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Who Was Benjamin Franklin?: Three Clues to an Unanswerable Riddle Elizabeth E

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Who Was Benjamin Franklin?: Three Clues to an Unanswerable Riddle Elizabeth E 222 Review Essay: Who Was Benjamin Franklin?: Three Clues To An Unanswerable Riddle Elizabeth E. Dunn Auburn University at Montgomery By William G. Carr. The Oldest Delegate: Franklin in the Constitutional Convention. (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990. Pp. 186, $29.50.) By 1. Bernard Cohen: Benjamin Franklin's Science. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990. Pp. xii, 273. $35.00.) Edited by Esmond Wright. Benjamin Franklin: His Life as He Wrote It. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990. Pp. x, 297. $25.00.) As we pass the 200th anniversary of Benjamin Franklin's death, historians have paused to reassess his role in American culture and our assumptions about who Franklin was as a statesman, philosopher, scientist, and essayist. Esmond Wright's one-volume biography, intended to provide an alternative to Carl Van Doren's classic assessment of Franklin's life, appeared in 1986, and the following fall the Pennsylvania Magazine of Histoiy and Biography devoted a whole issue to Franklin.' The editorial board of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin cohosted with their counterparts at The Works of Jonathan Edwards a national conference on Franklin and Jonathan Edwards at Yale University in February 1990. Franklin was the topic of papers ranging from religious belief and Enlightenment thought to concepts of the self and identity. New news about Franklin is hard to come by. As James H. Hutson has observed, even access to Franklin's papers through the Yale edition has changed very little about our understanding of his character and place in eighteenth-century history'2 Most recently, three senior scholars have taken disparate approaches to understanding our most enigmatic founding father. Their books differ in focus, method, purpose, and even intended audience, but all work within the image of Franklin as an Englightenment figure. Like all students of Franklin, these three authors find it as difficult to escape his self-made image as it is to conceive of Franklin as anyone other than the quintessential Enlightenment man. In Benjamin Franklin: His Life as He Wrote It,Esmond Wright pre- sents Franklin's life story by piecing together excerpts of Franklin's writings. Wright begins with a charming character sketch that pays proper homage to the complex- ity of Franklin and his history. He then follows with a brief chronology which gives It 223 lay readers a useful time line of Franklin's life. Franklin himself takes the story from there through items arranged by Wright in sequential order with sympathetic, yet sensible, headnotes to explain the origin and significance of each document. Over half of the book consists of selections snipped from Franklin's early works and interspersed among longer excerpts from the Autobiography. The remainder draws on a scattering of Franklin's papers and creates the effect of ordered vignettes in the life of a great man. Although anyone familiar with the Autobiography might find interruptions created by the insertion of supplemental documents distracting, Wright's purpose is biographical rather than literary. Without the addition of letters to family and friends, for example, the narrative would include virtually nothing about Franklin's personal life. Wright's technique may, however, leave the false impression that Franklin's recreation of himself is simply one among many equally reliable and val- uable sources. There is a notable change of pace after the Autobiography runs out, reinforc- ing the impression that Franklin's narrative of his life exists on a different literary plane than his other writings. Wright's book could have been constructed wholly outside the confines of the Autobiography, freeing his story from the traps of Franklin's self-projected images. Most of the other material included will be well- known to even a casual student of Franklin: Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pensilvania," Silence Dogood's comments on drunkenness, prefaces from Poor Richard, and Franklin's correspondence explaining his work in electri- city. All represent celebrated aspects of Franklin's life and do little to challenge the picture Franklin himself hoped to project for posterity. 