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Inorganic N of Atmospheric Wet Deposition from a Typical Agro-Ecosystem in Southeast China During Rainy Season

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Inorganic N of Atmospheric Wet Deposition from a Typical Agro-Ecosystem in Southeast China During Rainy Season AvailableAvailable online online at www.sciencedirect.com at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering ProcediaProcedia Engineering Engineering 00 (2011) 18 000–000(2011) 95 – 100 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia The Second SREE Conference on Chemical Engineering Inorganic N of Atmospheric Wet Deposition From A Typical Agro-Ecosystem In Southeast China During Rainy Season a,b a b a a Jian Cui· , Jing Zhou· *, Ying Peng , Hao Yang , Yuan Q. He a. Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 71st East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, P.R. China bCollege of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, 1st Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210046, P.R. China Abstract Atmospheric N (N) deposition, especially for atmospheric wet deposition has led to changes in agro- ecosystems from N limited to N saturated. Rained agriculture is weather dependent, and in turn the impact of the vagaries of the rainy rainfall on food production has been of great concern. In this paper, + - rainy season was determined and characteristics of wet-deposition N, including NH4 -N and NO3 -N was done by rainfall and N concentration in rainwater at Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences (116º55´E, 28º12´N), a typical red soil agro-ecosystem, located in Yingtan city, Jiangxi province, Southeastern China during the rainy season in 2003, 2005 and 2008. The deposition + - -1 fluxes of NH4 -N and NO3 -N in the rainy season was in the range of 4.93-7.75 and 1.19-2.51 kg ha , + - -1 respectively. The inorganic N (NH4 -N plus NO3 -N) deposition flux varied from 6.12-10.26 kg ha , which was equivalent to 14.57-24.43 kg ha-1 urea or 34.53-57.90 kg ha-1 ammonium bicarbonate applied in the red soil agro-ecosystem. So, the N input of wet deposition during the rainy season could not be neglected in farmland ecosystem. And it is worth considering of reducing N application rate in the red soil farmland. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Society for Resources, Environment and Engineering Key words: Inorganic nitrogen, Atmospheric wet deposition, Rainy season, Agro-ecosystem, China 1. Introduction Atmospheric N (N) deposition is increasing due to anthropogenic activities, especially for significant rates of rapid industrialization and agricultural activities [1]. Globally, N deposition has reached 70 Tg yr-1, 1877-7058 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.015 962 AuthorJian name Cui et/ Procedia al. / Procedia Engineering Engineering 00 (2011) 18 (2011) 000–000 95 – 100 its mean is 5 kg ha-1 yr-1 [1]. Asia, including China has become a region with the third highest rates of N deposition following North America and Europe, and the rates are projected to continue increasing in the [1,2] coming decades owing to the fast industrialization and economic development . In 2000, NOx emission in China was 11.4 Tg which overpass 280% in 1980 and NH3 was 13.6 Tg which played a significant role in pollutant concentrations in Asian region[3,4]. Increased N emission and deposition can have both positive and negative effects on agro-ecosystem [1,4], which is important for human’s subsistence and is strongly affected by atmospheric actions, such as N limited /saturated, acid rain and soil acidification[5]. The rainy season also plays an important role in the agriculture. In some regions having no readily available water sources, fields especially for paddy fields are irrigated by rainwater during the rainy to maintain crops supply[6]. In China, it is different when rainy season begin and end for the country geography position, as does in red soil regions. The red soil regions covered 2.18×106 ha, accounting for 20% of the total area of China. This region is important for the development of agriculture and economy in China for its abundant natural resources of light, temperature and water. With the economic development, those problems involving environment pollution and soil resource degradation are becoming more serious than before. As the result of instances above, this study focuses on a typical red soil agro-ecosystem in Southeast China to determine the rainy season by the hourly data from the automatic weather station during 2003- 2008, and then characterize N deposition and estimate the N deposition flux in the rainy seasons of the three years (2003, 2005, 2008) to increase knowledge about N deposition in the rainy season and further serve for agricultural produce. