The British Astronomical Association Handbook 2014

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THE HANDBOOK

OF THE BRITISH ASTRONOMICAL ASSOCIATION 2015

2014 October ISSN 0068–130–X CONTENTS CALENDAR 2015 ...... 2 PREFACE ...... 3 HIGHLIGHTS FOR 2015 ...... 4 SKY DIARY ...... 5 VISIBILITY OF PLANETS ...... 6 RISING AND SETTING OF THE PLANETS IN LATITUDES 52°N AND 35°S ...... 7-8 ECLIPSES ...... 9-14 TIME ...... 15-16 EARTH AND SUN ...... 17-19 LUNAR LIBRATION ...... 20 MOON ...... 21 MOONRISE AND MOONSET ...... 21-25 SUN’S SELENOGRAPHIC COLONGITUDE ...... 26 LUNAR OCCULTATIONS ...... 27-33 GRAZING LUNAR OCCULTATIONS ...... 34-35 APPEARANCE OF PLANETS ...... 36 MERCURY ...... 37-38 VENUS ...... 39 MARS ...... 40-41 ASTEROIDS ...... 42 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES ...... 43-47 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS ...... 48-50 NEO CLOSE APPROACHES TO EARTH ...... 51 ASTEROIDS: FAVOURABLE OBSERVING OPPORTUNITIES ...... 52-54 JUPITER ...... 55-59 SATELLITES OF JUPITER ...... 59-63 JUPITER ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS ...... 64-73 SATURN ...... 74-77 SATELLITES OF SATURN ...... 78-81 URANUS ...... 82 NEPTUNE ...... 83 TRANS–NEPTUNIAN & SCATTERED DISK OBJECTS ...... 84 DWARF PLANETS ...... 85-88 COMETS ...... 89-96 METEOR DIARY ...... 97-99 VARIABLE STARS (RZ Cassiopeiae; Algol; λ Tauri) ...... 100-101 MIRA STARS ...... 102 VARIABLE STAR OF THE YEAR (V Bootis) ...... 103-105 EPHEMERIDES OF DOUBLE STARS ...... 106-107 BRIGHT STARS ...... 108 ACTIVE GALAXIES ...... 109 PLANETS – EXPLANATION OF TABLES ...... 110 ELEMENTS OF PLANETARY ORBITS ...... 111 ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS ...... 111-112 INTERNET RESOURCES ...... 113-114 GREEK ALPHABET ...... 115 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 116 ERRATA ...... 116 Front Cover: The Moon at perigee and apogee – highlighting the clear size difference when the Moon is closest and farthest away from the Earth. Perigee on 2009/11/08 at 23:24UT, distance 368,500km, apogee on 2009/10/09 at 17:28UT, distance 402,200km (Sheridan Williams) British Astronomical Association

HANDBOOK FOR 2015

NINETY–FOURTH YEAR OF PUBLICATION

BURLINGTON HOUSE, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W1J 0DU Telephone 020 7734 4145 of day 362 361 360 359 358 357 356 355 354 353 352 351 350 364 349 365 363 348 347 343 341 342 340 344 339 338 337 345 336 346 335 year 9 7 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 December of 11 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 30 15 31 29 14 13 10 12 day month of day 311 334 333 332 331 330 329 328 327 326 325 324 323 322 321 320 319 315 313 314 312 316 317 310 309 308 318 307 305 306 year 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 2 November of 11 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 10 12 13 14 day month of day 299 298 297 296 295 294 293 292 291 290 289 288 287 286 301 285 302 303 304 300 284 278 279 277 281 280 276 282 275 274 283 year October 5 6 4 8 7 3 9 2 1 of 11 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 28 12 29 30 31 27 10 day month of day 271 270 269 268 267 266 265 264 263 262 261 260 259 258 273 257 256 272 250 251 249 253 252 248 254 247 246 245 255 244 year 7 8 6 9 5 4 3 2 1 September of 11 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 30 14 13 29 10 12 day month of day 243 242 241 240 239 238 237 236 235 234 233 232 231 230 229 228 222 223 221 226 225 224 220 219 218 217 227 214 215 216 213 year Aug 9 8 7 6 5 2 3 4 1 of 11 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 10 14 13 12 15 day month of day 211 209 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201 200 199 198 197 196 195 212 210 194 193 188 187 186 191 190 189 185 184 183 182 192 year July 7 6 5 9 8 4 3 2 1 of 11 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 30 31 29 13 12 10 day month of day 181 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 160 159 158 163 162 161 157 156 155 164 154 152 153 year June 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 2 of 11 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 12 10 13 day month of CALENDAR 2015 day 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 137 136 135 134 133 132 151 149 148 150 147 131 130 125 127 124 123 128 126 122 121 129 year May 5 7 4 3 8 6 2 1 9 of 11 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 31 29 28 30 27 10 day month of 97 99 96 95 98 94 93 92 91 111 day 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 110 119 109 108 107 106 105 104 120 103 100 101 102 year April 7 9 6 5 8 4 3 2 1 of 11 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 30 29 13 10 12 day month of 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 69 71 68 67 72 70 66 73 65 64 74 63 60 61 62 day year March 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 2 3 of 11 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 10 12 13 14 15 day month of 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 41 43 42 40 39 44 38 45 37 36 46 35 32 33 34 day year February 9 8 7 6 5 4 1 3 2 of 11 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 10 12 13 14 15 day month

7 6 8 5 4 9 3 2 1

of 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 19 18 17 16 29 28 15 30 31 14 10 13 day year January 7 6 8 5 4 9 3 2 1 of 11 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 29 28 13 30 31 12 10 day month Fri Fri Fri Fri Fri Sat Sat Sat Sat Sat Sat Tue Tue Tue Tue Tue Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Sun Thu Thu Thu Thu Thu Wed Wed Wed Wed Wed Mon Mon Mon Mon Mon 1. 1 January 2015 is Julian day number 2457024. See also p.16 2 BAA Handbook 2015 PREFACE Astronomy is a fascinating hobby and subject to changing ideas and discoveries. Thanks to the ever- increasing technological advancements being made, computers have helped in many areas - from computer simulations to interpreting results from the Large Hadron Collider. The empowerment brought to all by the World Wide Web has been hugely important - not just for Astronomers. We are now better placed than ever to make use of these tools.

Graham Relf and his website team have done a sterling job of maintaining the Computing Section website and filling it with, not only additional data and charts, but also many useful programs: What's observable? - make an observing list and finder charts; Mean orbital elements of the major planets; Orbital elements - a table of orbital elements by date for the orbits of the planets; The Galilean satellites of Jupiter; The 8 main satellites of Saturn; Julian date - calendar converter; Heliocentric JD - for variable star observers; Date/time intervals; Camera field of view and star-trail calculator; Angle subtended, object size and distance; Hopper - a downloadable tool to assist finding faint targets at the telescope. There is also a great selection of links to useful sites, catalogues, equipment, news and books. Please have look around!

The Handbook tries to highlight forthcoming astronomical events for the year but there are always events that can be missed, or are entirely unpredictable, like comets, asteroid close approaches, aurorae etc. Make sure you watch the BAA’s website for the latest news. Also, make sure you are receiving the e-bulletins.

Once again we would also encourage everyone to join their local astronomical society to try equipment, talk to like-minded people, and to give and receive help. It can take a long time to choose the right equipment and learn how to use it, so make the most of your local society. The BAA’s Sections can help too. Contact the Section Directors, who will be pleased to help.

Unfortunately we are restricted by the number of pages that we can include in the Handbook. This does mean that some things will have to be left out. However, the Computing Section does try to publish all additional data on the section website (http://britastro.org/computing).

Finally, we must thank all the contributors to the Handbook. You will find them acknowledged on page 116. Contact details for many of these can be found at the back of every Journal. Alternatively, email the Director, Sheridan Williams (address below) and messages can be forwarded to those concerned.

Have a great 2015!

STEVE HARVEY Editor July 2014 SHERIDAN WILLIAMS Director, Computing Section Email: [email protected]

BAA Handbook 2015 Preface 3 HIGHLIGHTS FOR 2015 The following events during 2015 are worthy of note: Sun and Moon: There will be four eclipses, two of the Sun and two of the Moon. One of the solar eclipses will be a total eclipse and one a partial eclipse. The total will be visible as a partial from the whole of the UK. Both lunar eclipses are total. One of them will be entirely visible from Europe – the first since the penumbral eclipse of October 2013. Planets, Dwarf Planets and Asteroids: Mercury is best seen (northern latitudes) in the evenings around May, and in the mornings around October. Venus is an evening object until July, reaching greatest eastern elongation on 6 June. Mars becomes visible in the mornings later in the year. It does not reach opposition this year. The year of the dwarf planet – with close approaches to both Ceres and Pluto by Dawn and New Horizons spacecraft. Meteors: Among other meteor showers, the Lyrids (Apr. 18–25), the Ophiuchids (Jun. 10–20), the Perseids (Jul. 23– Aug. 20), the Taurids (Nov. 5–12) and the Geminids (Dec. 14) are favourable in 2015. Comets:

2013 US10 (Catalina) could be a binocular object towards the end of the year. 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko reaches perihelion in August. Refer to the BAA Comet Section for latest info : https://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~jds/ Space Probes and Artificial Satellites: Dawn will enter orbit around Ceres in February, and New Horizons will make a flyby of Pluto in July. Predictions for the International Space Station and other bright satellites can be found for any geographic location at: http://www.heavens-above.com

Highlights by date:

Jan. 11 Asteroid (1630) Milet occults HIP 28748 (V=8.1) at 21:01 UT from UK Feb. 6 Jupiter at opposition 21 Mars 0.5°N of Venus Mar. 20 Total solar eclipse. The path of totality will begin in the Atlantic Ocean and move north-east across the Faroe Islands and on to Svalbard before ending exactly at the North Pole 20 The vernal equinox occurs in the northern hemisphere at 22:45 UT Apr. 4 Total lunar eclipse. The eclipse will be visible throughout most of North America, South America, eastern Asia, and Australia May 23 Saturn at opposition Jun. 21 The summer solstice occurs in the northern hemisphere at 16:38 UT Jul. 14 New Horizons flyby of Pluto Aug. 12–13 Perseids meteor shower 16 Venus closest to Earth Sep. 1 Neptune at opposition 13 Partial solar eclipse. The partial eclipse will only be visible in southern Africa, Madagascar, and Antarctica 21 Venus most brilliant –4.55 23 The autumnal equinox occurs in the northern hemisphere at 08:20 UT 28 Total lunar eclipse. The eclipse will be visible throughout most of North and South America, Europe, Africa, and western Asia 30 Asteroid (275) Sapienta occults HIP 14977 (V=7.9) at 04:38 UT from UK Oct. 6 Asteroid (5508) Gomyou occults HIP 12773 (V=8.2) at 21:16 UT from UK 8 Venus occulted by the Moon for Australia/New Zealand 12 Uranus at opposition Dec. 13–14 Geminids meteor shower 22 The winter solstice occurs in the northern hemisphere at 04:38 UT 26 Asteroid (1017) Jacqueline occults HIP 28647 (V=8.1) at 18:51 UT from UK

4 Highlights BAA Handbook 2015 SKY DIARY m d h Phenomenon m d h Phenomenon

1 03 23 Pluto Conj. Sun 7 01 14 Jupiter 0.4°N of Venus 1 11 06 Vesta Conj. Sun 7 06 15 Pluto Opp. Sun 1 14 20 Mercury greatest elongation E (19°) 7 09 02 Moon 0.8°N of Uranus 1 16 11 Moon 2°S of Saturn 7 18 18 Jupiter 4°N of Moon 1 19 21 Neptune 0.2°N of Mars 7 19 01 Moon 0.41°N of Venus

1 25 11 Moon 0.6°S of Uranus 7 23 19 Mercury Sup. Conj. Sun 1 29 22 Juno Opp. Sun 7 25 07 Ceres Opp. Sun 1 30 13 Mercury Inf. Conj. Sun 8 05 08 Moon 1°N of Uranus 2 01 11 Neptune 0.8°N of Venus 8 07 04 Jupiter 0.6°S of Mercury 2 06 18 Jupiter Opp. Sun 8 13 06 Meteors – Perseids

2 12 23 Moon 2°S of Saturn 8 15 19 Venus Inf. Conj. Sun 2 21 20 Venus 0.4°S of Mars 8 16 14 Moon 2°N of Mercury 2 21 00 Moon 2°S of Venus 8 26 22 Jupiter Conj. Sun 2 21 01 Moon 1.5°S of Mars 9 01 03 Neptune Opp. Sun 2 21 22 Moon 0.3°S of Uranus 9 01 15 Moon 1°N of Uranus

2 24 16 Mercury greatest elongation W (27°) 9 04 10 Mercury greatest elongation E (27°) 2 26 04 Neptune Conj. Sun 9 05 13 Venus stationary 3 04 20 Uranus 0.1°S of Venus 9 13 06 Partial Solar Eclipse 3 09 15 Juno stationary 9 27 03 Juno Conj. Sun 3 11 20 Uranus 0.3°S of Mars 9 28 02 Total Lunar Eclipse

3 12 08 Moon 2°S of Saturn 9 29 03 Vesta Opp. Sun 3 19 02 Neptune 4°S of Moon 9 29 01 Moon 1°N of Uranus 3 20 10 Total Solar Eclipse 9 30 14 Mercury Inf. Conj. Sun 3 21 11 Moon 0.1°S of Uranus 10 08 20 Moon 0.7°N of Venus 3 21 22 Moon 1°N of Mars 10 11 12 Moon 1°N of Mercury

4 04 12 Total Lunar Eclipse 10 12 03 Uranus Opp. Sun 4 06 14 Uranus Conj. Sun 10 16 03 Mercury greatest elongation W (18°) 4 08 13 Saturn 2°S of Moon 10 17 14 Jupiter 0.41°S of Mars 4 10 04 Mercury Sup. Conj. Sun 10 26 08 Venus 1°S of Jupiter 4 15 13 Moon 3°S of Neptune 10 26 10 Venus greatest elongation W (46°)

4 21 17 Aldebaran 0.9°S of Moon 10 26 10 Moon 1°N of Uranus 4 22 23 Meteors – Lyrids 11 03 16 Venus 0.7°S of Mars 4 26 07 Juno 0.1°N of Moon 11 06 15 Moon 2°N of Jupiter 5 05 15 Moon 2°S of Saturn 11 07 13 Moon 1.2°N of Venus 5 07 05 Mercury greatest elongation E (21°) 11 07 09 Moon 2°N of Mars

5 15 11 Moon 0.2°N of Uranus 11 13 01 Saturn 3°S of Moon 5 23 01 Saturn Opp. Sun 11 17 14 Mercury Sup. Conj. Sun 5 24 07 Jupiter 5°N of Moon 11 22 18 Moon 1°N of Uranus 5 30 16 Mercury Inf. Conj. Sun 11 30 00 Saturn Conj. Sun 6 01 19 Moon 2°S of Saturn 12 04 06 Moon 2°N of Jupiter

6 06 18 Venus greatest elongation E (45°) 12 06 02 Moon 0.1°N of Mars 6 11 20 Moon 0.5°N of Uranus 12 07 16 Moon 0.6°S of Venus 6 12 01 Pallas Opp. Sun 12 14 13 Meteors – Geminids 6 14 15 Mars Conj. Sun 12 17 08 Moon 2°S of Neptune 6 15 02 Moon 0.04°N of Mercury 12 20 00 Moon 1°N of Uranus

6 24 17 Mercury greatest elongation W (22°) 12 23 20 Aldebaran 0.7°S of Moon 6 29 01 Moon 2°S of Saturn 12 29 03 Mercury greatest elongation E (20°) 12 31 18 Moon 1.5°N of Jupiter

BAA Handbook 2015 Sky Diary 5 VISIBILITY OF PLANETS The diagrams on pp 7–8, drawn for latitudes N 52° and S 35° respectively, show the times for the risings and settings of the Sun and the planets. The beginning and end of astronomical twilight (Sun 18° below horizon) is also shown. The times are in Local Mean Time and are thus in GMT (= UT) for Greenwich.

Since dates change at midnight, the dates at the top differ by one day from those at the foot. Each vertical line, followed upwards, indicates the succession of phenomena in the course of one night. Thus, at latitude N 52° on the night of Febuary 19-20, Venus sets at 20h 00m, Mars sets at 20h 05m, Jupiter sets at 06h 55m, Neptune sets at 17h 55m, Uranus sets at 21h 25m, Saturn rises at 01h 55m and Mercury rises at 06h 05m. (Timings derived from diagram to nearest 5 minutes.)

The UT of any phenomenon seen from elsewhere than Greenwich may be obtained as follows:

1. For longitudes east of Greenwich, subtract the longitude, expressed as time. For longitudes west of Greenwich, add the longitude expressed as time. (One degree of longitude represents 4 minutes.) This applies both to rising and to setting times.

2. Correct for latitude using a value for Δh from the table below. Add Δh, for setting times and subtract Δh for rising times. The correction should be obtained by interpolating in both latitude and declination.

Δh TABLE Latitude Dec. Latitude N 58° N 55° N 50° N 40° N 30° N 20° 0° S 20° S 25° S 30° S 40° S 45° m m m m m m ° m m m m m m +69 +29 –15 –70 –106 –134 29 +91 +45 +31 +17 –20 –43 +62 +26 –14 –66 –100 –127 28 +87 +43 +30 +16 –19 –41 +56 +24 –13 –62 –94 –120 27 +84 +41 +29 +15 –18 –39 +51 +22 –12 –58 –89 –114 26 +80 +39 +27 +14 –17 –37 +46 +20 –12 –54 –84 –107 25 +76 +37 +26 +14 –16 –35 +31 +14 –8 –40 –63 –81 20 +59 +29 +20 +11 –12 –26 +21 +10 –6 –28 –45 –58 15 +43 +21 +15 +8 –9 –19 +13 +6 –4 –18 –29 –37 10 +28 +14 +10 +5 –6 –12 +6 +3 –2 –9 –14 –18 5 +14 +7 +5 +2 –3 –6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

If Dec. is negative, reverse the sign of Δh.

6 Visibility of Planets BAA Handbook 2015 RISING AND SETTING OF PLANETS AND SETTING OF RISING

BAA Handbook 2015 Visibility of Planets 7 RISING AND SETTING OF PLANETS AND SETTING OF RISING

8 Visibility of Planets BAA Handbook 2015 ECLIPSES

During 2015 there will be four eclipses, two of the Sun and two of the Moon.

1. A total eclipse of the Sun on March 20 is visible from only a few land-based northern locations - notably, Svalbard and the Faroe Islands.

2. A total eclipse of the Moon on April 4 is visible from Eastern Australia, at Moonrise from much of Asia, and from the Americas at Moonset. Moonrise times for Australia can be found on pages 24 to 25.

3. A partial solar eclipse of the Sun on September 13 is visible from Southern Africa and Antarctica.

4. A total lunar eclipse on September 28 is visible from much of Western Africa and Europe and South America. It is visible at Moonset for eastern europe and Asia and at Moonrise for North America.

Solar Eclipse Mailing List

The solar eclipse community is very active and there is a plethora of websites devoted entirely to the subject. To keep up to date join the Solar Eclipse mailing list: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SEML/

Useful eclipse websites include: For weather predictions try Jay Anderson's site: http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~jander/ For general information try Xavier Jubier's site: http://xjubier.free.fr/en/index_en.html or Fred Espenak's: http://www.mreclipse.com/

BAA Handbook 2015 Eclipses 9 ECLIPSES

10 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2015 TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 20 MARCH 2015 This is the first major eclipse visible in the British Isles since the total eclipse of 1999 and the annular eclipse of 2003, and reaches a magnificent 98% if viewed from the Outer Hebrides. We will have to wait until 2026 before the next eclipse whose magnitude is over 90% from London. Lunar limb profiles and star charts for the Faroes, Svalbard and one of the flights can be found on the Computing Section website http://britastro.org/computing/handbooks.html This page concentrates on the details for British Isles and Eire. For details of the eclipse from other locations, including details of totality try these websites: Xavier Jubier’s : http://xjubier.free.fr/en/index_en.html Fred Espenak’s : http://www.mreclipse.com/

LOCAL CIRCUMSTANCES (UK & EIRE) (Alt gives the height of the Sun above the horizon, Mag shows the percentage of the Sun covered by the Moon) Start of eclipse Maximum eclipse End of eclipse Alt Mag Alt Alt Location h m ° h m % ° h m ° Aberdeen 8 33 18 9 38 94 25 10 46 30 Aird Uig, Isle of Lewis 8 32 15 9 36 98 22 10 43 27 Aran Island (Eire) 8 26 14 9 29 95 22 10 37 29 Armagh 8 25 16 9 30 94 24 10 38 30 Birmingham 8 25 19 9 31 89 27 10 40 34 Bristol 8 23 19 9 28 88 27 10 38 34 Cambridge 8 26 20 9 32 88 28 10 42 35 Cardiff 8 23 18 9 28 89 27 10 37 34 Dublin (Eire) 8 24 16 9 28 92 24 10 37 31 Edinburgh 8 30 17 9 35 94 25 10 43 31 Glasgow 8 29 17 9 34 94 24 10 42 30 London (Greenwich) 8 25 20 9 31 87 29 10 41 35 Herstmonceux 8 24 21 9 30 86 29 10 41 36 Inverness 8 32 16 9 37 96 23 10 44 29 Kirkwall 8 36 17 9 40 97 23 10 47 28 Lerwick 8 39 17 9 43 97 23 10 51 28 Liverpool 8 26 18 9 31 91 26 10 40 33 Newcastle 8 30 18 9 35 92 26 10 44 32 Penzance 8 19 17 9 24 88 26 10 33 34 Stornoway 8 32 15 9 36 97 22 10 43 28 York 8 28 19 9 34 90 27 10 43 33

DIAGRAMS SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF THE SUN VISIBLE AT MAXIMUM ECLIPSE

London Glasgow Stornaway NW Eire Cardiff

LOCATIONS EXPERIENCING TOTALITY Start of eclipse Maximum eclipse End of eclipse Alt Duration Alt Alt Location h m ° h m s m s ° h m ° Torshavn, Faroe 8 39 14 9 41 51 2 02 20 10 48 25 Vagar, Faroe 8 38 14 9 41 0 1 26 20 10 47 25 Barentsburg, Svalbard 9 11 10 10 11 20 2 29 11 11 12 12 Longyearbyen, Svalbard 9 12 10 10 11 56 2 28 11 11 12 12 North Pole 9 22 0 10 17 12 1 58 0 11 12 0 BAA Handbook 2015 Eclipses 11 ECLIPSES

12 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2015 ECLIPSES

BAA Handbook 2015 Eclipses 13 ECLIPSES

14 Eclipses BAA Handbook 2015 TIME

Universal Time (UT, Greenwich Mean Time beginning at midnight) is used generally throughout the Handbook.

