.g. climate change. Urgent action is needed to revert the decline of these globally significant diverse and productive marine ecosystems. Forty-five marine sites have now been inscribed on the World Heritage List, covering about 1.5 million km2 of the ocean surface – an area about the size of the Gulf of Mexico. Each of these 45 sites represents exceptional features in the ocean that are recognized by the international community for their outstanding natural beauty, extraordinary biodiversity, or unique ecological, biological and geological processes. However, on a planet where more than 95% of all living space is located in the ocean, a huge amount of our heritage is still left undiscovered. The World Heritage Convention is an important tool to bring attention and protection for these unique marine ecosystems as they are a compelling illustration of major types of natural heritage not sufficiently represented on the World Heritage List. This report builds on previous efforts to navigate a long-term future for the World Heritage Marine Programme and to facilitate the process of replicating regional assessments in other marine ecoregions. To access this report visit this webiste: http://www.vliz.be/projects/marineworldheritage/. Dr. Fanny Douvere Coordinator Marine Programme UNESCO World Heritage Centre 5 Assessing Marine World Heritage from an Ecosystem Perspective: The Western Indian Ocean Acknowledgements This report builds on prior work under the World Heritage Marine programme, and parts of the text in the first part of this report have been derived directly from those reports, including the 1994 Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List, the 2011 report Navigating the Future of Marine World Heritage, and the newly developed brochure on using Marine Ecoregions of the World as a basis for iden- tifying marine gaps on the World Heritage List, as well as from the World Heritage website and other official documents. We would like to acknowledge our use of unpub- lished datasets generously provided by the Indian Ocean Commission on behalf of the member countries of the Commission. We would like to thank Fanny Douvere and the staff at the World Heritage Centre, Diana Dumeril, Agne Bartkute, Rachida Kameche, for guidance and support in conducting this work. We would also like to thank the workshop hosts in la Reunion, Mrs Fabienne Couapel Sauret, Vice-Présidente of la Region Reunion, and Soudjata Radjassegarane, Laurence Provot and Anne Nicolas. The comments and feedback from the World Heritage Focal Points from countries of the Western Indian Ocean was helpful in scoping the document, and we thank Fareed Chuttan, Laure Dexcidieux, Solange Laura Macamo, Chumani Mangcu, E. Eliwasa Maro, G. James Njogu. Finally, for the experts who contributed their time in the workshop, and/or in providing or reviewing technical content of the report, we acknowledge Ameer Adbulla, Tim Andrews, Lionel Bigot, Philippe Bouchet, Jerome Bourjea, Salvatore Cerchio, Pascale Chabanet, Vic Cockroft, Gerard Collin, Bertrand Denis, Frauke Fleischer-Dogley, Hans Fricke, Nicole Gravier-Bonnet, Francisco (Tjess) Hernandez, Nigel Hussey, Jeremy Kiszka, Erwan Lagabrielle, Catherine Latreille, Mathieu Le Corre, Adriano Macia, Eric Marguerite, Carole Martinez, Jan Mees, Jeanne A. Mortimer, Mika Odido, Karine Pothin, Jean-Pascal Quod, Jerome Raimbault, Harifidy Ralison, Andriamia Ranjato, Sonia Ribes, Matt Richmond, Melita Samoilys, Francis Staub, Gisele Tarnus, Jean-François Ternon, Gwenaelle Thiery, Ross Wanless and Andrew Zaloumis. 6
Load more

Recommended publications
  • This Keyword List Contains Indian Ocean Place Names of Coral Reefs, Islands, Bays and Other Geographic Features in a Hierarchical Structure
    CoRIS Place Keyword Thesaurus by Ocean - 8/9/2016 Indian Ocean This keyword list contains Indian Ocean place names of coral reefs, islands, bays and other geographic features in a hierarchical structure. For example, the first name on the list - Bird Islet - is part of the Addu Atoll, which is in the Indian Ocean. The leading label - OCEAN BASIN - indicates this list is organized according to ocean, sea, and geographic names rather than country place names. The list is sorted alphabetically. The same names are available from “Place Keywords by Country/Territory - Indian Ocean” but sorted by country and territory name. Each place name is followed by a unique identifier