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Site Description The sample site is located at Red Soil Ecological Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences (RSES, 116º55´E, 28º12´N), in the suburb of Yingtan city in Jiangxi province, southeast China. Its landscape is a typical hilly region of red soil in subtropical China. Surrounding the study site, farmlands and forestlands covered respectively about 75% and 15% of the area (120 ha), respectively. In the farmlands, more than 320 kg N ha-1 fertilizers were applied each year, mainly in April, May and July. The Yingtan Industrial Park and the Guixi Coal-Burning Power Plant are about 13 km east-northeast and about 30 km northeast of RSES, respectively. 2.2 Sample collection and Analysis Rainwater samples were collected by ASP-2 automatic sampler (WuhanTianhong Instrument Factory, China) on an event basis for measuring the precipitation chemistry from April to June in 2003, 2005 and 2008. During rain events, a wetness detector was triggered to open the lid of the wet deposition bucket. Once the rain stopped the lid closed and sealed the bucket to prevent evaporation and contamination of the sample. The samples were preserved at a temperature below 4○C in previously cleaned polyethylene bottles immediately after collection. These bottles and all equipment in contact with the samples were cleaned with 10% HCl solution, and kept in cleanly plastic bags until they were used for sample + - collection. NH4 -N and NO3 -N were determined by the indophenol blue spectrophotometric and ultraviolet spectrophotometric method, respectively. Profile hourly meteorological data (including wind speed and direction, precipitation) were continuously monitored with automatic weather station (VSALA-ML520, Finland) during 2003-2008. Wind data were monitrored at 10m above ground level during the study period. 2.3 Statistical Analysis -1 The monthly wet deposition fluxes for each N species (Fd, kg ha ) were calculated by Fd PCa where P is the monthly deposition precipitation (mm), Ca is the corresponding monthly N concentration (mg L-1). JianAuthor Cui nameet al. // ProcediaProcedia EngineeringEngineering 1800 (2011)(2011) 95000–000 – 100 973 Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the monthly data of N collected during the sampling period. Mean and standard error were reported for each concentration of each N species. To study the composition of N deposition, the contributing proportionality of each inorganic N species was calculated. The monthly data collected were used in the one-way ANOVA and the correlation analysis in SASS 9.0. 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Characteristics of rainy season During the six years (2003-2008), annual rainfall was 1392.8-1932.6 mm (Fig.1, Table 1). The month of lager rainfall mainly concentrated in April, May and June and its mean was 251.0 mm/month. And the number of rain day also converged in the three month above, its mean was 16 d /month. What’s more, the cumulative days of rainfall (>25mm/d) ranged from 6-8 d during April-June, accounting for 35.29%- 75.00% of the accordingly year. So the rainy season in the study site mainly lasted from April to June every year. The number of rainfall in the rainy season ranged from 515.9-1187.0 mm, with 36.82%-61.4% accounting for the corresponding annual rainfall during 2003-2008 (Table 1). The maximum of rainfall both in the rainy season and the whole year appeared in 2006 while the minimum in 2007. But there were all the similar rainfall and rain frequency in the rainy seasons for 2003, 2005 and 2008, its rainfall and rain frequency were 827.1, 700.6 and 687.4 mm and 52, 46 and 48 d, respectively. So the three rainy seasons can more display typical article of the study site. a Jan. b Jan. 450 30 Dec. Feb. Dec. Feb. 300 20 Nov. Mar. Nov. Mar. 10 150 Oct. 0 Apr. Oct. 0 Apr. Sep. May Sep. May Aug. Jun. Aug. Jun. Jul. 2003 Jul. 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2006 2007 2008 Fig.1 Monthly rainfall (a) and rain frequency (b) during 2003-2008 Table 1 The cumulate rainfall and rain frequency during the monsoon during 2003-2008 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Apr.-Jun. 827.1 515.9 700.6 1187 599.4 687.4 Rainfall(mm) Whole year 1407.3 1401.1 1659.6 1932.6 1392.8 1493.2 <10mm rainfall 31 22 32 28 36 30 10-25mm rainfall 9 11 5 14 8 10 Rain frequency >25mm rainfall 12 6 9 12 11 8 Sum. 52 39 46 54 55 48 3.2 Concentrations of N in precipitation + - + - Fig.2 shows the monthly concentrations of NH4 -N and NO3 -N, that is Cm(NH4 -N) and Cm(NO3 -N) + - of rainwater collected. During the three rainy seasons, Cm(NH4 -N) were higher than Cm(NO3 -N). + -1 - -1 Cm(NH4 -N) ranged respectively from 0.34-2.20 mg L and Cm(NO3 -N) from 0.02-0.62 mg L . For + every precipitation during May-June in 2008, it was larger that concentrations of NH4 -N were 0.16-1.96 -1 mg L .
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