Terrestrial Time (TT) is the uniform time system used in computing the ephemerides of the bodies of the Solar System. TT is currently ahead of UT by a small amount ΔT which must be determined by observations; thus TT = UT + ΔT The value of ΔT for July 2015 is estimated to be about 67.8 seconds.

Greenwich Mean Astronomical Time (GMAT), or Greenwich Mean Time beginning at noon, was in use before 1925 January 1, and many astronomical records prior to that date are referred to this system. To convert UT to GMAT subtract 12 hours, and to convert GMAT to UT add 12 hours.

Greenwich Sidereal Time (GST) is given in the table on p.16 at 0h UT. It may be obtained with sufficient accuracy for setting the circles of a telescope at any other time by adding 3.94 minutes for every complete day after a tabulated date, together with the correction, ΔT, for parts of a day from the table which follows:

Time ΔT Time ΔT Time ΔT Time ΔT h m h m h m h m 0 00.0 m 5 46.9 m 11 52.2 m 17 57.4 m 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 0 18.2 6 23.5 12 28.7 18 33.9 0.1 1.1 2.1 3.1 0 54.7 7 00.0 13 05.3 19 10.5 0.2 1.2 2.2 3.2 1 31.3 7 36.5 13 41.7 19 47.0 0.3 1.3 2.3 3.3 2 07.8 8 13.0 14 18.3 20 23.5 0.4 1.4 2.4 3.4 2 44.3 8 49.6 14 54.8 21 00.0 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 3 20.8 9 26.1 15 31.3 21 36.6 0.6 1.6 2.6 3.6 3 57.4 10 02.6 16 07.8 22 13.1 0.7 1.7 2.7 3.7 4 33.9 10 39.1 16 44.4 22 49.6 0.8 1.8 2.8 3.8 5 10.4 11 15.6 17 20.9 23 26.1 0.9 1.9 2.9 3.9

For greater accuracy (±0.2S) use the equation GST (at 0h UT) = 6.622938hh + 0.06570982h d where d is the number of days from January 0. The tabulated sidereal time is actually the mean sidereal time. The difference between mean and apparent sidereal time is never more than about 1.2 seconds.

Local Sidereal Time (LST) and Local Hour Angle (LHA) are found from LST = GST + λ LHA = LST – RA Where λ is the longitude, expressed in time, measured positive eastwards from Greenwich.

The Julian Date, in which the day begins at noon, is used in accurate computing work and is given in the table on p.16.

The Sun’s Longitude is used as a measure of time in meteor work. It may be interpolated from the table on p.16.

BAA Handbook 2015 Time 15 TIME Julian Sun's Long. Julian Sun's Long. 2015 Date GST 2000.0 2015 Date GST 2000.0 2457 h m ° 2457 h m ° Dec. 29 020.5 6 29.50 277.17 Jul. 2 205.5 18 38.87 99.83 5.10 4.76 Jan. 3 025.5 6 49.21 282.27 7 210.5 18 58.59 104.59 5.09 4.77 8 030.5 7 8.92 287.36 12 215.5 19 18.30 109.36 5.10 4.77 13 035.5 7 28.64 292.46 17 220.5 19 38.01 114.13 5.09 4.78 18 040.5 7 48.35 297.55 22 225.5 19 57.72 118.91 5.09 4.77 23 045.5 8 8.06 302.64 27 230.5 20 17.44 123.68 5.09 4.78 28 050.5 8 27.77 307.73 Aug. 1 235.5 20 37.15 128.46 5.07 4.78 Feb. 2 055.5 8 47.49 312.80 6 240.5 20 56.86 133.24 5.07 4.80 7 060.5 9 7.20 317.87 11 245.5 21 16.58 138.04 5.06 4.80 12 065.5 9 26.91 322.93 16 250.5 21 36.29 142.84 5.06 4.81 17 070.5 9 46.63 327.99 21 255.5 21 56.00 147.65 5.04 4.82 22 075.5 10 6.34 333.03 26 260.5 22 15.71 152.47 5.03 4.82 27 080.5 10 26.05 338.06 31 265.5 22 35.43 157.29 5.02 4.84 Mar. 4 085.5 10 45.76 343.08 Sep. 5 270.5 22 55.14 162.13 5.01 4.85 9 090.5 11 5.48 348.09 10 275.5 23 14.85 166.98 4.99 4.87 14 095.5 11 25.19 353.08 15 280.5 23 34.56 171.85 4.98 4.88 19 100.5 11 44.90 358.06 20 285.5 23 54.28 176.73 4.97 4.89 24 105.5 12 4.61 3.03 25 290.5 0 13.99 181.62 4.95 4.90 29 110.5 12 24.33 7.98 30 295.5 0 33.70 186.52 4.94 4.92 Apr. 3 115.5 12 44.04 12.92 Oct. 5 300.5 0 53.42 191.44 4.92 4.93 8 120.5 13 3.75 17.84 10 305.5 1 13.13 196.37 4.91 4.95 13 125.5 13 23.47 22.75 15 310.5 1 32.84 201.32 4.90 4.96 18 130.5 13 43.18 27.65 20 315.5 1 52.55 206.28 4.88 4.97 23 135.5 14 2.89 32.53 25 320.5 2 12.27 211.25 4.87 4.99 28 140.5 14 22.60 37.40 30 325.5 2 31.98 216.24 4.86 5.00 May 3 145.5 14 42.32 42.26 Nov. 4 330.5 2 51.69 221.24 4.84 5.02 8 150.5 15 2.03 47.10 9 335.5 3 11.40 226.26 4.84 5.02 13 155.5 15 21.74 51.94 14 340.5 3 31.12 231.28 4.82 5.04 18 160.5 15 41.45 56.76 19 345.5 3 50.83 236.32 4.81 5.05 23 165.5 16 1.17 61.57 24 350.5 4 10.54 241.37 4.81 5.06 28 170.5 16 20.88 66.38 29 355.5 4 30.26 246.43 4.79 5.06 Jun. 2 175.5 16 40.59 71.17 Dec. 4 360.5 4 49.97 251.49 4.79 5.08 7 180.5 17 0.31 75.96 9 365.5 5 9.68 256.57 4.78 5.08 12 185.5 17 20.02 80.74 14 370.5 5 29.40 261.65 4.78 5.09 17 190.5 17 39.73 85.52 19 375.5 5 49.11 266.74 4.77 5.09 22 195.5 17 59.45 90.29 24 380.5 6 8.82 271.83 4.77 5.10 27 200.5 18 19.16 95.06 29 385.5 6 28.54 276.93 4.77 The precession in longitude from 2000.0 to 2015.0 is +0.21° and from 2000.0 to 1950.0 is –0.70°.

16 Time BAA Handbook 2015 EARTH Perihelion Jan. 04d 06h 36m (147,096,204 km, 0.983277390 au) Aphelion Jul. 06d 19h 40m (152,093,481 km, 1.016682122 au)

Equinoxes Mar. 20d 22h 45m Sep. 23d 08h 21m Solstices Jun. 21d 16h 38m Dec. 21d 04h 48m

Obliquity 2000.0 23.43929° 2015.0 23.43733° SUN The tables on p.18–19 give the apparent RA, Dec. and diameter of the Sun, the UT of transit across the Greenwich meridian, and P, B0, L0 where P is the position angle of the N end of the axis of rotation. It is positive when east of the north point of the disk, negative if west;

B0 is the heliographic latitude of the centre of the disk;

L0 is the heliographic longitude of the centre of the disk.

Decrease of L0 with Time h m º h m º h m º h m º h º 0 00 0.0 1 43 1.0 3 32 2.0 5 21 3.0 6 3.3 05 0.1 54 1.1 43 2.1 32 3.1 8 4.4 16 0.2 2 05 1.2 54 2.2 43 3.2 10 5.5 27 0.3 16 1.3 4 05 2.3 54 3.3 12 6.6 38 0.4 27 1.4 16 2.4 6 05 3.4 14 7.7 49 0.5 38 1.5 27 2.5 16 3.5 16 8.8 1 00 0.6 49 1.6 38 2.6 27 3.6 18 9.9 10 0.7 3 00 1.7 49 2.7 38 3.7 20 11.0 21 0.8 10 l.8 5 00 2.8 49 3.8 22 12.1 32 0.9 21 1.9 10 2.9 7 00 3.9 24 13.2 43 1.0 32 2.0 21 3.0 10 4.0

The heliographic longitude and latitude of a spot may be conveniently estimated by the method described in J. Br. Astron. Assoc., 53, 63 (1943). The dates of commencement of the synodic rotations, in continuation of Carrington’s (Greenwich Photo–Heliographic) series, are as follows: Rotation Begins Rotation Begins Rotation Begins d d d 2159 Jan. 4.93 2160 Feb. 1.27 2161 Feb. 28.61 2162 Mar. 27.92 2163 Apr. 24.20 2164 May 21.43 2165 Jun. 17.63 2166 Jul. 14.83 2167 Aug. 11.05 2168 Sep. 7.29 2169 Oct. 4.56 2170 Oct. 31.86 2171 Nov. 28.16 2172 Dec. 25.49

At the date of commencement of each synodic rotation period the value of L0 is zero; that is, the prime meridian passes through the central point of the disk. The sidereal period of rotation of the Sun used in physical ephemerides is 25.38 mean solar days, after Carrington; the mean synodic rotation period is 27.2753d

BAA Handbook 2015 Earth and Sun 17 SUN

2015 RA Dec. Radius Transit P B0 L0 h m ° ' ' " h m ° ° ° Dec. 29 18 31.2 –23 14 16 16 12 02 +3.7 –2.6 91.4

Jan. 3 18 53.3 –22 52 16 16 12 04 +1.3 –3.2 25.5 8 19 15.3 –22 18 16 16 12 07 –1.2 –3.8 319.7 13 19 37.0 –21 33 16 16 12 09 –3.6 –4.3 253.8 18 19 58.5 –20 38 16 15 12 10 –5.9 –4.8 188.0 23 20 19.7 –19 34 16 15 12 12 –8.2 –5.3 122.1 28 20 40.5 –18 20 16 15 12 13 –10.4 –5.7 56.3

Feb. 2 21 01.1 –16 58 16 14 12 14 –12.4 –6.1 350.5 7 21 21.3 –15 28 16 13 12 14 –14.4 –6.4 284.6 12 21 41.1 –13 52 16 12 12 14 –16.2 –6.7 218.8 17 22 00.6 –12 10 16 11 12 14 –17.9 –6.9 153.0 22 22 19.9 –10 23 16 10 12 14 –19.5 –7.1 87.1 27 22 38.9 –08 32 16 09 12 13 –20.9 –7.2 21.3

Mar. 4 22 57.6 –06 38 16 08 12 12 –22.2 –7.2 315.4 9 23 16.2 –04 42 16 07 12 11 –23.3 –7.3 249.5 14 23 34.6 –02 44 16 05 12 09 –24.2 –7.2 183.6 19 23 52.9 –00 46 16 04 12 08 –25.0 –7.1 117.7 24 0 11.1 +01 12 16 03 12 06 –25.5 –6.9 51.8 29 0 29.3 +03 09 16 01 12 05 –26.0 –6.7 345.9

Apr. 3 0 47.5 +05 05 16 00 12 03 –26.2 –6.5 279.9 8 1 05.8 +06 59 15 59 12 02 –26.3 –6.2 213.9 13 1 24.2 +08 50 15 57 12 01 –26.2 –5.8 147.9 18 1 42.7 +10 38 15 56 11 59 –25.8 –5.4 81.9 23 2 01.4 +12 20 15 55 11 58 –25.4 –5.0 15.9 28 2 20.2 +13 58 15 53 11 58 –24.7 –4.5 309.8

May 3 2 39.3 +15 30 15 52 11 57 –23.8 –4.0 243.8 8 2 58.6 +16 56 15 51 11 57 –22.8 –3.5 177.7 13 3 18.1 +18 14 15 50 11 56 –21.6 –3.0 111.5 18 3 37.8 +19 25 15 49 11 56 –20.2 –2.4 45.4 23 3 57.8 +20 28 15 48 11 57 –18.7 –1.8 339.3 28 4 18.1 +21 22 15 47 11 57 –17.0 –1.2 273.1

Jun. 2 4 38.5 +22 06 15 46 11 58 –15.2 –0.6 207.0 7 4 59.0 +22 41 15 46 11 59 –13.3 +0.0 140.8 12 5 19.7 +23 06 15 45 12 00 –11.2 +0.6 74.6 17 5 40.5 +23 21 15 45 12 01 –9.1 +1.2 8.4 22 6 01.3 +23 25 15 44 12 02 –6.9 +1.8 302.2 27 6 22.1 +23 20 15 44 12 03 –4.7 +2.4 236.1

18 Sun BAA Handbook 2015 SUN

2015 RA Dec. Radius Transit P B0 L0 h m ° ' ' " h m ° ° ° Jul. 2 6 42.8 +23 04 15 44 12 04 –2.4 +2.9 169.9 7 7 03.4 +22 38 15 44 12 05 –0.1 +3.5 103.7 12 7 23.8 +22 02 15 44 12 06 +2.1 +4.0 37.5 17 7 44.1 +21 16 15 44 12 06 +4.3 +4.5 331.4 22 8 04.2 +20 22 15 44 12 06 +6.5 +4.9 265.2 27 8 24.0 +19 19 15 45 12 07 +8.6 +5.4 199.1

Aug. 1 8 43.5 +18 08 15 45 12 06 +10.7 +5.8 132.9 6 9 02.8 +16 50 15 46 12 06 +12.6 +6.1 66.8 11 9 21.9 +15 25 15 47 12 05 +14.5 +6.4 0.7 16 9 40.7 +13 53 15 48 12 04 +16.2 +6.7 294.6 21 9 59.3 +12 17 15 48 12 03 +17.8 +6.9 228.5 26 10 17.7 +10 35 15 49 12 02 +19.3 +7.1 162.4 31 10 36.0 +08 49 15 51 12 00 +20.7 +7.2 96.4

Sep. 5 10 54.1 +07 00 15 52 11 59 +21.9 +7.2 30.3 10 11 12.1 +05 08 15 53 11 57 +23.0 +7.3 324.3 15 11 30.1 +03 13 15 54 11 55 +24.0 +7.2 258.3 20 11 48.0 +01 17 15 55 11 54 +24.8 +7.1 192.3 25 12 05.9 –00 38 15 57 11 52 +25.4 +7.0 126.3 30 12 23.9 –02 35 15 58 11 50 +25.9 +6.8 60.3

Oct. 5 12 42.1 –04 31 15 59 11 49 +26.2 +6.6 354.3 10 13 00.3 –06 26 16 01 11 47 +26.3 +6.3 288.4 15 13 18.8 –08 18 16 02 11 46 +26.2 +5.9 222.4 20 13 37.5 –10 08 16 04 11 45 +25.9 +5.5 156.4 25 13 56.4 –11 54 16 05 11 44 +25.5 +5.1 90.5 30 14 15.7 –13 35 16 06 11 44 +24.9 +4.6 24.6

Nov. 4 14 35.3 –15 12 16 07 11 44 +24.0 +4.1 318.6 9 14 55.2 –16 41 16 09 11 44 +23.0 +3.6 252.7 14 15 15.4 –18 04 16 10 11 44 +21.8 +3.0 186.8 19 15 36.0 –19 19 16 11 11 45 +20.4 +2.4 120.9 24 15 57.0 –20 25 16 12 11 47 +18.8 +1.8 55.0 29 16 18.3 –21 22 16 13 11 48 +17.0 +1.2 349.1

Dec. 4 16 39.8 –22 09 16 14 11 50 +15.1 +0.6 283.2 9 17 01.7 –22 45 16 14 11 52 +13.0 –0.1 217.3 14 17 23.7 –23 10 16 15 11 55 +10.8 –0.7 151.4 19 17 45.8 –23 23 16 15 11 57 +8.5 –1.4 85.5 24 18 08.0 –23 25 16 16 11 59 +6.2 –2.0 19.7 29 18 30.2 –23 15 16 16 12 02 +3.8 –2.6 313.8

Jan. 3 18 52.3 –22 53 16 16 12 04 +1.4 –3.2 247.9

BAA Handbook 2015 Sun 19 LUNAR LIBRATION The libration data are given in two forms: as a size and position angle (P); and as the selenographic longitude and latitude of the centre of the disk. The position angle identifies the point on the edge of the disk most displaced towards the centre of the disk from its mean position and is measured from the North point of the disk (NOT the North Pole of the Moon, which usually does not coincide with the North point of the disk) anticlockwise through celestial East, as shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1 N, E, S and W are directions in the sky. Selenographic longitude and latitude are analogous to geographic longitude and latitude, with latitudes of +90º and –90º identifying the Moon's North and South Poles, around which the Moon rotates. Positive longitudes are in the Moon's Eastern hemisphere and negative longitudes in the Moon's Western hemisphere, as shown in Fig. 2 for the case of zero libration. For zero libration the selenographic longitude and latitude of the centre of the disk are both 0º. Note that the Eastern hemisphere (positive selenographic longitude) of the Moon in Fig. 2 roughly corresponds to the Western side (in terms of sky direction) of the disk in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2

Maximum Minimum Date Size P Sel Lon Sel Lat Date Size P Sel Lon Sel Lat d º º º º d º º º º Jan. 4.09 7.8 324 4.6 6.4 Jan. 10.68 3.6 66 –2.4 2.7 Jan. 17.34 9.0 137 –7.0 –5.7 Jan. 23.55 4.2 199 2.9 –3.0 Jan. 30.66 8.6 313 5.9 6.2 Feb. 7.11 3.1 67 –2.1 2.3 Feb. 14.21 10.0 133 –7.8 –6.2 Feb. 20.32 3.1 196 2.0 –2.3 Feb. 26.88 9.5 309 7.0 6.4 Mar. 6.70 2.4 69 –1.7 1.7 Mar. 14.13 10.1 132 –7.7 –6.6 Mar. 20.39 1.7 198 1.2 –1.3 Mar. 26.67 9.8 312 7.1 6.7 Apr. 3.27 1.8 71 –1.3 1.3 Apr. 10.77 9.5 134 –6.7 –6.7 Apr. 17.31 0.6 206 0.4 –0.4 Apr. 23.52 9.4 318 6.5 6.8 Apr. 30.69 1.5 71 –1.1 1.0 May 7.93 8.6 140 –5.5 –6.6 May 14.78 0.1 217 0.1 –0.1 May 21.17 8.7 323 5.6 6.7 May 27.94 1.3 71 –0.9 0.9 Jun. 3.78 8.1 144 –5.0 –6.4 Jun. 10.72 0.7 215 0.6 –0.4 Jun. 17.48 8.3 326 5.0 6.6 Jun. 24.10 1.2 68 –0.8 0.9 Jun. 30.77 8.4 143 –5.5 –6.3 Jul. 7.44 1.7 213 1.4 –0.9 Jul. 14.44 8.4 323 5.1 6.6 Jul. 21.34 1.0 70 –0.7 0.7 Jul. 28.15 9.2 139 –6.5 –6.5 Aug. 3.41 1.8 204 1.4 –1.2 Aug. 10.29 9.1 316 6.2 6.7 Aug. 17.70 0.6 67 –0.4 0.4 Aug. 24.87 9.9 135 –7.3 –6.7 Aug. 30.99 1.1 199 0.7 –0.8 Sep. 6.54 10.0 312 7.4 6.8 Sep. 14.21 0.0 309 0.0 0.0 Sep. 21.70 10.1 131 –7.5 –6.8 Sep. 27.96 0.2 352 –0.1 0.2 Oct. 4.23 10.5 312 7.9 6.9 Oct. 11.80 0.7 247 0.5 –0.5 Oct. 19.35 9.6 131 –6.9 –6.7 Oct. 25.88 1.4 18 –1.0 1.1 Nov. 1.09 10.1 315 7.6 6.7 Nov. 8.27 1.2 248 0.8 –0.9 Nov. 15.48 8.6 137 –5.6 –6.6 Nov. 22.40 2.2 26 –1.7 1.4 Nov. 28.80 9.1 320 6.5 6.4 Dec. 5.58 1.5 248 1.0 –1.1 Dec. 12.25 8.1 144 –4.8 –6.5 Dec. 19.19 1.9 36 –1.7 0.9 Dec. 26.06 8.2 326 5.2 6.3 20 Moonrise and Moonset BAA Handbook 2015 MOON PHASES OF THE MOON New Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter d h m d h m d h m d h m Jan. 05 04 53 Jan. 13 09 46 Jan. 20 13 14 Jan. 27 4 48 Feb. 03 23 09 Feb. 12 03 50 Feb. 18 23 47 Feb. 25 17 14 Mar. 05 18 05 Mar. 13 17 48 Mar. 20 09 36 Mar. 27 07 43 Apr. 04 12 06 Apr. 12 03 44 Apr. 18 18 57 Apr. 25 23 55 May 04 03 42 May 11 10 36 May 18 04 13 May 25 17 19 Jun. 02 16 19 Jun. 09 15 42 Jun. 16 14 05 Jun. 24 11 03 Jul. 02 02 20 Jul. 08 20 24 Jul. 16 01 24 Jul. 24 04 04 Jul. 31 10 43 Aug. 07 02 03 Aug. 14 14 53 Aug. 22 19 31 Aug. 29 18 35 Sep. 05 09 54 Sep. 13 06 41 Sep. 21 08 59 Sep. 28 02 51 Oct. 04 21 06 Oct. 13 00 06 Oct. 20 20 31 Oct. 27 12 05 Nov. 03 12 24 Nov. 11 17 47 Nov. 19 06 27 Nov. 25 22 44 Dec. 03 07 40 Dec. 11 10 29 Dec. 18 15 14 Dec. 25 11 11