enclosed in parentheses. The identifier is made up of the latitude and longitude in whole degrees of the place location, followed by a four digit number. The number is used to uniquely identify multiple places that are located at the same latitude and longitude. For example, the first place name “Bird Islet” has a unique identifier of “00S073E0013”. From that we see that Bird Islet is located at 00 degrees south (S) and 073 degrees east (E). It is place number 0013 at that latitude and longitude. (Note: some long lines wrapped, placing the unique identifier on the following line.) This is a reformatted version of a list that was obtained from ReefBase. OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bird Islet (00S073E0013) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Bushy Islet (00S073E0014) OCEAN BASIN > Indian Ocean > Addu Atoll > Fedu Island (00S073E0008)
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Department of Education
    )/25,'$ '(3$570(17 2) ('8&$7,21 ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ 'DWH '2( ,1)250$7,21 '$7$ %$6( 5(48,5(0(176 )LVFDO <HDU 92/80( , $8720$7(' 678'(17 ,1)250$7,21 6<67(0 July 1, 1995 $8720$7(' 678'(17 '$7$ (/(0(176 APPENDIX G COUNTRY CODES CODE COUNTRY CODE COUNTRY AF Afghanistan CV Cape Verde AB Albania CJ Cayman Islands AG Algeria CP Central African Republic AN Andorra CD Chad AO Angola CI Chile AV Anguilla CH China AY Antarctica KI Christmas Island AC Antigua and Barbuda CN Clipperton Island AX Antilles KG Cocos Islands (Keeling) AE Argentina CL Colombia AD Armenia CQ Comoros AA Aruba CF Congo AS Australia CR Coral Sea Island AU Austria CS Costa Rica AJ Azerbaijan DF Croatia AI Azores Islands, Portugal CU Cuba BF Bahamas DH Curacao Island BA Bahrain CY Cyprus BS Baltic States CX Czechoslovakia BG Bangladesh DT Czech Republic BB Barbados DK Democratic Kampuchea BI Bassas Da India DA Denmark BE Belgium DJ Djibouti BZ Belize DO Dominica BN Benin DR Dominican Republic BD Bermuda EJ East Timor BH Bhutan EC Ecuador BL Bolivia EG Egypt BJ Bonaire Island ES El Salvador BP Bosnia and Herzegovina EN England BC Botswana EA Equatorial Africa BV Bouvet Island EQ Equatorial Guinea BR Brazil ER Eritrea BT British Virgin Islands EE Estonia BW British West Indies ET Ethiopia BQ Brunei Darussalam EU Europa Island BU Bulgaria FA Falkland Islands (Malvinas) BX Burkina Faso, West Africa FO Faroe Islands BM Burma FJ Fiji BY Burundi FI Finland JB Byelorussia SSR FR France CB Cambodia FM France, Metropolitian CM Cameroon FN French Guiana CC Canada FP French Polynesia Revised:
    [Show full text]
  • TP 170 2010 Florida Artificial Reef Summit Abstracts
    Conference Sponsors These organizations are contributing to the research and outreach that supports the wise development of artificial reef programs and sustainable management of Florida’s marine fishery. 2010 FLORIDA Platinum MARI AN NE Artificial IC G R R E O M U A P N o 3 r 3 fo 00 lk, 0- VA (757) 99 Reef Summit Gold Silver Bronze Abstracts & Program January 21-23, 2010 • Cocoa Beach, Florida Conference Organizing Sponsors As chairs of the organizing committee, we welcome you to the 2010 Florida Artificial Reef Summit. With 1,357 miles of coastline, involvement by 34 different counties, and over 2,500 artificial reefs deployed to date, Florida manages one of the most diverse and most active artificial reef programs in the United States. Because artificial reef development in Florida works with, and depends upon, a network of local partners, inter-county coordina- tion and communication is critical to ensure successful implementation of statewide strate- gic objectives for artificial reef development. This Summit occurs every 3 to 5 years and provides the format for local partners to meet and exchange information. It is a critical opportunity for the Florida Fish and Wildlife Con- In Memoriam servation Commission Artificial Reef Program and Florida Sea Grant to disperse high-quality information, experience and program goals and objectives directly with all of Florida’s The 2010 Artificial Reef Summit is dedicated to the memory of Chris Koepfer, the long-time Lee County Arti- artificial reef stakeholders. ficial Reef Coordinator who passed away in 2009. Chris was a well-respected member of Florida’s artificial reef community and played a major role in establishing one of the most successful county artificial reef programs in This will be the eighth Summit.