'Franklin's writings continue to delight and amuse readers in the twentieth century, just as they did in his own time. Even though the eighteenth century was an age noted for witty essayists, Franklin stands out. Wright's selections remind us that the same can be said for Franklin's powers of observation and description. In a letter briefly recounting his 1762 return to Philadelphia from England, he recalled an easy crossing with much visiting back and forth between ships. "This was like travelling in a moving village," wrote Franklin, "with all one's neighbours about one" (p. 163). The image was simple, direct, and full of exotic friendliness and charm. Among the most interesting letters incorporated in the book are those Franklin wrote to various women with whom he had personal relationships. In a letter written from London in 1760, he addressed his wife Deborah as "MY DEAR CHILD" and expressed concern that she might be troubled by "idle reports" about her husband. "I shall," Franklin pledged, "do nothing unworthy the character of an honest man, and one that loves his family" (pp. 155-56). Though Franklin's missive lacks passion, his genuine affection for Deborah comes through. Even his letters to Catherine Ray speak of Deborah with the intimacy and Volume 58, Number 3 * July 1991 , Y) A - - / /4 regard born of years of marriage. If anything, Franklin's letters testify to his high opinion of women as a group, as much as they provide hints of unrequited love or secret desire. Perhaps it is time for historians to reevaluate Franklin's attitude toward women with an emphasis on friendship, rather than wistfully regretting that "we shall never know the strength of his feelings" for this women or that (p. 212). At least three historians have attempted to change the perception of Franklin as an "old lecher," but the myth is apparently more useful to biographers than the truth. As Claude-Anne Lopez observes, "the truth is far less titillating."3 Wright's documents show that the Stamp Act forced Franklin to take stock of his admiration for the British as opposed to his loyalty to America. His affection for England was sincere, but in a crisis Franklin did not hesitate to place himself in the colonial camp. Although he urged British authorities to forge a closer link with the colonies, Franklin also observed that there was a time when the "colonies would have esteemed it a great advantage, as well as honour to be permitted to send members to Parliament," but that time had passed. "The time is now come," Franklin continued, "when they are indifferent about it" (p. 170). When revolution finally came, Franklin too became "indifferent," and his sup- port for independence no doubt added to the bitter disappointment he felt at hav- ing a loyalist for a son. Wright includes excerpts from Franklin's Revolutionary War correspondence, written while he served as one of three American Commissioners and later as Minister from the United States to France. His letters reveal that he was harrassed by favor seekers-Franklin referred to such people as his "perpetual tor- ment"-but that he also enjoyed life at Passy and fulfilled his duties conscien- tiously (p. 248). Aware of extensive spy networks operating around him, Franklin resolved "to be concerned in no affairs that I should blush to have made public," and simply ignored British and French espionage (p. 253).4 For much of his life Franklin also chose to ignore religious issues, but his views surfaced in a portion of the Autobiography which mentions his pamphlet entitled A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain. Written while Franklin was a youth in London, the essay relied on a mechanical view of nature and divinity to deny any distinction between good and evil. Unfortunately, Wright includes no sample of Franklin's only lengthy foray into religious philosophy and instead passes over it as one of Franklin's self-confessed errata. Commenting that Franklin later "totally disowned" the heretical views of A Dissertation, Wright allows Franklin to maintain his own carefully constructed public image as a mild- mannered deist (p. 61). Nowhere, however, does Franklin "totally disown" views expressed in the tract, though he did regret "printing this pamphlet," that is, mak- ing it public (p. 61). A Dissertation, if taken seriously, complicates Franklin's religious beliefs and adds a dark side missing from most assessments of his personality. 5 Only once does Wright allow Franklin to show his capacity for deep, bone-jarring anger. In Pennsylvania History S- 225 SM"dfto EndM MMatA Pbid- Ctdion FPia of Beng= ftnkdn paited by kogsfts de Sm-Aubi in F'7. Vllumc 58, Number 3 a ply 1991 226 - l 1764, when the Paxton boys murdered a group of native Americans in Lancaster, Franklin penned a vituperative polemic as an account of their exploits. The poor natives, Franklin sputtered, would have been safer "among Popish Spaniards" or anywhere else in the world "except in the neighbourhood of the CHRISTIAN WHITE SAVAGES of Peckstang and Donegall (pp. 165-66)! Wright's selection and arrangement of materials add up to a friendly but unreflective, perusal of Franklin's life. If there are any clues to who Benjamin Franklin was in the corpus of his own writings, they lay obstinately hidden from view. Had Wright drawn on the list of reconsidered and previously unattributed essays contained in J. A Leo Lemay's The Canon of Benjamin Franklin, a different Franklin would have emerged. There one finds evidence that Franklin displayed a full range of emotions from hard, bitter satirist, to a man who had unresolved doubts about the existence of God and worth of humankind.
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