APSIDES PERIGEE APOGEE Date Diam. Date Diam. Date Diam. Date Diam. d h ' " d h ' " d h ' " d h ' " Jan. 21 20 33 13 Aug. 02 10 32 59 Jan. 09 18 29 28 Jul. 21 11 29 30 Feb. 19 07 33 27 Aug. 30 15 33 20 Feb. 06 06 29 24 Aug. 18 03 29 26 Mar. 19 20 33 24 Sep. 28 02 33 28 Mar. 05 08 29 23 Sep. 14 11 29 23 Apr. 17 04 33 05 Oct. 26 13 33 19 Apr. 01 13 29 25 Oct. 11 13 29 23 May 15 00 32 38 Nov. 23 20 32 55 Apr. 29 04 29 29 Nov. 07 22 29 26 Jun. 10 05 32 18 Dec. 21 09 32 25 May 26 22 29 33 Dec. 05 15 29 30 Jul. 05 19 32 32 Jun. 23 17 29 33 MOONRISE AND MOONSET N 52° S 35° On the two following pages are given the times (UT) of moonrise and moonset for longi- a Dec. a tude 0°, in the standard latitudes of N 52° and S 35°. Observers in most other latitudes can h m ° h m determine approximate times using the following method, where the times of moonrise and 0 00 0 0 00 0 21 1 0 12 moonset are for the standard latitude in the same hemisphere as the observer. The basis of 0 42 2 0 23 the method is given in J. Br. Astron. Assoc., 86, 416 (1976). 1 03 3 0 35 1 25 4 0 46 1. For a moonrise, R , use the previous moonset, S , and the following moonset, S . Form 1 46 5 0 58 1 0 2 2 07 6 1 10 a = –2R +S +S +8m 1 0 2 2 29 7 1 21 2. For a moonset, S , use the previous moonrise, R , and the following moonrise, R . 2 51 8 1 33 1 0 2 3 13 9 1 45 Form 3 35 10 1 57 a = 2S –R –R +8m 3 58 11 2 09 1 0 2 4 20 12 2 21 3. Enter the table on the right with argument a and obtain the Moon’s Dec., by mental 4 44 13 2 33 interpolation, to 0.1º. 5 07 14 2 46 5 31 15 2 58 4. Enter the table on p.6 with this Dec. and the required latitude to obtain Δh. 5 56 16 3 11 6 21 17 3 24 5. Moonrise for required latitude = R1 – 1.04 Δh. 6 46 18 3 37

Moonset for required latitude = S1 + 1.04 Δh. 7 12 19 3 51 The accuracy of the times so derived is ±3m. 7 39 20 4 04 8 07 21 4 18 The times thus found are for longitude 0º. 8 35 22 4 32 9 05 23 4 46 For other longitudes it is necessary to calculate the times of the previous (following) 9 36 24 5 01 similar phenomenon at the standard latitude if the observer is east (west) of Greenwich and 10 08 25 5 16 10 41 26 5 31 then interpolate them to the observer’s longitude. 11 16 27 5 47 These calculations are most conveniently carried out using a spreadsheet or suitable applet. 11 53 28 6 03 Observers are referred to the BAA's Computing Section webpage for support in doing these 12 31 29 6 20 same opp calculations: sign Dec sign http://britastro.org/computing/applets_moonrts.html } { as a to a BAA Handbook 2015 Moonrise and Moonset 21 MOONRISE AND MOONSET MOONRISE AND MOONSET

LATITUDE N 52º LATITUDE N 52º

January February March April May June July August September October November December Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Rise Set Day h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m h : m

1 13:35 04:05 14:48 05:41 13:42 04:20 15:39 04:21 16:38 03:34 18:44 03:24 19:28 03:29 20:08 05:43 20:08 08:40 19:51 10:09 21:08 11:56 22:03 11:43 2 14:17 05:10 15:47 06:20 14:42 04:55 16:42 04:44 17:42 03:57 19:46 04:02 20:17 04:28 20:39 07:03 20:40 10:00 20:36 11:19 22:11 12:37 23:07 12:11 3 15:04 06:08 16:49 06:54 15:43 05:26 17:45 05:07 18:47 04:23 20:44 04:47 20:59 05:35 21:08 08:23 21:16 11:16 21:26 12:22 23:14 13:12 ––:–– 12:35 4 15:58 06:59 17:51 07:22 16:45 05:52 18:49 05:29 19:52 04:52 21:36 05:40 21:36 06:49 21:37 09:43 21:56 12:27 22:21 13:15 ––:–– 13:41 00:10 12:58 5 16:56 07:43 18:54 07:48 17:48 06:16 19:53 05:54 20:55 05:26 22:21 06:42 22:08 08:05 22:07 11:01 22:41 13:32 23:20 14:00 00:17 14:07 01:13 13:20

6 17:56 08:20 19:56 08:11 18:51 06:39 20:57 06:20 21:55 06:06 23:00 07:51 22:37 09:23 22:39 12:17 23:32 14:30 ––:–– 14:38 01:20 14:30 02:16 13:43 7 18:59 08:52 20:59 08:34 19:54 07:02 22:01 06:51 22:50 06:53 23:33 09:04 23:05 10:41 23:15 13:30 ––:–– 15:19 00:22 15:10 02:23 14:53 03:18 14:07 8 20:01 09:19 22:02 08:56 20:57 07:25 23:02 07:26 23:38 07:49 ––:–– 10:19 23:33 11:58 23:56 14:38 00:28 16:01 01:24 15:37 03:25 15:15 04:22 14:35 9 21:04 09:43 23:06 09:19 22:01 07:49 23:59 08:08 ––:–– 08:52 00:03 11:35 ––:–– 13:14 ––:–– 15:39 01:27 16:36 02:27 16:02 04:28 15:39 05:25 15:06 10 22:07 10:06 ––:–– 09:44 23:04 08:17 ––:–– 08:57 00:20 10:01 00:31 12:52 00:02 14:28 00:43 16:34 02:29 17:06 03:29 16:25 05:31 16:04 06:27 15:43

11 23:10 10:28 00:10 10:13 ––:–– 08:48 00:52 09:55 00:56 11:14 00:59 14:09 00:35 15:39 01:35 17:21 03:32 17:33 04:32 16:48 06:34 16:33 07:27 16:27 12 ––:–– 10:50 01:14 10:47 00:07 09:25 01:38 11:00 01:28 12:30 01:27 15:25 01:13 16:45 02:33 18:00 04:34 17:57 05:34 17:11 07:36 17:06 08:23 17:18 13 00:14 11:14 02:18 11:28 01:08 10:10 02:18 12:12 01:58 13:47 01:58 16:39 01:56 17:45 03:34 18:34 05:37 18:20 06:37 17:35 08:37 17:46 09:12 18:18 14 01:19 11:41 03:19 12:17 02:05 11:03 02:54 13:28 02:26 15:06 02:33 17:50 02:45 18:38 04:36 19:03 06:40 18:43 07:40 18:01 09:34 18:32 09:56 19:23 15 02:25 12:12 04:16 13:16 02:56 12:05 03:26 14:47 02:55 16:24 03:14 18:56 03:41 19:23 05:40 19:29 07:42 19:06 08:42 18:31 10:27 19:25 10:34 20:34

16 03:31 12:50 05:07 14:25 03:42 13:15 03:56 16:07 03:25 17:42 04:01 19:54 04:41 20:00 06:43 19:52 08:45 19:31 09:43 19:06 11:13 20:26 11:06 21:47 17 04:36 13:37 05:51 15:42 04:21 14:32 04:26 17:29 03:59 18:57 04:54 20:44 05:44 20:32 07:46 20:15 09:47 19:58 10:42 19:47 11:54 21:33 11:36 23:02 18 05:38 14:33 06:29 17:03 04:57 15:53 04:56 18:49 04:37 20:07 05:52 21:26 06:47 21:00 08:48 20:38 10:49 20:29 11:37 20:36 12:29 22:44 12:04 ––:–– 19 06:33 15:39 07:03 18:26 05:29 17:15 05:29 20:07 05:21 21:10 06:54 22:01 07:51 21:25 09:51 21:01 11:49 21:06 12:28 21:31 13:01 23:58 12:31 00:18 20 07:20 16:54 07:34 19:49 05:59 18:38 06:05 21:20 06:12 22:05 07:57 22:31 08:54 21:48 10:53 21:26 12:48 21:50 13:13 22:35 13:31 ––:–– 13:00 01:35

21 08:01 18:14 08:04 21:10 06:30 19:59 06:47 22:27 07:08 22:51 09:01 22:56 09:57 22:10 11:56 21:55 13:42 22:42 13:52 23:44 13:59 01:15 13:31 02:52 22 08:36 19:35 08:33 22:28 07:01 21:18 07:34 23:25 08:08 23:29 10:04 23:20 11:00 22:32 12:58 22:29 14:32 23:42 14:27 ––:–– 14:28 02:33 14:06 04:08 23 09:07 20:56 09:05 23:43 07:35 22:33 08:26 ––:–– 09:10 ––:–– 11:07 23:43 12:02 22:57 14:00 23:09 15:16 ––:–– 14:59 00:59 14:58 03:52 14:48 05:22 24 09:35 22:15 09:39 ––:–– 08:13 23:41 09:23 00:14 10:13 00:01 12:10 ––:–– 13:06 23:24 14:58 23:57 15:55 00:50 15:29 02:17 15:33 05:12 15:36 06:30 25 10:03 23:32 10:18 00:52 08:56 ––:–– 10:23 00:55 11:16 00:28 13:13 00:05 14:10 23:55 15:53 ––:–– 16:30 02:05 15:59 03:37 16:12 06:30 16:32 07:31

26 10:32 ––:–– 11:01 01:55 09:45 00:42 11:25 01:29 12:19 00:53 14:17 00:28 15:13 ––:–– 16:42 00:55 17:02 03:24 16:30 04:59 16:58 07:43 17:33 08:23 27 11:03 00:46 11:50 02:51 10:38 01:35 12:27 01:59 13:21 01:15 15:22 00:54 16:15 00:32 17:25 02:01 17:33 04:46 17:03 06:21 17:51 08:49 18:38 09:06 28 11:38 01:57 12:44 03:39 11:35 02:19 13:29 02:25 14:25 01:38 16:27 01:23 17:13 01:17 18:02 03:15 18:04 06:09 17:41 07:41 18:50 09:45 19:44 09:42 29 12:17 03:02 12:34 02:56 14:32 02:48 15:29 02:01 17:31 01:57 18:06 02:11 18:36 04:34 18:36 07:32 18:24 08:57 19:53 10:32 20:50 10:12 30 13:02 04:02 13:35 03:28 15:34 03:11 16:33 02:25 18:32 02:39 18:53 03:15 19:07 05:56 19:11 08:52 19:14 10:06 20:58 11:11 21:55 10:39

31 13:53 04:55 14:37 03:56 17:39 02:52 19:33 04:26 19:37 07:18 20:09 11:06 22:58 11:03

22 Moonrise and Moonset BAA Handbook 2015 MOONRISE AND MOONSET MOONRISE AND MOONSET

LATITUDE N 52º LATITUDE N 52º

31 13:53 04:55 14:37 03:56 17:39 02:52 19:33 04:26 19:37 07:18 20:09 11:06 22:58 11:03

BAA Handbook 2015 Moonrise and Moonset 23 MOONRISE AND MOONSET MOONRISE AND MOONSET

LATITUDE S 35º LATITUDE S 35º

1 15:57 01:54 17:18 03:06 15:59 01:55 16:21 03:24 15:58 03:58 16:25 05:31 16:48 06:10 18:49 07:21 21:05 08:01 22:06 08:05 23:35 09:23 23:33 10:00 2 16:53 02:39 18:00 03:59 16:38 02:49 16:53 04:18 16:31 04:52 17:11 06:29 17:48 07:05 19:58 08:04 22:12 08:43 23:07 08:54 ––:–– 10:20 ––:–– 10:56 3 17:47 03:27 18:38 04:53 17:14 03:42 17:25 05:11 17:07 05:48 18:03 07:26 18:52 07:56 21:06 08:46 23:17 09:27 ––:–– 09:46 00:19 11:16 00:07 11:51 4 18:36 04:18 19:13 05:48 17:48 04:36 17:57 06:05 17:46 06:44 19:00 08:21 19:58 08:43 22:13 09:26 ––:–– 10:13 00:04 10:39 00:58 12:12 00:39 12:45 5 19:21 05:11 19:46 06:41 18:20 05:30 18:31 07:00 18:30 07:41 20:01 09:13 21:05 09:27 23:19 10:06 00:19 11:01 00:54 11:34 01:33 13:06 01:11 13:38

6 20:01 06:06 20:18 07:35 18:51 06:23 19:08 07:55 19:17 08:38 21:04 10:01 22:11 10:08 ––:–– 10:47 01:16 11:52 01:40 12:29 02:07 14:00 01:42 14:31 7 20:38 07:00 20:49 08:28 19:23 07:17 19:48 08:51 20:10 09:33 22:09 10:46 23:17 10:47 00:24 11:30 02:09 12:45 02:21 13:24 02:38 14:53 02:14 15:25 8 21:12 07:55 21:20 09:22 19:55 08:10 20:32 09:47 21:07 10:26 23:14 11:27 ––:–– 11:26 01:26 12:15 02:57 13:39 02:58 14:18 03:09 15:46 02:49 16:20 9 21:44 08:48 21:53 10:16 20:30 09:05 21:21 10:42 22:08 11:15 ––:–– 12:07 00:22 12:05 02:25 13:04 03:41 14:34 03:32 15:12 03:41 16:40 03:26 17:15 10 22:15 09:42 22:29 11:10 21:07 10:00 22:15 11:36 23:11 12:02 00:19 12:45 01:27 12:46 03:21 13:55 04:20 15:29 04:05 16:06 04:14 17:34 04:06 18:11

11 22:47 10:35 23:08 12:06 21:48 10:56 23:13 12:28 ––:–– 12:45 01:24 13:24 02:30 13:29 04:12 14:49 04:57 16:23 04:36 16:59 04:50 18:29 04:52 19:06 12 23:19 11:29 23:51 13:03 22:34 11:52 ––:–– 13:17 00:16 13:26 02:30 14:04 03:32 14:16 04:59 15:43 05:30 17:17 05:08 17:52 05:28 19:24 05:42 19:58 13 23:53 12:24 ––:–– 14:01 23:25 12:47 00:15 14:03 01:21 14:05 03:35 14:46 04:31 15:06 05:41 16:39 06:02 18:10 05:40 18:46 06:10 20:18 06:36 20:48 14 ––:–– 13:20 00:41 14:58 ––:–– 13:42 01:20 14:46 02:28 14:44 04:39 15:32 05:26 15:59 06:20 17:34 06:34 19:04 06:14 19:40 06:57 21:11 07:35 21:35 15 00:31 14:18 01:36 15:53 00:22 14:34 02:27 15:28 03:35 15:25 05:41 16:21 06:16 16:54 06:55 18:29 07:06 19:57 06:50 20:34 07:48 22:02 08:36 22:19

16 01:13 15:17 02:37 16:46 01:23 15:23 03:35 16:09 04:42 16:07 06:39 17:14 07:02 17:50 07:29 19:22 07:38 20:50 07:29 21:28 08:42 22:50 09:39 22:59 17 02:01 16:17 03:44 17:36 02:29 16:10 04:44 16:50 05:48 16:52 07:34 18:08 07:43 18:46 08:01 20:16 08:12 21:44 08:12 22:22 09:41 23:35 10:42 23:38 18 02:55 17:15 04:53 18:22 03:38 16:54 05:53 17:32 06:53 17:40 08:23 19:05 08:21 19:42 08:32 21:09 08:49 22:39 08:59 23:14 10:42 ––:–– 11:47 ––:–– 19 03:55 18:10 06:04 19:06 04:48 17:36 07:02 18:16 07:55 18:32 09:06 20:01 08:55 20:36 09:04 22:02 09:30 23:33 09:52 ––:–– 11:45 00:17 12:52 00:16 20 05:01 19:02 07:15 19:47 05:59 18:18 08:08 19:04 08:52 19:26 09:46 20:57 09:28 21:30 09:37 22:56 10:14 ––:–– 10:48 00:04 12:50 00:57 13:57 00:55

21 06:10 19:49 08:25 20:28 07:09 19:00 09:12 19:54 09:44 20:22 10:22 21:51 09:59 22:23 10:12 23:51 11:04 00:26 11:48 00:51 13:56 01:37 15:04 01:35 22 07:20 20:33 09:33 21:10 08:18 19:43 10:11 20:46 10:30 21:18 10:55 22:45 10:30 23:17 10:50 ––:–– 11:59 01:19 12:52 01:36 15:03 02:16 16:09 02:18 23 08:29 21:14 10:39 21:52 09:25 20:28 11:04 21:40 11:11 22:13 11:27 23:39 11:03 ––:–– 11:33 00:46 12:59 02:09 13:58 02:19 16:12 02:57 17:14 03:05 24 09:37 21:54 11:42 22:36 10:29 21:16 11:52 22:35 11:48 23:08 11:58 ––:–– 11:37 00:11 12:21 01:41 14:03 02:57 15:06 03:00 17:20 03:40 18:15 03:56 25 10:44 22:33 12:42 23:23 11:28 22:05 12:35 23:29 12:23 ––:–– 12:30 00:32 12:14 01:06 13:15 02:36 15:10 03:43 16:15 03:41 18:28 04:26 19:12 04:50

26 11:48 23:13 13:38 ––:–– 12:23 22:57 13:14 ––:–– 12:55 00:02 13:03 01:27 12:55 02:02 14:14 03:30 16:20 04:27 17:25 04:23 19:32 05:16 20:03 05:48 27 12:51 23:54 14:29 00:12 13:13 23:50 13:49 00:23 13:26 00:55 13:39 02:22 13:41 02:58 15:18 04:21 17:30 05:09 18:35 05:06 20:31 06:10 20:48 06:47 28 13:51 ––:–– 15:16 01:03 13:57 ––:–– 14:22 01:17 13:58 01:49 14:18 03:18 14:33 03:55 16:26 05:09 18:41 05:51 19:44 05:51 21:25 07:07 21:29 07:45 29 14:49 00:38 14:38 00:44 14:54 02:11 14:30 02:43 15:03 04:16 15:31 04:51 17:35 05:55 19:51 06:34 20:50 06:40 22:13 08:05 22:05 08:43 30 15:42 01:25 15:15 01:37 15:26 03:04 15:05 03:38 15:52 05:13 16:34 05:44 18:46 06:38 21:00 07:18 21:51 07:32 22:55 09:03 22:39 09:39

31 16:32 02:14 15:49 02:31 15:43 04:34 17:41 06:34 19:56 07:20 22:46 08:27 23:11 10:34

24 Moonrise and Moonset BAA Handbook 2015 MOONRISE AND MOONSET MOONRISE AND MOONSET

LATITUDE S 35º LATITUDE S 35º

31 16:32 02:14 15:49 02:31 15:43 04:34 17:41 06:34 19:56 07:20 22:46 08:27 23:11 10:34

BAA Handbook 2015 Moonrise and Moonset 25 SUN’S SELENOGRAPHIC COLONGITUDE Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 35.1 52.0 32.7 50.3 56.2 74.7 81.3 100.1 118.7 124.8 142.5 147.5 2 47.2 64.1 44.8 62.4 68.4 86.9 93.5 112.3 130.9 136.9 154.6 159.7 3 59.4 76.3 57.0 74.6 80.6 99.1 105.7 124.5 143.1 149.1 166.8 171.8 4 71.5 88.4 69.1 86.8 92.7 111.3 117.9 136.7 155.3 161.3 179.0 184.0 5 83.6 100.5 81.3 98.9 104.9 123.5 130.1 148.9 167.5 173.5 191.2 196.2

6 95.8 112.7 93.4 111.1 117.1 135.7 142.3 161.1 179.7 185.7 203.3 208.4 7 107.9 124.8 105.6 123.3 129.3 147.9 154.5 173.3 191.9 197.9 215.5 220.5 8 120.0 136.9 117.7 135.4 141.5 160.1 166.7 185.5 204.1 210.1 227.7 232.7 9 132.2 149.1 129.9 147.6 153.7 172.3 178.9 197.8 216.3 222.3 239.9 244.9 10 144.3 161.2 142.0 159.8 165.8 184.5 191.1 210.0 228.6 234.5 252.1 257.1

11 156.4 173.4 154.2 172.0 178.1 196.7 203.4 222.2 240.8 246.7 264.3 269.3 12 168.6 185.6 166.4 184.2 190.3 209.0 215.6 234.5 253.0 258.9 276.5 281.5 13 180.7 197.7 178.5 196.4 202.5 221.2 227.9 246.7 265.3 271.1 288.7 293.7 14 192.9 209.9 190.7 208.6 214.7 233.4 240.1 258.9 277.5 283.4 300.9 305.9 15 205.1 222.1 202.9 220.8 226.9 245.7 252.4 271.2 289.7 295.6 313.1 318.0

16 217.2 234.3 215.1 233.0 239.2 257.9 264.6 283.4 302.0 307.8 325.3 330.2 17 229.4 246.5 227.3 245.2 251.4 270.2 276.9 295.7 314.2 320.0 337.5 342.4 18 241.6 258.7 239.5 257.5 263.7 282.4 289.1 307.9 326.4 332.2 349.7 354.6 19 253.8 270.9 251.7 269.7 275.9 294.7 301.4 320.2 338.6 344.4 1.8 6.7 20 266.0 283.1 263.9 281.9 288.1 306.9 313.6 332.4 350.8 356.6 14.0 18.9