    [Show full text]
  • The RV Dr Fridtjof Nansen in the Western Indian Ocean: Voyages of Marine Research and Capacity Development 3.1 Study Area
    Chapter 3 Study area, vessels and surveys Bernadine Everett “Survey objectives ranged from fish biomass estimation, to sampling oceanographic processes and whole ecosystems.” Abstract For the purpose of this study, the Western Indian Ocean was divided into six subregions, based on a combination of known marine ecoregions, geopolitical boundaries, and the spatial coverage by past RV Dr Fridtjof Nansen surveys. The Somali Coast, East Africa Coastal Current subregion (including Kenya and Tanzania), Mozambique, Madagascar and Comoros, Mascarene and Seamounts subregions extended 200 nautical miles seawards from the coast. The first Nansen (active between 1975 and 1993) surveyed in the Western Indian Ocean between 1975 and 1990, where after there was a 17 year gap before the second Nansen (active between 1994 and 2016) returned to the region in 2007. Survey objectives ranged from fish biomass estimation, to sampling oceanographic processes and whole ecosystems. The Mozambique subregion was surveyed most frequently (14 times) and over the broadest time period (1977–1990 and 2007–2014). Other subregions were surveyed only once, or a few times over four decades, thus providing point estimates, but not time-series information. Chapter 3 is intended as a reference chapter, showing the locations of all sampling stations attended by the Nansen between 1975 and 2014, and their grouping into six geographic subregions for comparative purposes in the following chapters. Previous page: Pelagic and demersal trawl nets on the RV Dr Fridtjof Nansen. © Bernadine Everett Opposite page: Disclaimer – The designation employed and the presentation of material in the maps are for illustration only and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the authors concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimination of frontiers and boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • EAF-Nansen PROGRAMME Editorial
    ANNUAL SUMMARY 2018 EAF-Nansen PROGRAMME Editorial Dear EAF-Nansen colleagues and supporters, We would, first, like to thank everyone for their hard work and support in implementing the 2018 work Programme. We are getting the newsletter up-and-running again, and would like to apologise for our long silence. Based on the feedback from the survey we sent out, the newsletter will be sent out on a regular basis – a big ‘thank you’ to all who completed the survey. Last year was a busy one for the EAF-Nansen Programme, as we planned and implemented the Research Vessel (R/V) Dr Fridtjof Nansen surveys and continued with the development of research work under the programme in support of the ecosystem approach to fisheries. We also made great strides in identifying priorities for implementing the ecosystem approach to fisheries management, an approach that is becoming more crucial, as you are all very much aware. The importance of our work was emphasized in three flagship publications of FAO. The 2018 State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA) shows that the percentage of fish stocks fished at biologically unsustainable levels is not declining. Similarly, the 2018 State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World signals a rise in world hunger after a prolonged decline, while highlighting the vulnerability of fisheries, which is a major provider of nutrient-rich food, to climate variability and change and to extreme events. Furthermore, the State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (February 22, 2019) shows that the biodiversity underpinning human food systems is in systemic decline.