21 278.2 295.3 276.2 294.1 300.4 319.2 325.8 344.6 3.0 8.8 26.2 31.0 22 290.4 307.5 288.4 306.4 312.6 331.4 338.1 356.8 15.2 20.9 38.3 43.1 23 302.5 319.7 300.6 318.6 324.9 343.6 350.3 9.1 27.4 33.1 50.5 55.3 24 314.7 331.8 312.8 330.8 337.1 355.9 2.5 21.3 39.6 45.3 62.6 67.4 25 326.9 344.0 325.0 343.0 349.3 8.1 14.7 33.5 51.8 57.4 74.7 79.5

26 339.1 356.2 337.2 355.2 1.5 20.3 27.0 45.7 63.9 69.6 86.9 91.7 27 351.2 8.4 349.4 7.4 13.7 32.5 39.2 57.8 76.1 81.7 99.0 103.8 28 3.4 20.5 1.6 19.6 25.9 44.7 51.4 70.0 88.3 93.9 111.1 115.9 29 15.6 13.8 31.8 38.1 56.9 63.6 82.2 100.4 106.0 123.3 128.0 30 27.7 25.9 44.0 50.3 69.1 75.7 94.4 112.6 118.2 135.4 140.2

31 39.8 38.1 62.5 87.9 106.5 130.3 152.3

The Sun’s selenographic colongitude is numerically equal to the selenographic longitude of the morning terminator, measured towards celestial East from the mean centre of the disk. Its value is approximately 270° at New Moon, 0° at First Quarter, 90° at Full Moon, and 180° at Last Quarter, and should be quoted on observations. The IAU longitude of the visible morning or evening terminator, as appropriate, can be obtained from the Sun’s selenographic colongitude S as follows: Terminator S Longitude (IAU) New Moon to First Quarter Morning 270° to 360° 360°–S East First Quarter to Full Moon Morning 0° to 90° S West Full Moon to Last Quarter Evening 90° to 180° 180°–S East Last Quarter to New Moon Evening 180° to 270° S–180° West The hourly increase in S may be taken as 0.5° 26 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2015 LUNAR OCCULTATIONS Except near new and full Moon, occultations of all stars down to magnitude 6.0, visible from the three pairs of stations whose co–ordinates are tabulated below, are given in the following lists. ZC numbers refer to the Zodiacal Catalog (Astron. Papers of the American Ephemeris, X, part II, 1940). Long. (λ) Lat. (φ) Long. (λ) Lat. (φ) ° ° ° ° Greenwich 0.0 +51.5 Edinburgh –3.2 +56.0 Sydney +151.2 –33.9 Melbourne +145.1 –37.9 Dunedin +170.5 –45.9 Wellington +174.8 –41.3

Phase (Ph.). The first letter indicates whether disappearance (D) or reappearance (R). The second letter indicates whether the limb is dark (D) or bright (B). Column 7 gives the Elongation of the Moon from the Sun. P is the position angle of the star, measured to the celestial east (anticlockwise) from the northernmost point of the Moon’s limb. The time (T) of occultation at a place Δλ degrees east and Δφ degrees north of one of the stations for which a prediction is given may be found from: T = predicted time + a Δλ + b Δφ for which the coefficients a and b are given in the table in minutes. If the observer is west of the station, Δλ is taken as negative: similarly Δφ is negative if the observer is south of the station. For distances up to 500 km the error will not usually exceed 2 minutes. If the observer is at a place between two standard stations, for both of which the coefficients a and b are given, a better result can be obtained by using the values of a and b for a latitude midway between that of the observer and the nearer station. If φ1, a1, b1 apply to this station, and (φ2, a2,b2 to the more distant, and φ is the latitude of the observer, then

Observers should note that these calculations are prone to error propagation and are best done using a spreadsheet or appropriate app. Suitable support is available on the BAA website.

Notes: Predictions have been prepared using Occult 4 software.

For stars not identified by a Greek letter, Flamsteed number or variable star designation, the HIP catalogue number is provided.

When an occultation is given for one station of a pair, but not the other, the exclusion indicates the event is probably not observable at that station due to a miss, Moon elevation too low, sky too bright, or the event occurs on the bright limb. Observability is determined by a sophisticated algorithm in ‘Occult 4’.

A more detailed list of occultations is printed monthly in the Lunar Section Circulars, available on the BAA web site. Alternatively, keen observers may like to download Occult to generate predictions for their site, from: http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/occult4.htm (free for non–commercial use).

Further links can be found on the Internet Resources Page.

BAA Handbook 2015 Lunar Occultations 27 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations GREENWICH EDINBURGH E 0.0º N 51.5º W 3.2º N 56.0º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P º h m m/º m/º º h m m/º m/º º

Jan. 4 1029 26 Gem 5.2 DD 173 19 22.6 0.4 2.2 64 19 32.9 0.2 2.8 48 7 1309 45 Cnc 5.6 RD 156 7 56.9 –0.1 –1.8 292 8 1468 π Leo 4.7 RD 138 20 54.7 0.2 0.3 313 20 54.6 0.2 –0.2 330 22 3269 θ Aqr 4.2 DD 31 19 18.9 0.1 –0.4 51 19 17.5 0.1 0.0 35 23 3416 HIP 114822 5.6 DD 45 19 59.0 0.7 –4.0 133

31 878 130 Tau 5.5 DD 136 2 29.5 0.0 –2.1 119 2 20.1 0.2 –2.0 112 Feb. 1 1106 λ Gem 3.6 DD 156 18 23.4 0.8 0.8 113 18 26.4 0.6 1.4 99 1 1106 λ Gem 3.6 RB 156 19 31.2 1.0 1.8 255 19 35.6 0.9 1.4 269 2 1147 68 Gem 5.3 DD 159 3 54.4 0.1 –2.1 122 3 44.7 0.2 –2.0 117 6 1637 76 Leo 5.9 RD 147 21 16.2 0.5 4.5 226 21 29.8 0.4 2.6 248

7 1652 79 Leo 5.4 RD 146 0 46.4 1.3 –0.1 300 0 42.0 1.0 –0.2 309 13 2361 χ Oph 4.2 RD 76 8 11.2 1.5 0.5 221 8 7.7 1.4 0.1 228 16 2826 ρ Sgr 3.9 DB 38 6 23.2 0.9 1.5 73 16 2826 ρ Sgr 3.9 RD 38 7 29.9 1.2 0.8 276 7 30.5 1.0 0.9 281 23 404 38 Ari 5.2 DD 68 23 26.3 –0.1 –0.7 61 23 23.5 0.0 –0.6 51

25 650 63 Tau 5.6 DD 90 17 21.3 1.3 2.1 45 17 29.4 0.9 3.2 25 27 944 HIP 29616 5.9 DD 115 19 27.8 1.7 2.8 42 Mar. 3 1341 α Cnc 4.3 DD 151 3 32.8 0.2 –1.6 92 3 24.4 0.3 –1.7 88 28 1073 HIP 33937 5.9 DD 98 1 22.7 –0.1 –1.1 73 1 17.5 0.0 –1.2 68 30 1309 45 Cnc 5.6 DD 121 2 5.4 0.1 –1.4 83 1 58.2 0.2 –1.5 78

31 1410 6 Leo 5.1 DD 132 2 53.8 0.0 –1.5 86 2 46.5 0.2 –1.6 82 Apr. 11 2680 HIP 90687 5.6 RD 103 1 43.9 0.7 1.1 287 22 806 111 Tau 5.0 DD 50 12 22.0 1.5 –0.7 137 24 1106 λ Gem 3.6 DD 75 14 39.0 1.2 1.5 81 14 43.6 1.0 2.1 67 24 1106 λ Gem 3.6 RB 75 15 55.0 1.5 –0.2 291 15 49.1 1.3 –0.5 305

24 1147 68 Gem 5.3 DD 78 23 40.8 0.0 –1.2 74 23 35.0 0.1 –1.3 69 26 1341 α Cnc 4.3 DD 98 15 8.1 1.0 –3.2 168 14 59.4 0.7 –0.4 145 29 1652 79 Leo 5.4 DD 132 19 5.7 1.3 0.1 116 May 9 2826 ρ Sgr 3.9 RD 118 6 32.6 1.0 –0.7 251 13 3380 HIP 113686 5.9 RD 67 4 5.5 1.0 0.9 299

27 1635 75 Leo 5.2 DD 104 0 41.7 0.1 –1.4 78 0 34.4 0.2 –1.5 73 Jun. 13 354 ξ Ari 5.5 RD 44 3 5.4 –0.1 1.9 231 18 1106 λ Gem 3.6 DD 23 7 58.3 0.4 0.6 126 8 1.5 0.2 1.1 112 27 2114 μ Lib 5.3 DD 128 21 33.4 –0.3 –4.3 186 Jul. 4 3015 τ Cap 5.2 RD 153 3 56.7 1.1 –0.5 252

11 454 HIP 14439 5.6 RD 60 2 59.1 0.6 1.0 297 3 1.1 0.6 0.8 310 13 741 HIP 23043 5.5 RD 35 2 55.5 –0.1 1.1 283 18 1428 ο Leo 3.5 DD 29 12 29.8 1.4 –0.2 117 12 26.2 1.2 0.4 106 18 1428 ο Leo 3.5 RB 29 13 50.8 1.6 –0.4 284 13 44.1 1.3 –0.5 293 Aug. 22 2271 θ Lib 4.1 DD 90 20 53.6 1.2 –2.0 132 20 41.7 1.1 –1.7 125 27 3015 τ Cap 5.2 DD 154 22 1.3 1.3 0.6 60 22 0.3 1.1 0.7 53 28 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2015 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations GREENWICH EDINBURGH E 0.0º N 51.5º W 3.2º N 56.0º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P ° h m m/° m/° ° h m m/° m/° °

Sep. 1 219 μ Psc 4.8 RD 135 22 4.7 0.2 2.1 217 22 13.4 0.2 2.0 225 4 635 γ Tau 3.7 RD 96 22 10.7 –0.4 1.5 247 5 667 75 Tau 5.0 RD 94 1 47.6 1.3 0.0 311 1 37.2 4.4 –8.2 343 5 669 θ1 Tau 3.8 DB 94 0 59.4 0.7 0.7 121 1 2.0 0.5 1.2 108 5 669 θ1 Tau 3.8 RD 94 1 45.6 0.2 2.7 215 1 55.9 0.3 2.3 229

5 671 θ2 Tau 3.4 DB 94 1 12.6 0.9 0.3 137 5 677 HIP 21029 4.8 RD 93 3 0.0 0.9 1.8 245 3 4.4 0.9 1.5 258 5 692 Aldebaran 0.9 DB 93 4 50.9 1.5 0.8 80 4 51.3 1.2 1.3 66 5 692 Aldebaran 0.9 RD 92 6 8.6 1.5 0.0 262 6 3.3 1.4 –0.3 276 6 806 111 Tau 5.0 RD 81 1 56.5 0.6 1.2 284 1 59.5 0.6 1.0 297

6 820 117 Tau 5.8 RD 81 3 38.8 0.7 2.7 224 3 47.1 0.7 2.1 240 8 1106 λ Gem 3.6 DB 57 3 44.0 0.6 1.1 106 3 48.3 0.4 1.5 93 8 1106 λ Gem 3.6 RD 56 4 51.1 0.9 1.7 258 4 55.4 0.8 1.4 272

Oct. 5 1073 HIP 33937 5.9 RD 86 3 59.1 0.8 4.1 213 5 1106 λ Gem 3.6 RD 83 12 36.2 –0.3 –2.4 326 8 1428 ο Leo 3.5 DB 51 7 32.0 1.5 –0.4 117 7 27.2 1.3 0.2 107 8 1428 ο Leo 3.5 RD 50 8 54.3 1.6 –0.6 284 8 46.6 1.3 –0.7 292 26 219 μ Psc 4.8 DD 170 18 49.2 0.6 1.1 107 18 53.4 0.5 1.4 98

29 669 θ1 Tau 3.8 RD 147 19 31.6 –0.3 1.7 241 19 39.8 –0.2 1.6 249 29 671 θ2 Tau 3.4 RD 147 19 26.8 –0.4 2.0 218 19 36.7 –0.3 1.8 228 29 677 HIP 21029 4.8 RD 147 20 22.9 0.1 1.4 270 20 28.7 0.1 1.3 279 29 692 Aldebaran 0.9 DB 146 21 48.4 0.3 2.0 56 21 57.5 0.1 2.3 44 29 692 Aldebaran 0.9 RD 146 22 46.7 0.9 1.0 280 22 47.8 0.9 0.8 294 31 878 130 Tau 5.5 RD 130 5 19.4 1.2 –1.4 285 5 8.8 1.1 –1.7 297

Nov. 1 1029 26 Gem 5.2 RD 118 3 36.8 1.5 –3.2 332 3 1271 29 Cnc 5.9 RD 94 3 9.2 1.2 0.7 285 3 7.9 1.0 0.4 298 18 3131 18 Aqr 5.5 DD 83 18 43.3 2.4 –2.3 131 18 30.6 1.6 –0.9 114 19 3270 HIP 110009 5.8 DD 96 17 28.6 1.2 1.2 45 17 31.1 0.9 1.3 36 27 806 111 Tau 5.0 RD 162 6 51.4 0.2 –1.0 249 6 45.8 0.2 –1.2 257 28 944 HIP 29616 5.9 RD 151 2 21.7 1.5 –1.0 289 2 12.2 1.3 –1.3 304 29 1106 λ Gem 3.6 DB 137 4 57.8 0.0 –5.7 171 29 1106 λ Gem 3.6 RD 137 5 20.9 2.1 2.9 209

Dec. 2 1458 HIP 48734 5.9 RD 101 7 19.3 2.0 0.2 237 7 13.2 1.6 –0.2 246 7 1962 82 Vir 5.0 RD 48 4 0.2 0.8 3.4 235 4 10.7 0.5 2.4 252 23 677 HIP 21029 4.8 DD 156 15 59.7 –0.2 1.6 69 23 692 Aldebaran 0.9 DD 158 18 10.0 0.4 1.8 67 18 17.8 0.2 2.0 56 23 692 Aldebaran 0.9 RB 158 19 12.0 0.9 1.3 268 19 14.8 0.8 1.1 281 24 741 HIP 23043 5.5 DD 162 4 56.5 0.2 –0.7 56 4 52.9 0.3 –0.5 46 25 878 130 Tau 5.5 DD 172 0 22.7 1.3 –0.7 104

25 1029 26 Gem 5.2 RD 171 23 37.7 1.5 0.7 263 23 35.4 1.3 0.3 277 29 1409 ξ Leo 5.0 RD 135 3 22.3 0.9 –2.6 335 3 6.5 0.5 –3.5 350 BAA Handbook 2015 Lunar Occultations 29 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations SYDNEY MELBOURNE E 151.2º S 33.9º E 145.1º S 37.9º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P ° h m m/° m/° ° h m m/° m/° °

Jan. 13 1962 82 Vir 5.0 RD 86 17 40.2 1.6 –1.7 292 17 36.9 1.5 –1.3 275 22 3185 46 Cap 5.1 DD 24 5 36.2 1.8 0.8 86 24 3508 21 Psc 5.8 DD 54 11 0.4 0.2 1.4 73 10 53.0 0.4 1.4 81 29 658 68 Tau 4.3 DD 118 13 45.2 0.5 –0.4 134 13 48.6 –0.2 –3.3 161 31 947 71 Ori 5.2 DD 142 15 15.4 2.0 3.2 46 14 55.1 1.7 1.8 70

Feb. 4 1409 ξ Leo 5.0 RD 173 14 4.0 2.1 –1.4 304 13 55.6 2.2 –1.1 289 10 2033 κ Vir 4.2 DB 107 15 19.2 2.1 1.2 46 10 2033 κ Vir 4.2 RD 107 15 48.3 –0.6 –5.0 359 16 2913 61 Sgr 5.0 RD 29 21 29.3 1.6 0.4 239 21 17.5 1.4 1.0 221

Mar. 11 2223 γ Lib 3.9 DB 115 12 58.4 0.3 –1.1 90 13 2.6 0.0 –1.5 104 11 2223 γ Lib 3.9 RD 115 14 0.0 0.4 –2.0 304 14 4.6 0.4 –1.7 288 11 2247 η Lib 5.4 RD 113 19 57.4 2.3 2.3 243 19 27.6 3.2 5.9 216 12 2372 φ Oph 4.3 DB 103 14 41.9 1.5 0.8 47 14 36.1 0.7 –0.7 70 12 2372 φ Oph 4.3 RD 103 15 19.4 –0.2 –4.1 341 15 30.9 0.3 –2.6 316 31 1458 HIP 48734 5.9 DD 137 16 12.5 0.0 –1.3 152

Apr. 7 2223 γ Lib 3.9 RD 142 22 4.4 1.5 –4.2 347 9 2460 HIP 83854 6.0 RD 121 13 47.8 1.0 –0.8 262 13 44.4 0.9 –0.3 243 13 3093 ν Aqr 4.5 DB 67 20 57.5 1.6 1.4 45 13 3093 ν Aqr 4.5 RD 67 22 25.6 2.5 –0.1 279 22 11.5 2.3 –0.1 274 22 764 104 Tau 4.9 RB 46 7 31.6 1.9 1.6 247 27 1409 ξ Leo 5.0 DD 105 8 19.0 2.8 –0.2 84 8 6.3 2.2 –1.0 99

May 3 2033 κ Vir 4.2 DD 171 9 42.4 1.5 –0.5 71 9 39.2 0.9 –1.2 89 3 2033 κ Vir 4.2 RB 172 10 38.4 0.6 –3.2 335 9 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 RD 113 13 13.5 0.9 1.3 214 10 3045 HIP 102891 5.9 RD 98 20 12.9 3.3 –2.0 304 20 1.6 2.7 –1.4 29 11 3187 47 Cap 6.0 RD 85 19 54.2 2.1 0.5 253 19 40.1 1.8 0.5 246 13 3474 14 Psc 5.9 RD 59 17 34.5 0.3 3.0 189 22 1141 HIP 36616 5.5 DD 51 7 49.6 9.9 9.9 189

Jun. 1 2223 γ Lib 3.9 DD 164 8 30.7 1.0 –0.6 72 8 29.9 0.5 –1.2 89 1 2223 γ Lib 3.9 RB 164 9 26.6 0.5 –2.8 324 9 32.7 0.6 –2.1 305 1 2247 η Lib 5.4 DD 166 14 18.7 2.1 –1.3 126 14 14.0 1.8 –2.7 146 5 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 RD 140 21 23.5 –0.8 4.6 188 11 Uranus 5.9 RD 61 20 17.0 1.7 0.4 243 20 6.6 1.3 0.2 239 22 1549 48 Leo 5.1 DD 67 10 7.8 1.8 2.8 65 9 50.2 1.6 1.2 90 30 2460 HIP 83854 6.0 DD 159 10 54.5 2.7 1.8 50 10 38.2 1.9 –0.2 73 30 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 DD 161 17 43.0 0.3 1.5 74 17 34.5 0.6 1.5 80

Jul. 3 2913 61 Sgr 5.0 RD 162 8 59.1 –0.1 –1.2 281 7 3520 XZ Psc 5.8 RD 106 13 52.0 0.3 0.5 224 13 47.8 0.1 1.0 208 9 257 ο Psc 4.3 RD 79 15 4.8 0.3 –1.2 275 24 2033 κ Vir 4.2 DD 93 12 37.4 0.7 0.4 111 12 31.5 1.0 –0.1 124 24 2033 κ Vir 4.2 RB 94 13 35.9 0.3 1.6 262 30 2876 54 Sgr 5.3 DD 166 11 15.0 1.9 0.2 71 11 5.5 1.6 –0.7 85 30 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2015 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations SYDNEY MELBOURNE E 151.2º S 33.9º E 145.1º S 37.9º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P º h m m/º m/º º h m m/º m/º º

30 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 DD 167 12 28.5 2 1.7 49 12 11.9 1.9 0.7 62

Aug. 6 384 31 Ari 5.6 RD 93 20 28.7 1.4 2.9 201 20 10.2 1.0 2.7 197 8 648 δ1 Tau 3.8 RD 69 17 17.8 1.5 –2.4 301 17 19.0 1.1 –2.1 294 8 653 δ2 Tau 4.8 RD 68 18 1.1 1.2 –0.6 259 17 57.5 0.9 –0.7 255 17 1663 τ Leo 5.0 DD 28 3 36.2 1.0 –3.2 163 19 1891 θ Vir 4.4 DD 52 11 17.5 0.1 0.2 119 11 16.5 0.3 –0.2 132 22 2223 γ Lib 3.9 DD 86 12 59.4 0.7 –1.0 144 13 0.2 1.2 –2.5 159 22 2223 γ Lib 3.9 RB 86 13 28.7 –0.5 4.3 212

23 2372 φ Oph 4.3 DD 98 14 43.6 0.0 0.4 112 14 41.2 0.3 0.4 119 24 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 DD 109 12 0.9 1.7 0.0 114 11 50.9 2.0 –0.7 124 29 3269 θ Aqr 4.2 DD 176 13 53.6 2.9 –1.1 112

Sep. 5 764 104 Tau 4.9 DB 85 18 10.3 1.1 1.4 34 17 59.9 0.9 0.8 39 5 764 104 Tau 4.9 RD 85 19 9.7 2.8 –1.9 307 19 1.1 2.4 –1.7 301 23 2876 54 Sgr 5.3 DD 114 6 47.6 1.5 –1.4 101 23 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 DD 115 7 53.4 2.0 0.0 76 7 43.7 1.7 –0.9 90 29 257 ο Psc 4.3 DB 158 14 47.8 1.5 1.4 43 14 34.4 1.3 1.0 45 29 257 ο Psc 4.3 RD 158 16 0.6 2.2 0.4 269 15 46.2 2.1 0.2 267

Oct. 8 Venus –4.5 DB 45 18 31.1 0.9 –2.1 118 18 34.8 0.7 –2.3 126 8 Venus –4.5 RD 45 19 54.3 1.8 –1.4 276 19 49.8 1.4 –1.3 266 17 2372 φ Oph 4.3 DD 46 1 2.7 0.7 –2.1 123 1 9.7 0.2 –2.8 142 21 2969 β Cap 3.1 DD 96 8 48.2 2.7 –0.6 106 8 36.2 2.6 –1.5 115 21 2969 β Cap 3.1 RB 97 9 58.1 1.2 2.8 217 9 38.9 1.3 3.1 211 23 3269 θ Aqr 4.2 DD 124 10 42.0 2.8 –0.8 109 10 29.0 2.8 –1.4 114

23 3269 θ Aqr 4.2 RB 124 11 38.7 0.8 3.2 200 11 21.1 0.7 3.3 196 29 648 δ1 Tau 3.8 DB 149 18 17.9 1.7 1.1 78 18 3.6 1.8 0.8 88 29 648 δ1 Tau 3.8 RD 148 19 29.8 1.0 0.9 274 19 18.4 1.3 1.2 261 31 947 71 Ori 5.2 RD 124 15 13.1 2.7 –3.7 327 15 11.7 2.1 –2.9 318

Nov. 6 1663 τ Leo 5.0 RD 52 23 14.9 9.9 9.9 216 13 2372 φ Oph 4.3 DD 19 9 28.4 –0.1 0.8 98 9 25.3 0.1 0.8 104 23 257 ο Psc 4.3 DD 147 12 41.5 1.7 1.6 50 12 25.7 1.6 1.2 52 23 257 ο Psc 4.3 RB 147 13 54.9 1.7 0.9 266 13 40.6 1.8 0.9 262 21 3520 XZ Psc 5.8 DD 120 14 4.9 0.9 0.6 107 13 56.3 1.3 0.4 114 29 1158 74 Gem 5.0 RD 133 13 0.3 1.2 –2.1 304 13 1.8 0.9 –1.9 298

Dec. 4 1712 β Vir 3.6 DB 75 15 47.9 0.4 –1.4 99 4 1712 β Vir 3.6 RD 75 16 56.5 0.9 –2.0 302 16 59.3 0.7 –1.8 292 14 2913 61 Sag 5.0 DD 37 11 16.7 –0.4 1.7 52 23 648 δ 1 Tau 3.8 DD 155 14 36.8 1.7 1.0 83 14 22.8 1.8 0.6 93 23 648 δ 1 Tau 3.8 RB 156 15 50.4 1.1 1.1 268 15 37.9 1.4 1.4 255

23 653 δ 2 Tau 4.8 DD 155 15 17.6 1.2 0.4 110 15 8.9 1.4 –0.1 123 31 1678 89 Leo 5.8 RD 106 16 39.5 3.9 2.8 226 BAA Handbook 2015 Lunar Occultations 31 LUNARLunar OCCULTATIONS Occultations WELLINGTON DUNEDIN E 174.8º S 41.3º E 170.5º S 45.9º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P º h m m/º m/º º h m m/º m/º º

Jan. 13 1962 82 Vir 5.0 DB 87 17 7.7 1.8 –1.3 106 17 8.0 1.3 –1.8 122 13 1962 82 Vir 5.0 RD 86 18 33.5 1.8 –1.3 304 18 30.4 1.8 –0.8 287

Feb. 4 1409 ξ Leo 5.0 RD 173 14 51.3 1.1 –0.7 317 14 47.4 1.4 –0.1 301 16 2913 61 Sgr 5.0 RD 30 21 55.5 1.3 3.7 199 22 180 ζ Psc A 5.2 DD 47 8 18.2 0.4 0.4 122 8 15.0 0.5 –0.1 137 26 730 97 Tau 5.1 DD 97 5 48.6 1.0 2.7 17

Mar. 11 2223 γ Lib 3.9 DB 115 13 25.6 1.3 –1.0 83 13 26.9 0.9 –1.6 99 11 2223 γ Lib 3.9 RD 115 14 35.9 1.2 –2.4 312 14 40.2 1.2 –1.8 295 12 2372 φ Oph 4.3 DB 103 15 23.2 2.9 2.9 38 15 10.1 1.6 –0.2 64 12 2372 φ Oph 4.3 RD 103 15 58.6 0.5 –5.8 346 16 11.9 1.1 –2.7 319 13 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 RD 92 12 49.3 1.1 1.3 213 14 2646 HD 167720 5.8 RD 79 13 21.2 –0.3 –2.2 311 13 31.3 –0.2 –1.8 295 25 658 68 Tau 4.3 DD 63 1 26.6 0.8 –0.3 59

Apr. 9 2460 HIP 83854 6.0 RD 121 14 27.5 1.8 –0.5 263 14 21.2 1.7 0.0 244 13 3093 ν Aqr 4.5 RD 67 22 54.3 0.8 2.1 230 22 41.0 0.8 2.1 224 22 764 104 Tau 4.9 DD 46 6 48.5 0.9 0.5 117 6 43.4 0.8 0.1 132 24 1072 NP Gem 6.0 DD 71 9 47.0 –0.8 –2.8 170 27 1409 ξ Leo 5.0 DD 105 9 18.6 2.5 1.9 70 9 3.6 2.0 0.7 89

May 3 2033 κ Vir 4.2 DD 171 10 35.4 3.1 1.6 55 10 23.5 1.9 –0.4 78 3 2033 κ Vir 4.2 RB 172 11 20.4 0.5 –4.6 351 11 31.3 1.2 –2.4 327 9 2880 55 Sag 5.1 RD 114 13 29.1 1.8 4.0 196 11 3185 46 Cap 5.1 DB 85 18 43.2 1.5 1.6 45 18 31.0 1.5 0.9 55 11 3185 46 Cap 5.1 RD 85 19 56.9 1.9 0.6 267 19 46.2 1.7 0.6 260 22 1141 HIP 36616 5.5 DD 51 7 57.9 –0.5 –2.2 167 27 1663 τ Leo 5.0 DD 106 4 3.6 1.4 –0.6 66

Jun. 1 2223 γ Lib 3.9 DD 164 9 10.9 2.2 0.4 62 9 4.7 1.5 –0.8 82 1 2223 γ Lib 3.9 RB 164 10 7.9 1.1 –3.4 333 10 14.9 1.3 –2.1 312 1 2247 η Lib 5.4 DD 166 15 16.5 2.2 –7.3 173 3 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 RD 170 7 25.3 0.3 –0.9 254 7 27.2 0.4 –0.6 238 19 1210 5 Cnc 6.0 DD 32 5 49.4 1.2 1.2 91 5 40.2 1.1 0.7 108 22 1549 48 Leo 5.1 DD 67 10 13.1 0.4 2.0 75 10 3.7 0.4 1.4 94 30 2460 HIP 83854 6.0 DD 159 11 39.2 2.0 1.3 68 11 27.1 1.8 0.3 85

Jul. 3 2913 61 Sgr 5.0 RD 162 9 14.4 0.6 –1.4 275 9 17.2 0.6 –1.0 258 9 257 ο Psc 4.3 RD 79 15 20.5 0.6 0.1 230 15 17.9 0.4 0.2 219 24 2033 κ Vir 4.2 DD 93 12 48.2 0.2 –1.0 151 12 55.7 1.0 –5.0 177 27 2372 φ Oph 4.3 DD 125 3 22.4 0.1 –1.9 118 3 31.7 –0.1 –2.2 133 30 2876 54 Sgr 5.3 DD 166 12 4.0 2.1 –0.4 106 11 59.1 2.0 –1.3 120 30 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 DD 167 13 5.4 1.8 0.6 91 12 56.3 1.8 0.1 102

Aug. 1 3187 47 Cap 6.0 RD 163 16 49.3 1.4 0.4 293 16 40.6 1.4 0.7 286 3 3474 14 Psc 5.9 RD 137 12 17.6 1.8 –3.2 304 12 22.3 1.3 –1.9 286 8 648 δ1 Tau 3.8 DB 69 16 45.8 1.2 –0.8 81 16 45.4 1.1 –1.1 87 32 Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2015 LUNAR OCCULTATIONS WELLINGTON DUNEDIN E 174.8º S 41.3º E 170.5º S 45.9º Date Star V Ph. El. of ZC Name Moon UT a b P UT a b P º h m m/º m/º º h m m/º m/º º

8 648 δ1 Tau 3.8 RD 69 18 2.7 1.6 –0.2 251 17 57.7 1.3 –0.3 245 8 653 δ2 Tau 4.8 DB 69 17 32.0 2.2 –2.0 121 17 33.4 2.1 –2.6 130 8 653 δ2 Tau 4.8 RD 68 18 29.2 1.2 1.3 212 18 19.0 0.7 1.3 203 8 658 68 Tau 4.3 DB 68 18 43.1 1.1 1.8 24 18 32.5 1.0 0.9 32

8 658 68 Tau 4.3 RD 68 19 32.4 2.5 –1.6 313 19 28.6 2.2 –1.2 304 10 947 71 Ori 5.2 RD 44 18 39.1 1.8 –2.1 305 18 41.3 1.4 –1.9 298 17 1663 τ Leo 5.0 DD 28 4 18.4 1.0 –1.4 149 4 24.8 0.2 –3.1 174 25 2646 HD 167720 5.8 DD 122 13 2.3 –0.2 3.5 27 12 47.9 0.2 2.9 39

Sep. 1 Uranus 5.7 RD 139 17 1.5 2.1 –0.4 304 16 53.7 1.9 0.0 296 5 764 104 Tau 4.9 DB 85 18 36.6 1.8 0.2 75 5 764 104 Tau 4.9 RD 85 20 7.3 1.8 0.4 285 19 57.8 1.7 0.4 276 23 2876 54 Sgr 5.3 DD 114 7 49.6 2.6 –3.5 137 23 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 DD 115 8 47.2 2.3 –0.8 114 8 43.4 2.3 –2.0 129 24 3045 HIP 102891 5.9 DD 130 14 25.6 –0.1 2.1 40 14 16.1 0.1 2.1 46

25 3187 47 Cap 6.0 DD 143 13 13.0 0.6 2.2 41 13 0.3 0.7 2.0 47 27 3474 14 Psc 5.9 DD 170 8 8.8 0.3 2.2 11 29 257 ο Psc 4.3 DB 158 15 20.9 1.6 0.9 84 15 10.4 1.6 0.6 89 29 257 ο Psc 4.3 RD 158 16 30.3 1.1 1.7 237 16 17.6 1.1 1.7 231 30 384 31 Ari 5.6 RD 146 11 54.1 1.4 –0.8 264 11 52.4 1.0 –0.7 256

Oct. 8 Venus –4.5 DB 45 19 20.6 1.8 –2.0 126 19 23.6 1.4 –2.2 137 8 Venus –4.5 RD 45 20 56.0 2.4 –0.6 281 20 48.1 2.3 –0.4 267 17 2372 φ Oph 4.3 DD 46 1 46.4 1.6 –1.8 119 1 50.5 1.2 –2.7 138 26 Uranus 5.7 DD 165 9 52.6 0.5 2.3 13 9 42.0 0.7 1.3 24 30 764 104 Tau 4.9 RD 139 11 16.6 1.3 –2.0 297 11 20.5 1.0 –1.8 289 31 947 71 Ori 5.2 RD 124 16 18.6 1.9 –0.5 297 16 12.5 1.8 –0.4 288

Nov. 2 1210 5 Cnc 6.0 RD 100 13 56.6 0.7 0.2 224 13 52.7 0.2 0.8 211 14 2495 HIP 84792 6.0 DD 29 7 53.2 1.1 –1.8 154 17 35.8 0.2 0.5 125 15 2646 HD 167720 5.8 DD 42 9 31.4 –1.3 4.7 11 17 2913 61 Sgr 5.0 DD 64 4 33.4 1.4 3.7 23 4 14.5 1.6 1.9 41 23 257 ο Psc 4.3 DD 147 13 6.6 1.2 1.3 80 12 55.8 1.2 1.1 86 24 384 31 Ari 5.6 DD 159 8 45.9 1.4 –0.4 77 8 42.9 1.3 –0.8 84 29 1158 74 Gem 5.0 RD 133 13 47.1 1.8 –0.9 276 13 44.0 1.5 –0.9 269

Dec. 3 1600 59 Leo 5.0 RD 87 14 8.1 0.6 –3.9 351 14 21.0 0.6 –2.9 337 4 1712 β Vir 3.6 DB 75 16 20.6 1.4 –1.6 103 16 23.5 1.0 –1.9 114 4 1712 β Vir 3.6 RD 75 17 41.7 1.5 –1.9 307 17 42.9 1.5 –1.6 295 8 2128 13 Lib 5.8 RD 31 16 31.3 –0.1 –2.2 317 14 2876 54 Sgr 5.3 DD 33 2 39.4 1.5 3.5 28 2 21.0 1.6 1.7 45

14 2880 55 Sgr 5.1 DD 33 3 43.9 0.9 4.2 19 23 648 δ1 Tau 3.8 DD 155 14 55.6 0.7 1.3 87 14 47.1 0.7 1.1 99

BAA Handbook 2015 Lunar Occultations 33 GRAZING LUNARLunar Occultations OCCULTATIONS The map shows the tracks of stars to magnitude 7.8 which will graze the Moon’s limb and where the Moon is less than 85 per cent sunlit and has an altitude of more than 5°. The track commences in the West, and the Time (UT) is near the centre of the region. Tracks marked on the map as `A´ indicate the star is at a low altitude. Tracks marked with a `B´ indicate the bright limb is close. Small or negative cusp angles indicate the graze occurs at the terminator. General circumstances for the events can be judged from personal planetarium software, but those planning to observe a graze should request track details from the Director of the Computing Section. More details of grazes are given in the Lunar Section Circulars, or may be computed using software for non–commercial use from:

http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/occult4.htm http://www.doa-site.nl/

Observers positioned on or very near the tracks may see the star disappear and reappear several times at the edge of features on the Moon’s limb. The recorded times, to an accuracy of better than one second, continue to be valuable in the study and refinement of the shape and motion of the Moon, and in the detection of double or multiple stars, particularly during grazes.

Potential observers are encouraged to contact Tim Haymes at [email protected] for additional information and advice on how to report graze timings. A brief notification of success or failure of the observing attempt would also be helpful. Key to the Map 2015 Star N or S Cusp name ZC* Time† V Sunlit‡ limit angle† Limb§ h m % ° 1 HIP 109637 X30466 Jan. 22 17 52 7.2 7+ N 3.6 D 2 HIP 114822 3416 Jan. 23 20 13 5.6 14+ S 3.8 B 3 Y Sgr 2658(d) Feb. 15 06 54 5.8 –19 N 1.2 D 4 HIP 117151 3500 Feb. 20 18 54 7.1 4+ N 4.9 D 5 HIP 12252 X3525 Feb. 23 20 33 7.6 30+ N 3.3 D 6 Aldebaran 692 Feb. 26 00 21 0.9 52+ S 6.9 B 7 HIP 29616 944(d) Feb. 27 19 47 5.9 71+ N 3.6 D 8 HIP 30218 970 Feb. 27 23 45 6.3 72+ N 8.0 D 9 λ Gem 1106(u) Mar. 01 02 38 3.6 81+ N 9.1 D 10 Aldebaran 692 Apr. 21 17 29 0.9 11+ S 2.1 D 11 HIP 47518 1429 May 24 22 55 6.8 42+ S 0.5 T 12 μ Lib 2114(m) Jun. 27 21 36 5.3 81+ S 2.1 D 13 78 Tau 671(m) Sep. 05 01 22 3.4 –53 S 3.7 B 14 75 Tau 667(d) Sep. 05 01 32 5.0 –53 N 3.3 D 15 26 Gem 1029(d) Nov. 01 03 11 5.2 –73 N 4.6 D 16 HIP 91276 25588 Nov. 15 17 49 7.0 15+ S 0.1 T 17 HIP 101199 28524 Nov. 17 19 48 7.2 34+ S 1.9 D 18 1 Cnc 1197 Nov. 29 20 39 5.8 –81 N 10.7 D 19 HIP 44148 1344 Dec. 01 01 30 6.5 –71 N 6.5 D 20 ξ Leo 1409(d) Dec. 29 02 49 5.0 –85 N 3.5 D

* Numbers taken from the Robertson Zodiacal Catalog or the Extended Zodiacal Catalog d = double, m = multiple, u = unconfirmed. † Precise times and cusp angles are dependent on location ‡ a negative number indicates a waning Moon § graze occurs against a [B]right limb, [D]ark limb, [T]erminator

34 Grazing Lunar Occultations BAA Handbook 2015 GRAZING LUNARLunar Occultations OCCULTATIONS

All grazes are after sunset, with the exception of Aldebaran on April 21 There are two grazes predicted for Aldebaran. (numbers in brackets correspond with bold lines in diagram above) (6) Feb. 26th - the event occurs during 1st Quarter at the illuminated southern cusp. (10) Apr. 21st - the event occurs in the late afternoon with the Moon in crescent phase (about 3 days old), a solar elongation of 39 degrees, and at dark limb.

BAA Handbook 2015 Grazing Lunar Occultations 35 APPEARANCE OF PLANETS APPEARANCE OF APPEARANCE OF PLANETS APPEARANCE OF

36 Appearance of Planets BAA Handbook 2015 MERCURY Morning Apparition

Greatest Elongation W Superior Conjunction Feb. 24 (27°) Apr. 10 Jun. 24 (22°) Jul. 23 Oct. 16 (18°) Nov. 17

When best seen: Northern Hemisphere: mid October Southern Hemisphere: mid February to mid March, mid to late June

2015 RA Dec V Diam Ph. Elong. CM Δ h m ° ' " ° ° au Feb. 2 20 35.2 –14 55 +3.7 10.2 0.028 –5.5 199 0.656 7 20 16.8 –16 21 +1.7 9.7 0.150 –15.2 234 0.691 12 20 11.9 –17 31 +0.7 8.8 0.302 –21.6 266 0.758 17 20 19.2 –18 09 +0.3 8.0 0.435 –25.1 295 0.839 22 20 34.9 –18 14 +0.1 7.3 0.541 –26.6 322 0.921 27 20 56.0 –17 44 +0.1 6.7 0.624 –26.6 348 0.998 Mar. 4 21 20.6 –16 41 0.0 6.2 0.690 –25.7 13 1.070 9 21 47.6 –15 04 –0.1 5.9 0.746 –24.1 37 1.135 14 22 16.1 –12 56 –0.2 5.6 0.795 –21.8 60 1.193 19 22 45.9 –10 16 –0.3 5.4 0.841 –19.0 83 1.245 24 23 17.0 –07 06 –0.5 5.2 0.885 –15.7 105 1.288 29 23 49.3 –03 28 –0.8 5.1 0.928 –11.8 127 1.321 Apr. 3 0 23.2 +00 37 –1.2 5.0 0.968 –7.3 148 1.341 8 0 58.9 +05 02 –1.8 5.0 0.996 –2.3 169 1.342 Jun. 2 4 25.5 +18 57 +5.1 12.1 0.007 –3.5 95 0.551 7 4 16.8 +17 34 +3.5 11.6 0.047 –10.5 128 0.575 12 4 13.6 +16 56 +2.3 10.7 0.116 –16.2 160 0.623 17 4 17.6 +17 07 +1.5 9.6 0.204 –20.0 190 0.693 22 4 29.0 +18 00 +0.8 8.6 0.305 –21.9 217 0.778 27 4 47.7 +19 21 +0.3 7.6 0.419 –22.1 243 0.877 Jul. 2 5 13.6 +20 55 –0.2 6.8 0.548 –20.7 268 0.985 7 5 46.6 +22 21 –0.7 6.1 0.691 –17.7 291 1.096 12 6 26.1 +23 16 –1.1 5.6 0.833 –13.4 312 1.199 17 7 10.5 +23 18 –1.6 5.2 0.944 –8.0 333 1.279 22 7 56.5 +22 14 –2.0 5.0 0.995 –2.1 353 1.328 Oct. 5 12 8.5 –02 02 +2.9 9.5 0.058 –8.7 27 0.701 10 12 4.2 +00 08 +0.7 8.3 0.245 –15.5 59 0.804 15 12 14.8 +00 07 –0.4 7.1 0.486 –18.0 88 0.939 20 12 36.3 –01 43 –0.8 6.2 0.696 –17.3 113 1.077 25 13 3.6 –04 37 –0.9 5.6 0.837 –14.8 136 1.195 30 13 33.5 –07 55 –1.0 5.2 0.921 –11.7 159 1.289 Nov. 4 14 4.2 –11 16 –1.0 4.9 0.966 –8.4 181 1.358 9 14 35.4 –14 27 –1.1 4.8 0.989 –5.2 204 1.406 14 15 7.0 –17 21 –1.2 4.7 0.998 –2.1 226 1.435

BAA Handbook 2015 Mercury 37 MERCURY Evening Apparition Greatest Elongation E Inferior Conjunction Jan. 14 (19°) Jan. 30 May 7 (21°) May 30 Sep. 4 (27°) Sep. 30 Dec. 29 (20°) When best seen: Northern Hemisphere: mid January, late April to mid May Southern Hemisphere: mid August to mid September