    [Show full text]
  • I. I NOV20 2017
    or UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration * i. I NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Southeast Regional Office 4rES O LQi 3U Ie1U SOU St. Petersburg, Florida 33701-5505 http://sero.nmfs.noaa.gov F/SER3 1: NMB SER-2015- 17616 NOV20 2017 Mr. Donald W. Kinard Chief, Regulatory Division U.S. Army Corps of Engineers P.O. Box 4970 Jacksonville, Florida 32232-0019 Ref.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Jacksonville District’s Programmatic Biological Opinion (JAXBO) Dear Mr. Kinard: Enclosed is the National Marine Fisheries Service’s (NMFS’s) Programmatic Biological Opinion (Opinion) based on our review of the impacts associated with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE’s) Jacksonville District’s authorization of 10 categories of minor in-water activities within Florida and the U.S. Caribbean (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands). The Opinion analyzes the effects from 10 categories of minor in-water activities occurring in Florida and the U.S. Caribbean on sea turtles (loggerhead, leatherback, Kemp’s ridley, hawksbill, and green); smalitooth sawfish; Nassau grouper; scalloped hammerhead shark, Johnson’s seagrass; sturgeon (Gulf, shortnose, and Atlantic); corals (elkhom, staghorn, boulder star, mountainous star, lobed star, rough cactus, and pillar); whales (North Atlantic right whale, sei, blue, fin, and sperm); and designated critical habitat for Johnson’s seagrass; smalltooth sawfish; sturgeon (Gulf and Atlantic); sea turtles (green, hawksbill, leatherback, loggerhead); North Atlantic right whale; and elkhorn and staghorn corals in accordance with Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act. We also analyzed effects on the proposed Bryde’s whale.
    [Show full text]
  • Checklist of Fish and Invertebrates Listed in the CITES Appendices
    JOINTS NATURE \=^ CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Checklist of fish and mvertebrates Usted in the CITES appendices JNCC REPORT (SSN0963-«OStl JOINT NATURE CONSERVATION COMMITTEE Report distribution Report Number: No. 238 Contract Number/JNCC project number: F7 1-12-332 Date received: 9 June 1995 Report tide: Checklist of fish and invertebrates listed in the CITES appendices Contract tide: Revised Checklists of CITES species database Contractor: World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL Comments: A further fish and invertebrate edition in the Checklist series begun by NCC in 1979, revised and brought up to date with current CITES listings Restrictions: Distribution: JNCC report collection 2 copies Nature Conservancy Council for England, HQ, Library 1 copy Scottish Natural Heritage, HQ, Library 1 copy Countryside Council for Wales, HQ, Library 1 copy A T Smail, Copyright Libraries Agent, 100 Euston Road, London, NWl 2HQ 5 copies British Library, Legal Deposit Office, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire, LS23 7BQ 1 copy Chadwick-Healey Ltd, Cambridge Place, Cambridge, CB2 INR 1 copy BIOSIS UK, Garforth House, 54 Michlegate, York, YOl ILF 1 copy CITES Management and Scientific Authorities of EC Member States total 30 copies CITES Authorities, UK Dependencies total 13 copies CITES Secretariat 5 copies CITES Animals Committee chairman 1 copy European Commission DG Xl/D/2 1 copy World Conservation Monitoring Centre 20 copies TRAFFIC International 5 copies Animal Quarantine Station, Heathrow 1 copy Department of the Environment (GWD) 5 copies Foreign & Commonwealth Office (ESED) 1 copy HM Customs & Excise 3 copies M Bradley Taylor (ACPO) 1 copy ^\(\\ Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Deccan-Reunion Hotspot History: Hotspot-Ridge Interaction for the Last 60 Ma J
    Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 9, 06353, 2007 SRef-ID: 1607-7962/gra/EGU2007-A-06353 © European Geosciences Union 2007 The Deccan-Reunion hotspot history: hotspot-ridge interaction for the last 60 Ma J. Dyment (IPG Paris, France), IFCPAR Project 1911-1 Scientific Team*, Cruise Magofond 2 Scientific Party*, & Cruise Gimnaut Scientific Party* Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, CNRS UMR 7154, Paris, France ([email protected]) The history of the Deccan-Reunion hotspot is often described as the smooth and con- tinuous building of the Deccan traps, Laccadives, Maldives, Chagos, Nazareth, Car- gados Carajos, and Soudan Banks, and finally Mauritius and Reunion Islands, as the Indian and African plates were moving northward. The Deccan-Reunion hotspot is therefore envisioned as a typical intraplate hotspot during most of its history, except when the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) crossed the hotspot track at about 35 Ma - with- out much consequence on both of them. Conversely, the geochemical enrichment, peculiar morphology and geophysics of the CIR at 19◦S support some kind of recent hotspot-ridge interaction. Ar-Ar dating of dredged samples from Rodrigues Ridge, a 600-km long volcanic structure, suggests a rapid emplacement of this ridge at 7-11 Ma, whereas Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes show gradual fading of the Reunion hotspot influence with distance. Signs of a more re- cent activity are Rodrigues Island, dated about 1 Ma, and a set of recently discovered en-echelon volcanic ridges, Three Magi and Gasitao Ridges, which extend Rodrigues Ridge up to the CIR axis. These sigmoid ridges, aligned along an E-W direction, pro- vided K-Ar ages of 0.4 and 1.8 Ma, and their isotopic compositions are intermediate between those of Rodrigues Ridge and the CIR axis.