2015 RA Dec V Diam. Ph. Elong. CM Δ h m ° ' " ° ° au Jan. –2 19 23.1 –24 16 –0.8 5.1 0.935 11.7 2 1.322 3 19 57.1 –22 48 –0.8 5.4 0.881 14.5 25 1.245 8 20 28.8 –20 46 –0.8 5.8 0.791 17.1 48 1.147 13 20 55.6 –18 18 –0.7 6.5 0.645 18.7 72 1.027 18 21 13.1 –15 52 –0.2 7.5 0.434 18.3 98 0.893 23 21 15.4 –14 10 +1.0 8.7 0.195 14.3 128 0.766 28 20 59.9 –13 54 +3.5 9.8 0.031 5.7 162 0.679 Apr. 13 1 36.6 +09 39 –1.9 5.1 0.993 3.1 189 1.318 18 2 15.5 +14 08 –1.5 5.3 0.934 8.7 210 1.260 23 2 54.0 +18 05 –1.1 5.7 0.814 13.8 230 1.171 28 3 29.6 +21 08 –0.7 6.3 0.655 17.9 252 1.059 May 3 4 0.0 +23 10 –0.1 7.1 0.494 20.3 275 0.940 8 4 23.6 +24 12 +0.5 8.1 0.350 21.0 301 0.826 13 4 39.1 +24 20 +1.2 9.2 0.226 19.7 328 0.726 18 4 46.0 +23 42 +2.2 10.4 0.124 16.3 357 0.645 23 4 44.4 +22 25 +3.4 11.4 0.048 11.0 29 0.587 28 4 36.2 +20 43 +5.1 12.0 0.007 4.1 62 0.555 Jul. 27 8 40.8 +20 08 –1.7 5.0 0.989 3.6 13 1.342 Aug. 1 9 21.5 +17 17 –1.2 5.0 0.949 8.9 33 1.330 6 9 58.1 +13 59 –0.7 5.1 0.897 13.5 55 1.298 11 10 30.9 +10 27 –0.4 5.3 0.843 17.5 77 1.254 16 11 0.3 +06 52 –0.2 5.6 0.789 20.8 99 1.202 21 11 26.9 +03 20 –0.1 5.8 0.735 23.4 122 1.142 26 11 50.8 +00 03 +0.1 6.2 0.678 25.4 146 1.078 31 12 11.8 –03 11 +0.2 6.6 0.614 26.7 171 1.008 Sep. 5 12 29.7 –05 56 +0.3 7.1 0.540 27.0 196 0.934 10 12 43.4 –08 08 +0.4 7.8 0.450 26.2 223 0.858 15 12 51.4 –09 34 +0.7 8.5 0.341 23.7 251 0.782 20 12 51.4 –09 50 +1.3 9.4 0.211 18.9 281 0.713 25 12 41.7 –08 30 +2.6 10.1 0.080 11.3 315 0.663 30 12 24.5 –05 31 +5.0 10.2 0.005 1.3 351 0.653 Nov. 19 15 38.9 –19 54 –1.2 4.6 1.000 0.8 249 1.449 24 16 11.5 –22 02 –1.0 4.6 0.995 3.6 272 1.447 29 16 44.6 –23 43 –0.8 4.7 0.985 6.4 295 1.432 Dec. 4 17 18.4 –24 54 –0.7 4.8 0.969 9.1 317 1.402 9 17 52.4 –25 31 –0.7 4.9 0.944 11.7 340 1.357 14 18 26.5 –25 33 –0.6 5.2 0.906 14.3 3 1.296 19 18 59.5 –24 59 –0.6 5.5 0.846 16.7 27 1.216 24 19 30.2 –23 48 –0.6 6.0 0.752 18.7 50 1.117 29 19 55.6 –22 09 –0.5 6.7 0.607 19.7 75 0.998 38 Mercury BAA Handbook 2015 VENUS Greatest Inferior Greatest Elongation E Conjunction Elongation W Jun. 6 (45°) Aug. 15 Oct. 26 (46°)

2015 RA Dec. V Diam. Ph. Elong. Δ h m ° ' " ° au Jan. –2 19 40.1 –22 45 –3.9 10.3 0.965 15.8 1.623 8 20 32.9 –20 20 –3.9 10.5 0.953 18.2 1.594 18 21 23.7 –16 56 –3.9 10.7 0.940 20.5 1.562 28 22 12.4 –12 46 –3.9 10.9 0.925 22.8 1.526 Feb. 7 22 59.1 –08 02 –3.9 11.2 0.909 25.1 1.486 17 23 44.5 –02 57 –3.9 11.5 0.890 27.3 1.442 27 0 29.1 +02 17 –4.0 11.9 0.869 29.5 1.395 Mar. 9 1 13.6 +07 25 –4.0 12.4 0.845 31.7 1.343 19 1 58.7 +12 18 –4.0 12.9 0.819 33.8 1.287 29 2 44.8 +16 42 –4.0 13.6 0.790 35.9 1.227 Apr. 8 3 32.3 +20 26 –4.0 14.4 0.759 37.9 1.162 18 4 21.1 +23 19 –4.1 15.2 0.724 39.8 1.093 28 5 10.7 +25 12 –4.1 16.3 0.686 41.5 1.021 May 8 6 0.2 +26 01 –4.1 17.6 0.645 43.0 0.946 18 6 48.5 +25 43 –4.2 19.2 0.600 44.2 0.868 28 7 34.4 +24 25 –4.2 21.1 0.551 45.1 0.789 Jun. 7 8 16.5 +22 16 –4.3 23.6 0.496 45.4 0.708 17 8 53.8 +19 27 –4.4 26.6 0.436 45.0 0.627 27 9 25.3 +16 14 –4.4 30.5 0.369 43.5 0.547 Jul. 7 9 49.3 +12 54 –4.5 35.4 0.292 40.5 0.471 17 10 3.6 +09 48 –4.5 41.5 0.206 35.4 0.402 27 10 5.3 +07 23 –4.4 48.6 0.116 27.3 0.343 Aug. 6 9 52.5 +06 13 –4.2 55.1 0.039 16.1 0.303 16 9 29.3 +06 33 –3.9 57.8 0.009 –7.9 0.289 26 9 7.7 +08 01 –4.2 55.1 0.046 –17.5 0.303 Sep. 5 8 59.1 +09 38 –4.4 48.8 0.126 –28.5 0.342 15 9 6.1 +10 40 –4.5 41.9 0.216 –36.5 0.398 25 9 25.4 +10 50 –4.5 36.0 0.301 –41.5 0.463 Oct. 5 9 53.4 +10 03 –4.5 31.2 0.376 –44.5 0.534 15 10 26.9 +08 22 –4.5 27.4 0.441 –45.9 0.608 25 11 3.9 +05 51 –4.4 24.4 0.499 –46.4 0.683 Nov. 4 11 43.0 +02 41 –4.3 21.9 0.550 –46.2 0.759 14 12 23.8 +00 58 –4.3 20.0 0.597 –45.5 0.833 24 13 5.9 –04 54 –4.2 18.4 0.639 –44.3 0.907 Dec. 4 13 49.6 –08 55 –4.2 17.1 0.678 –42.9 0.978 14 14 34.9 –12 46 –4.1 15.9 0.714 –41.3 1.048 24 15 22.2 –16 15 –4.1 14.9 0.747 –39.5 1.114 34 16 11.6 –19 08 –4.1 14.1 0.777 –37.6 1.179

BAA Handbook 2015 Venus 39 MARS

Conjunction: Jun. 14

2015 RA Dec. V Diam. P Q Ph. DE DS LS h m ° ' " ° ° ° ° ° Jan. –2 21 26.0 –16 19 1.1 4.8 358 73 0.941 –20.7 –24.9 262 8 21 56.5 –13 40 1.1 4.7 353 71 0.947 –22.7 –25.2 268 18 22 26.3 –10 49 1.2 4.6 348 70 0.953 –24.3 –25.1 274 28 22 55.5 –07 47 1.2 4.5 343 69 0.958 –25.4 –24.7 281 Feb. 7 23 24.2 –04 40 1.2 4.4 338 68 0.964 –25.9 –24.0 287 17 23 52.5 –01 30 1.2 4.3 334 68 0.969 –26.0 –23.1 293 27 0 20.5 +01 40 1.3 4.2 330 68 0.974 –25.5 –21.9 299 Mar. 9 0 48.4 +04 46 1.3 4.1 327 68 0.978 –24.6 –20.4 305 19 1 16.3 +07 46 1.3 4.1 325 69 0.982 –23.2 –18.8 311 29 1 44.3 +10 37 1.4 4.0 323 70 0.986 –21.4 –17.0 317 Apr. 8 2 12.5 +13 16 1.4 3.9 322 71 0.989 –19.3 –15.1 322 18 2 41.0 +15 43 1.4 3.9 321 72 0.992 –16.9 –13.1 328 28 3 9.8 +17 53 1.4 3.8 321 74 0.995 –14.3 –11.0 333 May 8 3 38.9 +19 46 1.5 3.8 322 75 0.997 –11.5 –8.9 339 18 4 8.4 +21 20 1.5 3.7 324 76 0.998 –8.6 –6.7 344 28 4 38.0 +22 34 1.5 3.7 326 76 0.999 –5.7 -4.5 349 Jun. 7 5 7.8 +23 27 1.5 3.7 328 70 1.000 –2.7 –2.4 354 17 5 37.6 +23 58 1.5 3.6 331 314 1.000 0.3 –0.2 359 27 6 7.2 +24 09 1.6 3.6 334 283 1.000 3.3 1.9 4 Jul. 7 6 36.5 +23 58 1.6 3.6 338 281 0.999 6.2 4.0 9 17 7 5.4 +23 27 1.6 3.6 341 282 0.997 9.0 6.0 14 27 7 33.8 +22 38 1.7 3.6 345 283 0.996 11.6 7.9 19 Aug. 6 8 1.5 +21 31 1.7 3.6 349 285 0.993 14.1 9.8 24 16 8 28.6 +20 09 1.7 3.7 353 287 0.990 16.4 11.6 28 26 8 54.9 +18 33 1.8 3.7 357 289 0.987 18.5 13.3 33 Sep. 5 9 20.6 +16 44 1.8 3.7 2 290 0.983 20.3 15.0 37 15 9 45.6 +14 46 1.8 3.8 6 292 0.979 21.9 16.5 42 25 10 9.9 +12 40 1.8 3.9 10 293 0.974 23.2 17.9 46 Oct. 5 10 33.7 +10 27 1.8 4.0 14 294 0.969 24.2 19.2 51 15 10 57.0 +08 09 1.8 4.0 17 294 0.963 24.9 20.4 55 25 11 19.9 +05 48 1.7 4.2 21 295 0.957 25.3 21.5 60 Nov. 4 11 42.5 +03 25 1.7 4.3 24 295 0.951 25.3 22.5 64 14 12 4.7 +01 02 1.6 4.4 27 295 0.944 25.0 23.3 68 24 12 26.6 –01 18 1.6 4.6 30 294 0.938 24.5 24.0 73 Dec. 4 12 48.4 –03 36 1.5 4.8 32 294 0.931 23.6 24.5 77 14 13 10.0 –05 49 1.4 5.0 34 293 0.924 22.5 24.9 81 24 13 31.4 –07 57 1.3 5.3 36 292 0.918 21.2 25.1 86 34 13 52.5 –09 57 1.2 5.6 37 291 0.912 19.7 25.2 90

40 Mars BAA Handbook 2015 LONGITUDE OF THE CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF MARS

Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 38.4 89.7 170.4 222.9 287.8 345.2 53.5 112.3 170.5 237.6 294.7 2.2 2 28.4 79.7 160.5 213.0 278.1 335.5 43.8 102.5 160.7 227.8 284.9 352.4 3 18.5 69.7 150.5 203.1 268.3 325.7 34.1 92.8 151.0 218.1 275.1 342.7 4 8.6 59.7 140.6 193.3 258.5 316.0 24.4 83.1 141.2 208.3 265.4 333.0 5 358.6 49.8 130.6 183.4 248.7 306.3 14.6 73.4 131.4 198.5 255.6 323.3

6 348.7 39.8 120.7 173.5 238.9 296.5 4.9 63.6 121.7 188.7 245.8 313.6 7 338.8 29.8 110.7 163.7 229.1 286.8 355.2 53.9 111.9 179.0 236.1 303.8 8 328.8 19.8 100.8 153.8 219.3 277.1 345.5 44.2 102.2 169.2 226.3 294.1 9 318.9 9.8 90.8 144.0 209.6 267.3 335.8 34.4 92.4 159.4 216.6 284.4 10 308.9 359.9 80.9 134.1 199.8 257.6 326.1 24.7 82.7 149.6 206.8 274.7

11 299.0 349.9 70.9 124.3 190.0 247.9 316.3 15.0 72.9 139.9 197.0 265.0 12 289.0 339.9 61.0 114.4 180.2 238.2 306.6 5.3 63.2 130.1 187.3 255.3 13 279.1 329.9 51.1 104.6 170.5 228.4 296.9 355.5 53.4 120.3 177.5 245.6 14 269.1 320.0 41.2 94.7 160.7 218.7 287.2 345.8 43.6 110.6 167.8 235.9 15 259.2 310.0 31.2 84.9 150.9 209.0 277.5 336.1 33.9 100.8 158.0 226.2

16 249.2 300.0 21.3 75.1 141.2 199.3 267.8 326.3 24.1 91.0 148.3 216.5 17 239.2 290.0 11.4 65.2 131.4 189.5 258.1 316.6 14.3 81.2 138.5 206.8 18 229.3 280.0 1.5 55.4 121.7 179.8 248.3 306.9 4.6 71.5 128.8 197.1 19 219.3 270.1 351.5 45.6 111.9 170.1 238.6 297.1 354.8 61.7 119.0 187.4 20 209.3 260.1 341.6 35.7 102.1 160.4 228.9 287.4 345.1 51.9 109.3 177.7

21 199.4 250.1 331.7 25.9 92.4 150.7 219.2 277.6 335.3 42.1 99.5 168.1 22 189.4 240.2 321.8 16.1 82.6 140.9 209.5 267.9 325.5 32.4 89.8 158.4 23 179.4 230.2 311.9 6.3 72.9 131.2 199.7 258.2 315.8 22.6 80.0 148.7 24 169.5 220.2 302.0 356.5 63.1 121.5 190.0 248.4 306.0 12.8 70.3 139.0 25 159.5 210.3 292.1 346.7 53.4 111.8 180.3 238.7 296.2 3.0 60.6 129.3

26 149.5 200.3 282.2 336.8 43.6 102.1 170.6 228.9 286.5 353.3 50.8 119.7 27 139.6 190.3 272.3 327.0 33.9 92.4 160.9 219.2 276.7 343.5 41.1 110.0 28 129.6 180.4 262.4 317.2 24.2 82.6 151.1 209.4 266.9 333.7 31.4 100.3 29 119.6 252.5 307.4 14.4 72.9 141.4 199.7 257.1 324.0 21.6 90.7 30 109.6 242.6 297.6 4.7 63.2 131.7 189.9 247.4 314.2 11.9 81.0

31 99.6 232.8 354.9 122.0 180.2 304.4 71.3

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h ° h ° m ° m ° m ° 1 14.62 7 102.34 10 2.44 1 0.24 6 1.46 2 29.24 8 116.96 20 4.87 2 0.49 7 1.71 3 43.86 9 131.58 30 7.31 3 0.73 8 1.95 4 58.48 10 146.21 40 9.75 4 0.97 9 2.19 5 73.10 11 160.83 50 12.18 5 1.22 10 2.44 6 87.72 12 175.45 60 14.62

BAA Handbook 2015 Mars 41 ASTEROIDS

ORBITAL ELEMENTS

Observers with binoculars or small telescopes may find these data useful in locating some of the brighter asteroids.

The data below, for asteroids brighter than magnitude 9.5 at opposition, have been extracted from the Minor Planet Center’s Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service at:

http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Equinox of the elements J2000 Epoch of the elements JD 2456600.5, 2013 Nov. 04.0 TT

No. Name a e i Node Peri. M au º º º º 2 Pallas 2.772 0.232 34.836 173.102 309.934 352.779 3 Juno 2.670 0.255 12.981 169.878 248.350 302.768 4 Vesta 2.361 0.089 7.141 103.852 151.199 272.215 6 Hebe 2.426 0.202 14.747 138.705 239.384 284.881 7 Iris 2.386 0.230 5.524 259.636 145.415 325.240 8 Flora 2.201 0.156 5.888 110.922 285.368 311.245 9 Metis 2.386 0.123 5.575 68.944 5.798 102.797 15 Eunomia 2.643 0.188 11.739 293.189 97.589 185.785 16 Psyche 2.923 0.137 3.098 150.281 227.127 255.779 20 Massalia 2.409 0.143 0.708 206.193 256.799 310.381 21 Lutetia 2.434 0.164 3.064 80.885 250.236 185.120 27 Euterpe 2.347 0.172 1.584 94.800 356.477 147.014 29 Amphitrite 2.555 0.072 6.090 356.435 61.863 163.064

WEBSITE More information on asteroids and dwarf planets can be found on the website of the Asteroids and Remote Planets Section at: http://www.britastro.org/asteroids/

42 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2015 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES

The geocentric data below, for asteroids listed on p.42, have been extracted from the Minor Planet Center Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Equinox J2000 Epoch JD 2456600.5, 2013 Nov. 04.0 TT

2 Pallas 2015 RA Dec. Δ r Elong. V h m s º ' " au au º Feb. 10 17 13 05.6 +06 17 02 3.163 2.932 67.6 10.0 20 17 24 48.4 +07 40 14 3.074 2.954 73.7 9.9 Mar. 2 17 35 12.2 +09 15 13 2.982 2.975 80.0 9.9 12 17 44 06.0 +11 00 43 2.890 2.996 86.4 9.8 22 17 51 17.5 +12 55 03 2.799 3.017 92.8 9.8

Apr. 1 17 56 33.8 +14 55 41 2.712 3.037 99.2 9.7 11 17 59 44.6 +16 59 13 2.631 3.056 105.6 9.7 21 18 00 40.2 +19 01 28 2.558 3.076 111.8 9.6 May 1 17 59 16.0 +20 56 57 2.496 3.094 117.6 9.5 11 17 55 36.1 +22 39 39 2.448 3.112 122.7 9.4

21 17 49 52.9 +24 03 14 2.415 3.130 127.0 9.4 31 17 42 32.9 +25 01 41 2.400 3.148 129.9 9.4 Jun. 10 17 34 14.4 +25 30 46 2.402 3.164 131.2 9.4 20 17 25 41.7 +25 28 26 2.423 3.181 130.7 9.4 30 17 17 42.5 +24 55 23 2.463 3.196 128.5 9.5

Jul. 10 17 10 56.9 +23 55 04 2.521 3.212 124.8 9.6 20 17 05 53.8 +22 32 23 2.594 3.226 120.1 9.7 30 17 02 51.4 +20 53 14 2.682 3.241 114.7 9.8 Aug. 9 17 01 54.6 +19 03 28 2.782 3.254 108.9 9.9 19 17 03 01.7 +17 08 09 2.891 3.267 102.8 10.0

3 Juno 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 8 54 32.2 +00 35 13 1.374 2.227 141.1 8.5 11 8 48 10.7 +01 13 54 1.338 2.251 151.5 8.3 21 8 40 00.6 +02 19 42 1.324 2.277 160.8 8.2 31 8 31 14.1 +03 47 25 1.336 2.303 165.3 8.2 Feb. 10 8 23 10.2 +05 28 15 1.375 2.329 160.7 8.3

20 8 16 55.2 +07 12 27 1.440 2.356 151.5 8.5 Mar. 2 8 13 15.4 +08 51 22 1.528 2.383 141.4 8.8 12 8 12 29.2 +10 18 58 1.635 2.411 131.4 9.1 22 8 14 33.9 +11 32 00 1.759 2.439 122.0 9.3 Apr. 1 8 19 16.1 +12 29 06 1.895 2.466 113.2 9.5

BAA Handbook 2015 Asteroids 43 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES 3 Juno (cont’d) 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Apr 11 8 26 13.5 +13 10 17 2.039 2.494 105.0 9.7 21 8 35 03.9 +13 36 16 2.190 2.522 97.2 9.9 May 1 8 45 26.7 +13 47 59 2.343 2.550 89.9 10.1 11 8 57 02.0 +13 46 39 2.498 2.577 83.0 10.2 21 9 09 34.2 +13 33 24 2.652 2.605 76.3 10.4

4 Vesta 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jun. 20 0 24 47.8 –04 00 49 2.192 2.319 84.1 7.7 30 0 36 07.8 –03 24 52 2.082 2.329 90.8 7.6 Jul. 10 0 45 54.9 –03 02 22 1.973 2.339 97.8 7.5 20 0 53 52.0 –02 55 03 1.865 2.349 105.4 7.3 30 0 59 40.5 –03 04 12 1.763 2.359 113.5 7.2

Aug. 9 1 03 02.6 –03 30 35 1.667 2.369 122.3 7.0 19 1 03 40.8 –04 14 04 1.582 2.379 131.7 6.8 29 1 01 26.8 –05 12 37 1.513 2.389 141.7 6.7 Sep. 8 0 56 26.8 –06 21 59 1.461 2.398 152.1 6.5 18 0 49 05.5 –07 35 24 1.432 2.408 162.0 6.3

28 0 40 13.8 –08 44 05 1.428 2.417 167.9 6.2 Oct. 8 0 30 58.5 –09 39 25 1.451 2.427 163.9 6.3 18 0 22 30.0 –10 14 48 1.499 2.436 154.3 6.5 28 0 15 50.0 –10 26 54 1.571 2.445 143.9 6.8 Nov. 7 0 11 35.5 –10 15 55 1.663 2.453 133.5 7.0

17 0 10 03.0 –09 43 57 1.772 2.462 123.7 7.2 27 0 11 11.4 –08 54 10 1.892 2.470 114.5 7.4 Dec. 7 0 14 47.0 –07 49 56 2.022 2.478 105.7 7.6 17 0 20 33.1 –06 34 08 2.158 2.486 97.5 7.7 27 0 28 11.6 –05 09 19 2.296 2.493 89.8 7.9

6 Hebe 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 3 24 18.9 –03 31 23 1.345 2.069 124.6 8.9 11 3 26 37.4 –01 20 33 1.449 2.087 116.9 9.1 21 3 31 49.1 +00 55 06 1.563 2.106 109.4 9.4 31 3 39 35.1 +03 10 34 1.686 2.126 102.3 9.6 Feb. 10 3 49 32.8 +05 22 06 1.814 2.146 95.5 9.8

20 4 01 22.2 +07 27 11 1.946 2.167 89.0 9.9 Mar. 2 4 14 46.9 +09 23 59 2.080 2.188 82.8 10.1 12 4 29 30.5 +11 11 04 2.214 2.210 76.8 10.2 22 4 45 20.3 +12 47 32 2.348 2.232 71.0 10.3 Apr. 1 5 02 05.5 +14 12 40 2.480 2.254 65.4 10.4

44 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2015 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES

7 Iris 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 11 23 51.5 –03 10 17 1.923 2.401 107.0 9.9 11 11 25 50.0 –03 57 16 1.825 2.427 116.3 9.8 21 11 25 00.3 –04 26 27 1.737 2.452 126.3 9.6 31 11 21 18.4 –04 35 24 1.663 2.476 137.0 9.4 Feb. 10 11 14 58.0 –04 22 56 1.607 2.501 148.3 9.3

20 11 06 31.5 –03 49 43 1.574 2.524 159.7 9.1 Mar. 2 10 56 54.6 –02 59 14 1.567 2.548 169.4 8.9 12 10 47 16.6 –01 57 51 1.589 2.570 168.7 8.9 22 10 38 43.7 –00 53 09 1.638 2.593 158.9 9.2 Apr. 1 10 32 10.0 +00 07 21 1.713 2.614 147.9 9.5

11 10 28 05.3 +00 58 03 1.811 2.635 137.2 9.7 21 10 26 38.5 +01 35 38 1.926 2.656 127.1 10.0 May 1 10 27 44.7 +01 58 37 2.056 2.676 117.6 10.2 11 10 31 08.1 +02 07 03 2.195 2.695 108.7 10.4

8 Flora 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 10 30 22.6 +12 57 11 1.466 2.188 125.5 9.9 11 10 29 25.7 +13 45 07 1.390 2.206 136.1 9.7 21 10 25 05.4 +14 52 46 1.331 2.224 147.5 9.5 31 10 17 41.2 +16 14 34 1.293 2.242 159.5 9.3 Feb. 10 10 08 04.6 +17 41 22 1.280 2.260 170.9 9.1

20 9 57 31.8 +19 02 29 1.295 2.277 171.5 9.1 Mar. 2 9 47 35.0 +20 08 20 1.336 2.294 160.4 9.4 12 9 39 34.8 +20 53 30 1.403 2.311 148.8 9.7 22 9 34 22.5 +21 16 40 1.491 2.327 137.8 9.9 Apr. 1 9 32 21.0 +21 19 16 1.596 2.343 127.5 10.2

9 Metis 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jul. 30 23 35 43.4 –11 53 02 1.577 2.412 136.0 10.1 Aug. 9 23 33 03.9 –12 41 43 1.490 2.399 146.1 9.8 19 23 27 39.6 –13 41 44 1.422 2.385 156.5 9.6 29 23 19 56.8 –14 46 23 1.378 2.371 166.3 9.3 Sep. 8 23 10 45.8 –15 47 16 1.359 2.358 170.1 9.2

18 23 01 15.6 –16 35 46 1.365 2.344 162.7 9.3 Oct. 8 22 46 17.2 –17 12 29 1.450 2.317 141.4 9.7 18 22 42 34.9 –16 57 33 1.522 2.303 131.1 9.9 28 22 41 55.9 –16 22 18 1.608 2.290 121.5 10.1 BAA Handbook 2015 Asteroids 45 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES 15 Eunomia 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jun. 20 23 54 36.0 +08 49 55 2.136 2.299 85.9 9.8 30 0 05 04.9 +11 03 02 2.008 2.283 92.1 9.7 Jul. 10 0 14 11.9 +13 13 28 1.882 2.268 98.5 9.5 20 0 21 38.5 +15 19 34 1.760 2.253 105.3 9.3 30 0 27 04.1 +17 19 06 1.644 2.239 112.5 9.1

Aug. 9 0 30 08.0 +19 09 16 1.537 2.226 120.2 8.9 19 0 30 28.6 +20 45 57 1.439 2.214 128.3 8.7 29 0 27 54.5 +22 03 58 1.355 2.203 136.8 8.5 Sep. 8 0 22 30.8 +22 57 41 1.288 2.192 145.3 8.3 18 0 14 46.2 +23 21 41 1.239 2.183 153.1 8.1

28 0 05 43.2 +23 13 32 1.212 2.175 158.4 8.0 Oct. 8 23 56 43.6 +22 35 42 1.207 2.168 158.4 7.9 18 23 49 12.5 +21 35 32 1.226 2.162 153.0 8.1 28 23 44 19.4 +20 24 24 1.266 2.157 145.0 8.2 Nov. 7 23 42 40.4 +19 13 37 1.325 2.153 136.3 8.4

17 23 44 25.3 +18 12 14 1.400 2.150 127.5 8.6 27 23 49 24.7 +17 26 11 1.489 2.149 119.1 8.8 Dec. 7 23 57 15.6 +16 57 55 1.587 2.149 111.1 9.0 17 0 07 35.1 +16 47 48 1.694 2.150 103.6 9.2 27 0 19 59.6 +16 54 41 1.805 2.152 96.5 9.3

16 Psyche 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Oct. 18 5 32 54.7 +19 10 54 1.975 2.625 120.4 10.4 28 5 32 55.7 +18 58 28 1.881 2.635 130.3 10.2 Nov. 7 5 30 03.6 +18 45 27 1.801 2.646 140.9 10.0 17 5 24 28.1 +18 32 35 1.742 2.657 152.2 9.8 27 5 16 42.3 +18 20 35 1.706 2.668 163.8 9.6

Dec. 7 5 07 38.7 +18 10 17 1.697 2.680 174.3 9.4 17 4 58 23.6 +18 02 50 1.718 2.692 169.8 9.6 27 4 50 07.0 +17 59 39 1.766 2.704 158.3 9.8

20 Massalia 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Mar. 2 14 19 39.9 –14 06 12 1.690 2.385 123.6 10.4 12 14 18 47.8 –13 59 22 1.604 2.401 133.8 10.2 22 14 14 55.3 –13 36 55 1.534 2.417 144.8 10.0 Apr. 1 14 08 21.7 –12 59 52 1.484 2.433 156.4 9.8 11 13 59 50.6 –12 11 20 1.458 2.448 168.5 9.6

21 13 50 23.5 –11 16 22 1.459 2.463 179.3 9.3 May 1 13 41 13.9 –10 21 44 1.486 2.479 167.1 9.7 11 13 33 27.5 –09 34 11 1.540 2.494 155.4 10.0 21 13 27 49.7 –08 58 50 1.617 2.508 144.2 10.2 28 22 52 44.8 –17 05 11 1.397 2.330 152.2 9.5

46 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2015 ASTEROID EPHEMERIDES 21 Lutetia 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jul. 10 22 05 09.5 –16 01 44 1.174 2.055 139.4 10.3 20 22 03 19.5 –16 40 48 1.107 2.049 149.5 10.0 30 21 58 27.6 –17 32 57 1.059 2.044 160.1 9.7 Aug. 9 21 51 12.7 –18 31 23 1.032 2.039 170.7 9.4 19 21 42 41.7 –19 27 11 1.028 2.036 173.3 9.3

29 21 34 26.1 –20 11 24 1.046 2.035 163.3 9.6 Sep. 8 21 27 52.0 –20 38 10 1.086 2.034 152.4 9.9 18 21 24 03.0 –20 44 58 1.146 2.035 142.0 10.2 28 21 23 33.3 –20 32 07 1.222 2.036 132.3 10.4

27 Euterpe 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Oct. 18 6 20 25.4 +22 17 27 1.401 1.970 109.4 10.5 28 6 29 33.2 +22 15 47 1.298 1.962 117.2 10.2 Nov. 7 6 35 27.0 +22 16 18 1.203 1.956 125.8 10.0 17 6 37 35.8 +22 21 08 1.119 1.951 135.4 9.7 27 6 35 43.6 +22 31 20 1.049 1.947 145.9 9.4

Dec. 7 6 29 57.9 +22 46 22 0.997 1.944 157.4 9.1 17 6 21 03.1 +23 03 56 0.966 1.943 169.6 8.8 27 6 10 32.2 +23 20 59 0.960 1.943 177.7 8.5

29 Amphitrite 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Aug. 9 2 07 31.2 +14 48 08 2.015 2.424 101.1 10.4 19 2 13 43.5 +15 49 31 1.892 2.419 109.0 10.2 29 2 17 38.1 +16 41 47 1.776 2.413 117.4 10.0 Sep. 8 2 18 54.7 +17 23 41 1.668 2.408 126.5 9.8 18 2 17 16.1 +17 53 29 1.574 2.403 136.4 9.6

28 2 12 40.0 +18 09 28 1.496 2.399 147.0 9.3 Oct. 8 2 05 24.3 +18 10 26 1.438 2.395 158.2 9.1 18 1 56 11.8 +17 56 28 1.405 2.391 169.2 8.8 28 1 46 13.4 +17 30 21 1.398 2.387 173.1 8.7 Nov. 7 1 36 48.3 +16 57 22 1.417 2.384 163.3 9.0

17 1 29 09.6 +16 24 17 1.463 2.381 151.9 9.2 27 1 24 09.8 +15 57 50 1.531 2.379 140.7 9.4 Dec. 7 1 22 11.7 +15 42 40 1.618 2.376 130.2 9.7 17 1 23 18.5 +15 41 18 1.720 2.375 120.4 9.9 27 1 27 19.0 +15 54 18 1.832 2.373 111.3 10.1

BAA Handbook 2015 Asteroids 47 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS

OCCULTATIONS OF STARS BY ASTEROIDS AND DWARF PLANETS Favourable events for the UK predicted by Steve Preston: Max Star Asteroid Asteroid Star Date UT ΔM Duration Magnitude Diameter hh:mm s km 1630 Milet HIP 28748 Jan. 11 21:04 7.2 2.0 8.1 19 http://asteroidoccultation.com/2015_01/0111_1630_35576.htm 94 Aurora TYC2444-000566-1 Jan. 12 04:06 1.5 18.6 10.6 218 http://asteroidoccultation.com/2015_01/0112_94_34260.htm 5508 Gomyou HIP12773 Oct. 06 21:25 8.0 2.2 8.2 15 http://asteroidoccultation.com/2015_10/1006_5508_35594.htm 275 Sapientia HIP 14977 Sep. 30 04:28 5.9 18.0 7.9 119 http://asteroidoccultation.com/2015_09/0930_275_35134.htm 1017 Jacqueline HIP28647 Dec. 26 18:57 6.3 3.2 8.1 39 http://asteroidoccultation.com/2015_12/1226_1017_35457.htm In the table above: ΔM The magnitude drop during occultation. Max Duration Duration of the occultation for an observer at the centre of the shadow path Star Magnitude Visual magnitude of the star

Global predictions Predictions by E.Goffin have been selected for stars brighter than visual magnitude 10.5, maximum duration 5 sec or longer, and magnitude drop greater that 2.0 Prediction uncertainties Predictions published a year in advance can be uncertain by several path widths. It’s desirable to monitor appulses even when located outside nominal geographical limits as, on some occasions, the unexpected can be found. e.g. double stars or unknown satellites. What to expect Disappearance of these stars behind the fainter asteroid should be quite abrupt and obvious. In larger telescopes the asteroid will be visible as a dim speck before the full glare of the star reappears. Well worth watching, and recording with video or CCD cameras. Event Duration The duration of an occultation will depend on where the observer is positioned within the predicted shadow path and the actual track. At the edge, the events are a few seconds long, or less. Many successful observations will reveal the asteroid’s outline. Results are published on the EURASTER web site: http://www.euraster.net/results/index.html – look at BEST EVENTS to see many interesting results including 130 Elektra on 2010–Feb–20 which contains seven UK observations. An occultation “miss” (no occultation) is a valid and important result in occultation astronomy. Recording and reporting an observation The disappearance time and duration of occultation are the key results. Timed observations need to be related to an accurate UT clock, or a clock that has been previously synchronised to UT. Aim for an accuracy of 0.1 to 0.5 sec. Observational reports are gratefully received by Tim Haymes (BAA Asteroid and Remote Planets Section) [email protected]. Include instrument details, GOOGLE Earth Long. and Lat. and whether or not an occultation was seen.

Using the table below In the table of predictions below: Time = UT of closest geocentric approach. Region of Visibility codes (RoV): 1 = North and Central America 2 = South America 3 = Europe, North Africa and the Middle East 4 = South Africa 5 = Russia 6 = Pakistan, India, and SE Asia 7 = Japan, China and Taiwan 8 = Australia and New Zealand Where diameters are not listed in the IRAS catalogue, an assumed value of A, the geometric albedo, has been used to calculate a value for the asteroid diameter.Predictions computed by Edwin Goffin. Track details are available from his ftp site: ftp://ftp.ster.kuleuven.ac.be/dist/vvs/asteroids/2015 48 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2015 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS Minor Planet Diam Max. Mag. Date Time No. Name (IRAS) Star ID V Dur. drop RoV 2015 h m km sec.

Jan. 1 04 34 569 Misa 73 HIP 22306 10.33 13.5 2.8 1 3 08 19 11 Parthenope 162 UCAC4-414-056792 9.45 6.3 2.5 3 12 16 50 171 Ophelia 117 HIP 10549 8.60 15.3 5.4 3 23 20 27 712 Boliviana 128 UCAC4-378-063038 10.05 32.6 3.0 8 27 21 33 209 Dido 160 HIP 28361 8.86 16.6 4.6 5 29 22 11 804 Hispania 158 UCAC4-560-049222 10.40 9.9 2.4 3 30 12 14 166 Rhodope 55 HIP 59690 7.63 7.3 7.2 1 Feb. 20 19 13 4138 Kalchas 56 UCAC4-393-057914 9.25 13.2 8.2 8 23 08 24 425 Cornelia 64 UCAC4-569-044834 10.29 7.0 3.8 1 25 04 34 643 Scheherezade 72 UCAC4-315-076953 10.06 14.3 5.4 2 27 08 50 154 Bertha 185 HIP 82606 8.80 8.8 4.5 2 Mar. 3 02 36 513 Centesima 50 UCAC4-512-016184 10.31 5.5 4.7 2 3 08 41 – 2010 WG9* 100§ UCAC4-472-011647 10.12 5.9 11.6 8 3 19 15 748 Simeisa 103 HIP 62844 8.83 9.8 6.2 8 6 00 02 – 2010 GX34** 100§ UCAC4-310-092949 10.21 12.4 10.6 4 7 12 34 506 Marion 106 HIP 65567 8.44 11.5 5.5 8 12 01 07 216 Kleopatra 113 HIP 54599 8.08 7.4 3.8 3 12 14 37 601 Nerthus 74 HIP 44780 8.14 6.3 6.9 7 20 19 59 238 Hypatia 146 UCAC4-504-024391 10.17 10.2 3.4 3 24 06 58 906 Repsolda 69 UCAC4-338-080123 9.56 11.2 5.0 2 25 18 47 1233 Kobresia 35 UCAC4-479-047527 9.79 5.0 5.5 4 25 22 59 366 Vincentina 90 HIP 47598 8.39 12.4 5.4 3 27 00 37 81 Terpsichore 121 UCAC4-605-029074 10.29 5.7 3.2 1 31 22 58 663 Gerlinde 99 UCAC4-355-099797 9.65 9.9 4.7 4 Apr. 2 15 19 92 Undina 123 UCAC4-362-123723 9.77 12.9 2.6 8 15 07 33 595 Polyxena 110 HIP 68025 8.94 7.9 3.6 1 16 05 53 914 Palisana 88 UCAC4-265-106016 10.37 20.4 2.1 2 17 04 06 780 Armenia 96 HIP 87622 9.12 13.4 5.4 2 May 1 10 34 32 Pomona 82 UCAC4-356-128906 9.37 28.3 2.4 1 2 13 48 583 Klotilde 83 HIP 45882 8.37 6.3 5.7 6 4 07 49 217 Eudora 67 UCAC4-493-057780 9.54 13.3 5.7 8 5 03 02 79 Eurynome 71 UCAC4-357-105100 10.23 10.5 2.3 2 9 20 09 628 Christine 51 UCAC4-560-049790 10.40 5.6 3.8 4 10 14 47 50 Virginia 90 HIP 60648 10.36 6.9 4.3 7 14 11 19 704 Interamnia 317 UCAC4-318-069578 9.35 28.5 2.4 8 18 03 04 735 Marghanna 77 UCAC4-255-162396 9.00 8.2 4.4 2 20 23 27 345 Tercidina 97 UCAC4-386-078457 9.88 9.8 2.4 3 23 03 45 1004 Belopolskya 76 UCAC4-396-057955 10.28 6.2 5.1 2 23 05 52 388 Charybdis 118 UCAC4-293-099821 9.67 10.5 3.2 2 26 19 21 1285 Julietta 42 HIP 89931 2.87 5.1 12.5 6 Jun. 4 20 45 322 Phaeo 72 UCAC4-348-074311 9.10 6.0 4.6 3 13 21 04 185 Eunike 163 UCAC4-518-059736 10.06 14.5 2.5 3, 5 15 08 48 925 Alphonsina 60 UCAC4-386-149192 9.57 8.4 3.7 1, 2 16 04 08 122 Gerda 84 UCAC4-377-068821 10.00 13.0 3.1 2 19 10 39 904 Rockefellia 60 UCAC4-445-097660 8.34 5.1 6.6 8 22 03 01 631 Philippina 57 UCAC4-454-080119 9.71 5.8 3.5 2 26 09 21 187 Lamberta 130 HIP 7069 8.42 5.9 5.9 2 26 15 39 1256 Normannia 71 HIP 70923 7.18 24.9 8.8 8 28 10 17 9 Metis 178 HIP 115729 8.26 24.7 2.6 1, 2 Jul. 8 11 35 194 Prokne 167 UCAC4-493-063912 9.82 23.2 2.1 7, 8 17 21 19 1028 Lydina 95 UCAC4-297-158703 10.27 6.0 4.8 3 19 18 37 385 Ilmatar 86 UCAC4-241-134848 9.16 9.8 2.9 4 22 23 38 1004 Belopolskya 76 UCAC4-396-057695 9.82 7.3 6.4 2 BAA Handbook 2015 Asteroids 49 ASTEROID OCCULTATIONS Minor Planet Diam Max. Mag. Date Time No. Name (IRAS) Star ID V Dur. drop RoV 2015 h m km sec. 25 10 56 49 Pales 149 HIP 14649 6.57 5.3 6.3 1 28 17 53 679 Pax 57 UCAC4-342-161177 8.85 5.1 3.4 4, 6 31 10 17 420 Bertholda 142 UCAC4-362-130613 10.33 17.0 3.5 8 Aug. 5 22 35 747 Winchester 171 UCAC4-460-005432 10.10 6.1 2.0 6 7 13 44 491 Carina 97 UCAC4-451-067887 9.23 11.3 4.9 7 7 15 06 65 Cybele 295 UCAC4-385-157620 8.92 18.7 2.4 8 11 20 13 109 Felicitas 84 UCAC4-417-149739 10.14 25.1 2.3 4, 8 15 02 35 405 Thia 111 UCAC4-366-073665 9.31 9.6 3.4 2 21 02 43 303 Josephina 99 HIP 113153 10.21 8.8 3.0 2 23 17 15 849 Ara 61 UCAC4-503-125939 10.31 12.8 2.0 5 27 14 34 466 Tisiphone 104 UCAC4-467-130457 10.29 8.1 3.4 6 28 09 49 16 Psyche 210 HIP 22850 6.43 11.8 4.6 2 31 03 01 849 Ara 61 UCAC4-499-123165 9.90 13.4 2.4 1 Sep. 4 19 59 1082 Pirola 44 UCAC4-394-126952 9.55 5.3 4.3 4 5 04 17 754 Malabar 89 HIP 11159 8.71 8.3 5.5 3 11 20 01 233 Asterope 95 UCAC4-553-018169 9.19 5.3 4.2 8 12 05 55 1237 Genevieve 40 HIP 6022 8.00 5.8 6.2 2 22 06 19 62 Erato 80 UCAC4-550-011695 10.38 9.6 3.2 2 23 02 12 547 Praxedis 71 HIP 22129 9.54 5.5 3.9 3, 5 24 23 26 51 Nemausa 148 UCAC4-382-082812 10.12 6.6 2.4 1 28 07 33 213 Lilaea 77 UCAC4-537-019838 9.54 8.0 4.7 1 30 04 39 275 Sapientia 117 HIP 14977 7.93 15.6 5.9 3 30 11 56 697 Galilea 78 HIP 113998 6.30 8.7 6.8 8 Oct. 2 02 04 22 Kalliope 142 HIP 115107 8.21 19.4 2.6 2 3 15 07 106 Dione 151 HIP 12740 8.38 24.1 3.1 7 4 08 20 140 Siwa 111 UCAC4-555-040411 10.17 6.1 4.2 1 5 15 56 114 Kassandra 95 UCAC4-353-137683 9.14 5.4 4.7 6 12 05 51 – 2009 UF156* 200§ UCAC4-525-004635 10.01 9.1 12.8 2 17 14 43 609 Fulvia 53 UCAC4-520-006098 10.04 5.7 4.9 8 29 16 53 842 Kerstin 40 UCAC4-654-041857 10.34 5.9 5.8 7 30 03 28 415 Palatia 86 HIP 100951 8.23 5.0 6.1 1 30 23 23 1902 Shaposhnikov 93 HIP 34145 9.74 17.7 6.6 3 Nov. 12 12 03 4707 Khryses 46 HIP 42298 8.13 7.7 9.7 1 12 19 04 389 Industria 79 UCAC4-535-048281 10.09 6.6 2.7 8 14 12 04 213 Lilaea 77 UCAC4-534-019221 9.60 9.0 4.0 1 19 00 31 348 May 82 UCAC4-544-014341 10.28 9.0 3.4 3, 5 23 02 41 203 Pompeja 110 UCAC4-514-002139 9.60 21.6 3.5 2 27 02 55 12 Victoria 129 UCAC4-510-045731 9.78 24.2 2.3 3 28 00 25 1171 Rusthawelia 72 UCAC4-550-040555 10.09 21.7 4.2 5 28 11 31 450 Brigitta 36 HIP 39693 8.74 6.6 6.6 1 Dec. 2 09 22 678 Fredegundis 42 HIP 19171 5.14 5.7 5.9 7 5 23 51 622 Esther 25 UCAC4-500-035238 9.97 7.5 2.8 3, 5 6 23 56 63 Ausonia 90 UCAC4-610-030776 9.41 9.1 2.1 3, 5 17 17 13 579 Sidonia 84 UCAC4-556-011525 9.80 6.4 2.6 8 18 04 04 172 Baucis 66 UCAC4-628-039080 10.06 5.9 2.5 1, 3 20 21 38 589 Croatia 91 UCAC4-488-028106 9.61 7.4 4.1 3, 5 21 14 05 416 Vaticana 88 UCAC4-624-039014 9.84 6.2 3.1 7 29 13 49 713 Luscinia 99 UCAC4-487-042765 9.54 7.9 4.8 7

* TNO ** Jupiter Trojan § estimated Infrared diameters based on IRAS / AKARI catalogues

50 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2015 NEO CLOSE APPROACHES TO EARTH Prepared from data on the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Near Earth Object Program website at: http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/ The website lists asteroids predicted to pass within 0.05 au (about 7.5 million km) of the Earth attaining magnitude 22.0 or brighter during 2015 (as of 2014 Jul 20). Newly–discovered objects may be added to the list available via the JPL NEO site, so do check this for recent updates. The Nominal Miss Distance is given in Lunar Distances (LD) and Astronomical Units (au). The apparent Elongation and Declination are geocentric. Ephemerides should be obtained near the time of observation from the MPC via its Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html For your local ephemerides, choose a location or observatory near your site. Note that the positions of some objects are subject to significant uncertainty.