    [Show full text]
  • SEDIMENTARY FRAMEWORK of Lmainland FRINGING REEF DEVELOPMENT, CAPE TRIBULATION AREA
    GREAT BARRIER REEF MARINE PARK AUTHORITY TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM GBRMPA-TM-14 SEDIMENTARY FRAMEWORK OF lMAINLAND FRINGING REEF DEVELOPMENT, CAPE TRIBULATION AREA D.P. JOHNSON and RM.CARTER Department of Geology James Cook University of North Queensland Townsville, Q 4811, Australia DATE November, 1987 SUMMARY Mainland fringing reefs with a diverse coral fauna have developed in the Cape Tribulation area primarily upon coastal sedi- ment bodies such as beach shoals and creek mouth bars. Growth on steep rocky headlands is minor. The reefs have exten- sive sandy beaches to landward, and an irregular outer margin. Typically there is a raised platform of dead nef along the outer edge of the reef, and dead coral columns lie buried under the reef flat. Live coral growth is restricted to the outer reef slope. Seaward of the reefs is a narrow wedge of muddy, terrigenous sediment, which thins offshore. Beach, reef and inner shelf sediments all contain 50% terrigenous material, indicating the reefs have always grown under conditions of heavy terrigenous influx. The relatively shallow lower limit of coral growth (ca 6m below ADD) is typical of reef growth in turbid waters, where decreased light levels inhibit coral growth. Radiocarbon dating of material from surveyed sites confirms the age of the fossil coral columns as 33304110 ybp, indicating that they grew during the late postglacial sea-level high (ca 5500-6500 ybp). The former thriving reef-flat was killed by a post-5500 ybp sea-level fall of ca 1 m. Although this study has not assessed the community structure of the fringing reefs, nor whether changes are presently occur- ring, it is clear the corals present today on the fore-reef slope have always lived under heavy terrigenous influence, and that the fossil reef-flat can be explained as due to the mid-Holocene fall in sea-level.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Department of Education
    FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Implementation Date: DOE INFORMATION DATA BASE REQUIREMENTS Fiscal Year 1995-96 VOLUME II: AUTOMATED STAFF INFORMATION SYSTEM July 1, 1995 AUTOMATED STAFF DATA ELEMENTS APPENDIX C COUNTRY CODES CODE COUNTRY CODE COUNTRY AF Afghanistan CV Cape Verde AB Albania CJ Cayman Islands AG Algeria CP Central African Republic AN Andorra CD Chad AO Angola CI Chile AV Anguilla CH China AY Antarctica KI Christmas Island AC Antigua and Barbuda CN Clipperton Island AX Antilles KG Cocos Islands (Keeling) AE Argentina CL Colombia AD Armenia CQ Comoros AA Aruba CF Congo AS Australia CR Coral Sea Island AU Austria CS Costa Rica AJ Azerbaijan DF Croatia AI Azores Islands, Portugal CU Cuba BF Bahamas DH Curacao Island BA Bahrain CY Cyprus BS Baltic States CX Czechoslovakia BG Bangladesh DT Czech Republic BB Barbados DK Democratic Kampuchea BI Bassas Da India DA Denmark BE Belgium DJ Djibouti BZ Belize DO Dominica BN Benin DR Dominican Republic BD Bermuda EJ East Timor BH Bhutan EC Ecuador BL Bolivia EG Egypt BJ Bonaire Island ES El Salvador BP Bosnia and Herzegovina EN England BC Botswana EA Equatorial Africa BV Bouvet Island EQ Equatorial Guinea BR Brazil ER Eritrea BT British Virgin Islands EE Estonia BW British West Indies ET Ethiopia BQ Brunei Darussalam EU Europa Island BU Bulgaria FA Falkland Islands (Malvinas) BX Burkina Faso, West Africa FO Faroe Islands BM Burma FJ Fiji BY Burundi FI Finland JB Byelorussia SSR FR France CB Cambodia FM France, Metropolitian CM Cameroon FN French Guiana CC Canada FP French Polynesia Revised:
    [Show full text]
  • A Preliminary Global Assessment of the Status of Exploited Marine Fish and Invertebrate Populations
    A PRELIMINARY GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF EXPLOITED MARINE FISH AND INVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS June 30 2018 A PRELIMINARY GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF EXPLOITED MARINE FISH AND INVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS Maria. L.D. Palomares, Rainer Froese, Brittany Derrick, Simon-Luc Nöel, Gordon Tsui Jessika Woroniak Daniel Pauly A report prepared by the Sea Around Us for OCEANA June 30, 2018 A PRELIMINARY GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF EXPLOITED MARINE FISH AND INVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS Maria L.D. Palomares1, Rainer Froese2, Brittany Derrick1, Simon-Luc Nöel1, Gordon Tsui1, Jessika Woroniak1 and Daniel Pauly1 CITE AS: Palomares MLD, Froese R, Derrick B, Nöel S-L, Tsui G, Woroniak J, Pauly D (2018) A preliminary global assessment of the status of exploited marine fish and invertebrate populations. A report prepared by the Sea Around Us for OCEANA. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, p. 64. 1 Sea Around Us, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver BC V6T1Z4 Canada 2 Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research GEOMAR, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 3 − Reconstructed catches vs official catches 3 − Marine Ecoregions vs EEZs 3 − The CMSY method 5 Results and Discussion 7 − Stock summaries reports 9 − Problematic stocks and sources of bias 14 − Stocks in the countries where OCEANA operates 22 − Stock assessments on the Sea Around Us website 31 − The next steps 32 Acknowledgements 33 References 34 Appendices I. List of marine ecoregions by EEZ 37 II. Summaries of number of stock by region and 49 by continent III.
    [Show full text]
  • Reef Structures Subject Matter: Recall the Different Types of Reef Structure (E.G
    THE REEF AND BEYOND - CORAL REEF DISTRIBUTION Reef Structures Subject matter: Recall the different types of reef structure (e.g. fringing, platform, ribbon, barrier, atolls, coral cays). Recommended reading: Coral Reefs and Climate Change - Patterns of distribution (p.84-85) Zones across the reef (p.92-94) FRINGING REEF Fringing reefs are reefs that grow directly from a shore, with no “true” lagoon (i.e., deep water channel) between the reef and the nearby land. Without an intervening lagoon to effectively buffer freshwater runoff, pollution, and sedimentation, fringing reefs tend to particularly sensitive to these forms of human impact. Fringing reef Tane Sinclair Taylor Tane Tane Sinclair Taylor Tane Planet Dove - Allen Coral Atlas Allen Coral Planet Dove - Coral coast, Fiji Fringing reef in Indonesia. PLATFORM REEFS AND CORAL CAYS Platform reefs begin to form on underwater mountains or other rock-hard outcrops between the shore and a barrier reef. Coral cays begin to form when broken coral and sand wash onto these flats; cays can also form on shallow reefs around atolls. Coral cays are small islands, with Platform reef and Coral cay typical length scales between 100 - 1000 m, that form on platform reefs, Dave Logan Heron Island Lady Elliot Island Marine Science Senior Syllabus 8 THE REEF AND BEYOND - CORAL REEF DISTRIBUTION Reef Structures BARRIER REEFS BARRIER REEFS are coral reefs roughly parallel to a RIBBON REEFS are a type of barrier reef and are unique shore and separated from it by a lagoon or other body of to Australia. The name relates to the elongated Reef water.The coral reef structure buffers shorelines against bodies starting to the north of Cairns, and finishing to the waves, storms, and floods, helping to prevent loss of life, east of Lizard Island.
    [Show full text]