Object Close Nominal Relative Magnitude Date Elongation Declination Approach Miss Distance Velocity H (brightest) when when when Date* brightest brightest brightest LD** au km s–1 ° ° 2005 YQ96 Jan. 2.9 10.3 0.0265 12.70 20.4 17.3 Dec. 29 72 +19 2007 EC Jan. 15.8 10.7 0.0274 6.59 22.2 16.6 Jan. 19 124 +57 357439 Jan. 26.7 3.1 0.0080 15.67 18.9 8.9 Jan. 27 179 +17 2008 CQ Jan. 31 4.8 0.0124 11.07 25.4 17.6 Feb. 1 147 -4 2014 EK24 Feb.23.7 15.9 0.0410 2.88 23.2 17.0 Mar. 4 173 +1 2007 ED125 Mar. 3 14.4 0.0371 12.86 21.1 16.8 Mar. 7 116 –24 141527 Mar. 13.4 17.1 0.0440 19.02 18.9 14.2 Mar. 16 137 –41 2005 KA Apr. 12 13.8 0.0354 4.68 24.7 21.0 Apr. 20 87 –2 293726 Jun. 12.7 18.4 0.0472 7.13 22.6 18.1 Jun. 6 132 –67 2010 LN14 Jun. 21.8 18.8 0.0483 15.86 21.1 17.3 Jun. 18 113 –36 2007 WU3 Jun. 25.3 16.8 0.0431 6.21 23.4 19.1 Jul. 3 120 +33 2010 NY65 Jun. 25.9 17.1 0.0440 13.48 21.5 17.9 Jun. 30 101 +19 2011 UW158 Jul. 19.6 6.4 0.0164 6.04 19.4 14.6 Jul.21 72 +74 2013 BQ18 Jul. 20 8.7 0.0223 14.07 25.3 21.0 Jul.21 80 –30 85989 Jul. 25.2 18.8 0.0484 20.32 17.1 13.8 Jul.22 100 +59 2009 DB1 Aug. 11 18.3 0.0471 12.41 22.9 19.0 Aug. 5 119 +31 281375 Sep. 1.5 17.4 0.0447 7.24 20.7 15.6 Aug. 25 156 –34 2014 KS76 Sep. 14.9 8.7 0.0223 7.59 26.7 21.3 Sep. 11 111 -24 2012 CL19 Oct. 4.0 17.4 0.0447 9.50 21.8 17.6 Sep. 28 123 –55 2009 TK Oct. 5.5 17.6 0.0451 11.06 22.3 16.8 Oct. 5 154 +12 2010 SX11 Oct. 9 18.2 0.0469 7.98 24.8 20.4 Oct. 3 124 +4 2011 SE97 Oct. 18.6 12.0 0.0307 12.88 24.7 20.3 Oct. 14 108 –28 2009 FD Oct. 29.4 16.3 0.0419 16.92 22.1 18.0 Nov. 1 113 +18 2005 UL5 Nov. 20.2 5.9 0.0153 18.99 20.2 14.4 Nov. 19 102 –5 2009 WB105 Nov. 25.7 15.0 0.0386 18.88 23.3 16.6 Nov. 25 177 +22 33342 Dec. 11.6 10.9 0.0280 8.51 17.9 11.3 Dec. 10 157 +2 1995 YR1 Dec. 23.8 16.9 0.0435 30.45 20.2 16.3 Dec. 22 107 –8 2011 YD29 Dec. 27 7.0 0.0180 6.81 26.3 19.8 Dec. 27 118 +68 2011 YE40 Dec. 30 9.4 0.0240 12.69 25.2 18.2 Dec. 30 156 +24

* Dates are quoted to the nearest day if uncertainty in close approach date is greater than ±0.2 day ** Lunar Distance: 1.0 LD = 3.844 x 105 km or 0.00257 au

BAA Handbook 2015 Asteroids 51 ASTEROIDS: FAVOURABLE OBSERVING OPPORTUNITIES LIGHTCURVE OPPORTUNITIES Prepared by Richard Miles based on an analysis of both numbered and unnumbered objects in the Minor Planet Center MPCORB database by Brian D. Warner. Asteroids are listed which at opposition reach magnitude 14.5 or brighter, and for which the rotation period is very uncertain or unknown. Where a 'U' code is given as '1' or ‘1+’, the values given are based on fragmentary lightcurves and are likely to be incorrect. Period/amplitude data are taken from the list maintained by Brian D. Warner and Alan W. Harris of the Space Science Institute and Petr Pravec of the Astronomical Institute, Ondrejov, Czech Republic, at: http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html

Asteroid Opposition Amplitude Number Name Date V Δ Dec. U Period of Magnitude m d au ° Code h Variation 1385 Gelria 01 08.5 14.2 1.742 +21 0.36 249 Ilse 01 16.6 14.2 1.365 +31 1 85.24 0.33 357439 2004 BL86 01 27.3 8.9 0.009 +17 1027 Aesculapia 02 23.0 14.3 1.754 +12 1 6.83 0.15 437 Rhodia 03 11.3 14.5 1.908 –06 1 56 0.38

341 California 03 14.6 13.8 1.551 +08 1 8.74 0.07 318 Magdalena 03 21.0 13.7 2.139 +05 1 59.5 0.11 1264 Letaba 03 24.1 13.9 1.870 –29 1 32.16 0.13 930 Westphalia 04 07.1 14.5 1.541 –21 0.1 2641 Lipschutz 04 09.2 14.5 1.060 –05

2692 Chkalov 04 19.6 14.2 1.169 –18 5392 Parker 04 22.5 14.0 0.762 +15 1 45 0.2 1831 Nicholson 04 23.8 14.3 1.014 –06 1637 Swings 05 01.3 14.5 1.957 –22 1905 Ambartsumian 05 04.0 14.1 0.918 –14

910 Anneliese 05 08.2 13.4 1.517 –16 5381 Sekhmet 05 20.4 14.2 0.166 –49 1 3 0.1 2081 Sazava 05 25.9 14.1 1.133 –21 4875 Ingalls 05 28.4 14.5 0.894 –12 1105 Fragaria 05 28.8 14.4 2.013 –09 1 10.88 0.12

496 Gryphia 06 01.3 14.3 1.323 –18 1 18 0.05 1137 Raissa 06 17.1 13.3 1.386 –24 1 37 0.34 2025 Nortia 06 19.0 14.5 1.812 –33 2344 Xizang 06 21.8 14.4 1.471 –22 1397 Umtata 06 23.9 13.1 0.991 –25 1 30 0.13

1476 Cox 07 04.6 14.5 0.905 –33 5445 Williwaw 07 04.8 14.3 1.122 –18 1247 Memoria 07 10.5 13.7 1.581 –20 52 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2015 ASTEROIDS: FAVOURABLE OBSERVING OPPORTUNITIES

Cont'd

Asteroid Opposition Amplitude Number Name Date V Δ Dec. U Period of Magnitude m d au ° Code h Variation 2407 Haug 07 15.2 13.8 1.486 –25 2389 Dibaj 07 20.1 14.2 0.874 –31 9773 1993 MG1 07 20.2 14.1 0.639 –06 3858 Dorchester 07 26.9 14.4 0.673 –33 6649 Yokotatakao 07 30.9 14.4 0.877 –23

5518 Mariobotta 08 01.6 14.2 0.922 –19 2166 Handahl 08 01.9 14.1 0.826 –12 1331 Solvejg 08 15.0 13.2 1.513 –16 1+ 10 0.3 2243 Lonnrot 08 16.2 13.7 0.805 –27 7776 Takeishi 08 19.6 14.4 0.912 –07 1 8.9 0.05

4145 Maximova 08 28.7 14.5 0.813 –03 7748 1987 TA 09 01.0 14.5 0.764 –09 2379 Heiskanen 09 05.4 13.3 1.298 –07 467 Laura 09 06.5 14.5 1.800 –03 1 36.8 0.14 4919 Vishnevskaya 09 06.7 14.3 0.744 –08

31450 1999 CU9 09 07.6 14.0 0.751 +03 3875 Staehle 09 10.8 14.5 0.826 –12 2362 Mark Twain 09 15.5 14.2 0.768 –06 3958 Komendantov 09 24.0 14.0 1.032 –02 9165 Raup 10 04.0 14.5 0.806 –02

13762 1998 SG130 10 04.4 14.5 0.775 +03 4272 Entsuji 10 16.4 13.8 0.795 +03 2343 Siding Spring 10 29.0 13.9 0.770 +13 4212 Sansyu–Asuke 10 30.9 14.1 1.449 +20 1654 Bojeva 10 31.0 14.3 1.804 +17 0.1

795 Fini 11 10.7 14.3 2.039 +32 1+ 9.292 0.06 924 Toni 11 16.4 12.9 1.605 +05 1 21.1 0.14 1343 Nicole 11 17.7 14.5 1.786 +21 1 70 0.29 1531 Hartmut 11 20.3 14.3 1.262 +34 1114 Lorraine 11 25.8 14.1 1.915 +09 1 33 0.16

3433 Fehrenbach 11 27.6 14.3 0.976 +30 2616 Lesya 12 07.0 14.4 1.155 +20 2545 Verbiest 12 11.3 14.4 0.977 +34 1+ 10 0.06 2056 Nancy 12 15.0 14.2 1.100 +19 1+ 15 0.08 2569 Madeline 12 21.2 13.7 1.381 +28 0.1

BAA Handbook 2015 Asteroids 53 ASTEROIDS: FAVOURABLE OBSERVING OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES AT LOW PHASE ANGLE AND AT OPPOSITION Asteroids have been selected on the following criteria: V<14.0, Phase Angle ≤0.20°

Asteroid Opposition Minimum Maximum Number Name Date Phase Angle V Dec. Period Change in m d ° ° h Magnitude 431 Nephele 01 18.6 0.01 13.6 +21 18.821 0.3 623 Chimaera 01 29.7 0.16 13.4 +18 14.635 0.18 71 Niobe 02 04.8 0.18 10.6 +17 35.864 0.22 656 Beagle 03 01.8 0.12 13.4 +7 7.035 1.2 214 Aschera 03 04.2 0.04 12.1 +7 6.835 0.22 755 Quintilla 03 14.3 0.11 13.5 +2 4.552 0.45 190 Ismene 03 20.2 0.13 12.9 +1 6.52 0.16 1126 Otero 03 22.0 0.02 13.4 –0 3.6481 0.7 365 Corduba 03 25.0 0.15 13.3 –2 6.354 0.15 236 Honoria 03 30.0 0.17 12.7 –3 12.333 0.18 20 Massalia 04 20.4 0.03 9.3 –11 8.098 0.27 19 Fortuna 04 23.2 0.02 10.7 –12 7.4432 0.35 211 Isolda 06 10.7 0.12 12.7 –23 18.365 0.14 551 Ortrud 07 21.0 0.17 13.9 –21 13.05 0.18 415 Palatia 07 31.7 0.07 13.0 –19 20.73 0.33 100 Hekate 08 03.0 0.22 10.7 –18 27.066 0.23 442 Eichsfeldia 08 09.2 0.10 12.6 –16 11.871 0.38 783 Nora 08 15.5 0.01 12.0 –14 34.4 0.2 893 Leopoldina 08 18.9 0.05 12.8 –13 14.115 0.35 1430 Somalia 08 19.5 0.07 13.8 –13 6.913 0.45 1082 Pirola 08 27.0 0.11 13.4 –11 15.8525 0.6 177 Irma 09 02.0 0.17 11.8 –9 13.856 0.37 2379 Heiskanen 09 05.4 0.07 13.3 –7 ? ? 846 Lipperta 09 10.8 0.16 13.5 –5 1641 0.3 328 Gudrun 09 15.5 0.03 13.0 –3 10.992 0.32 3447 Burckhalter 09 24.5 0.08 13.8 +0 59.8 0.39 1160 Illyria 09 27.1 0.07 13.8 +1 4.1025 0.91 187 Lamberta 10 16.1 0.04 12.7 +9 10.67 0.32 229 Adelinda 10 16.4 0.10 13.2 +9 6.6 0.3 2343 Siding Spring 10 29.0 0.13 13.9 +13 ? ? 257 Silesia 11 02.3 0.18 13.0 +15 15.7095 0.3 975 Perseverantia 11 05.3 0.09 13.9 +16 7.267 0.23 1249 Rutherfordia 12 11.4 0.02 13.4 +23 18.2 0.81 27 Euterpe 12 25.2 0.05 8.4 +23 10.4082 0.21 1306 Scythia 12 25.8 0.14 13.5 +24 7.525 0.25

54 Asteroids BAA Handbook 2015 JUPITER

Opposition: February 6 Conjunction: August 26 2015 Equat Polar RA Dec. Mag D Δ Diam. Diam. E h m º ' " " º au Jan. –2 9 38.5 +14 59 –2.4 43.1 40.3 –0.2 4.576 8 9 35.4 +15 16 –2.5 44.0 41.2 –0.2 4.478 18 9 31.4 +15 38 –2.5 44.8 41.9 –0.2 4.404 28 9 26.6 +16 03 –2.5 45.2 42.3 –0.2 4.360 Feb. 7 9 21.4 +16 28 –2.5 45.4 42.4 –0.2 4.346 17 9 16.2 +16 53 –2.5 45.2 42.2 –0.2 4.364 27 9 11.4 +17 15 –2.5 44.7 41.8 –0.1 4.413 Mar. 9 9 7.2 +17 33 –2.5 43.9 41.1 –0.1 4.490 19 9 4.1 +17 46 –2.4 42.9 40.1 –0.1 4.592 29 9 2.1 +17 54 –2.4 41.8 39.1 0.0 4.715 Apr. 8 9 1.4 +17 57 –2.3 40.6 38.0 0.0 4.854 18 9 1.9 +17 53 –2.2 39.4 36.8 0.0 5.004 28 9 3.6 +17 45 –2.2 38.2 35.7 0.0 5.161 May 8 9 6.5 +17 32 –2.1 37.1 34.7 0.0 5.320 18 9 10.4 +17 14 –2.0 36.0 33.7 0.0 5.478 28 9 15.3 +16 52 –1.9 35.0 32.7 –0.1 5.631 Jun. 7 9 20.9 +16 25 –1.9 34.1 31.9 –0.1 5.776 17 9 27.2 +15 55 –1.9 33.4 31.2 –0.2 5.911 27 9 34.0 +15 22 –1.8 32.7 30.6 –0.2 6.032 Jul. 7 9 41.3 +14 45 –1.8 32.1 30.0 –0.3 6.139 17 9 49.0 +14 06 –1.7 31.7 29.6 –0.3 6.228 27 9 57.0 +13 25 –1.7 31.3 29.3 –0.4 6.300 Aug. 6 10 5.1 +12 41 –1.7 31.0 29.0 –0.5 6.353 16 10 13.4 +11 56 –1.7 30.9 28.9 –0.6 6.386 26 10 21.6 +11 10 –1.7 30.8 28.8 –0.7 6.398 Sep. 5 10 29.9 +10 23 –1.7 30.9 28.9 –0.8 6.390 15 10 38.0 +9 36 –1.7 31.0 29.0 –0.9 6.361 25 10 46.0 +8 49 –1.7 31.2 29.2 –1.0 6.312 Oct. 5 10 53.7 +8 03 –1.7 31.6 29.5 –1.1 6.242 15 11 1.1 +7 19 –1.8 32.0 30.0 –1.2 6.154 25 11 8.1 +6 37 –1.8 32.6 30.5 –1.3 6.048 Nov. 4 11 14.6 +5 58 –1.9 33.3 31.1 –1.4 5.927 14 11 20.5 +5 23 –1.9 34.0 31.8 –1.5 5.791 24 11 25.6 +4 53 –1.9 34.9 32.7 –1.6 5.645 Dec. 4 11 29.9 +4 28 –2.0 35.9 33.6 –1.6 5.491 14 11 33.3 +4 08 –2.0 37.0 34.6 –1.7 5.332 24 11 35.7 +3 56 –2.1 38.1 35.6 –1.8 5.173 34 11 37.0 +3 51 –2.2 39.3 36.7 –1.8 5.018

Description of the headings in the table can be found on page 110. BAA Handbook 2015 Jupiter 55 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF JUPITER SYSTEM I Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 56.6 275.8 20.2 235.6 289.6 138.8 188.9 36.3 244.2 295.5 146.0 200.9 2 214.6 73.9 178.2 33.4 87.4 296.5 346.6 194.0 41.9 93.2 303.8 358.8 3 12.6 231.9 336.1 191.3 245.1 94.2 144.2 351.7 199.6 250.9 101.6 156.7 4 170.7 29.9 134.1 349.1 42.9 251.9 301.9 149.3 357.3 48.7 259.4 314.5 5 328.7 188.0 292.1 147.0 200.6 49.5 99.5 307.0 155.0 206.4 57.2 112.4 6 126.7 346.0 90.0 304.8 358.3 207.2 257.2 104.6 312.7 4.1 215.0 270.3 7 284.8 144.0 248.0 102.6 156.1 4.9 54.9 262.3 110.4 161.9 12.8 68.2 8 82.8 302.1 45.9 260.5 313.8 162.6 212.5 60.0 268.1 319.6 170.6 226.1 9 240.8 100.1 203.9 58.3 111.5 320.2 10.2 217.6 65.8 117.4 328.5 24.0 10 38.9 258.1 1.8 216.1 269.3 117.9 167.8 15.3 223.5 275.1 126.3 181.8 11 196.9 56.2 159.7 13.9 67.0 275.6 325.5 173.0 21.1 72.9 284.1 339.7 12 354.9 214.2 317.7 171.8 224.7 73.3 123.1 330.6 178.9 230.6 81.9 137.6 13 153.0 12.2 115.6 329.6 22.5 230.9 280.8 128.3 336.6 28.4 239.7 295.5 14 311.0 170.2 273.5 127.4 180.2 28.6 78.5 286.0 134.3 186.1 37.5 93.4 15 109.1 328.2 71.5 285.2 337.9 186.3 236.1 83.7 292.0 343.9 195.4 251.3 16 267.1 126.2 229.4 83.0 135.6 344.0 33.8 241.3 89.7 141.6 353.2 49.3 17 65.2 284.3 27.3 240.8 293.3 141.6 191.4 39.0 247.4 299.4 151.0 207.2 18 223.2 82.3 185.2 38.6 91.0 299.3 349.1 196.7 45.1 97.2 308.9 5.1 19 21.3 240.3 343.1 196.4 248.7 97.0 146.8 354.4 202.8 254.9 106.7 163 20 179.3 38.3 141.0 354.2 46.4 254.6 304.4 152.0 0.5 52.7 264.5 320.9 21 337.3 196.3 298.9 151.9 204.2 52.3 102.1 309.7 158.2 210.5 62.4 118.8 22 135.4 354.3 96.8 309.7 1.9 210.0 259.7 107.4 315.9 8.2 220.2 276.8 23 293.4 152.3 254.7 107.5 159.6 7.6 57.4 265.1 113.7 166.0 18.1 74.7 24 91.5 310.3 52.6 265.3 317.3 165.3 215.0 62.7 271.4 323.8 175.9 232.6 25 249.5 108.3 210.5 63.0 115.0 322.9 12.7 220.4 69.1 121.5 333.8 30.6 26 47.6 266.2 8.4 220.8 272.7 120.6 170.4 18.1 226.8 279.3 131.6 188.5 27 205.6 64.2 166.3 18.6 70.3 278.3 328.0 175.8 24.5 77.1 289.5 346.4 28 3.7 222.2 324.1 176.3 228.0 75.9 125.7 333.5 182.3 234.9 87.3 144.4 29 161.7 122.0 334.1 25.7 233.6 283.3 131.1 340.0 32.7 245.2 302.3 30 319.7 279.9 131.9 183.4 31.2 81.0 288.8 137.7 190.5 43.1 100.3 31 117.8 77.7 341.1 238.7 86.5 348.3 258.2

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h º h º º m º m m º 1 36.58 7 256.05 10 6.10 1 0.61 6 3.66 2 73.16 8 292.63 20 12.19 2 1.22 7 4.27 3 109.74 9 329.21 30 18.29 3 1.83 8 4.88 4 146.32 10 365.79 40 24.39 4 2.44 9 5.49 5 182.90 11 402.37 50 30.48 5 3.05 10 6.10 6 219.48 12 438.95 60 36.58 System I applies to all objects situated on or between the north component of the South Equatorial Belt and the south component of the North Equatorial Belt.

56 Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF JUPITER SYSTEM II Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 352.0 334.7 225.4 204.3 29.5 2.2 183.4 154.3 125.6 308.0 282.0 108.0 2 142.4 125.1 15.8 354.6 179.6 152.2 333.4 304.3 275.7 98.1 72.2 258.2 3 292.8 275.5 166.1 144.8 329.7 302.3 123.4 94.4 65.8 248.2 222.4 48.5 4 83.2 65.9 316.5 295.0 119.8 92.3 273.5 244.4 215.8 38.3 12.5 198.7 5 233.6 216.4 106.8 85.2 270.0 242.4 63.5 34.4 5.9 188.4 162.7 349.0 6 24.0 6.8 257.1 235.4 60.1 32.4 213.5 184.5 155.9 338.5 312.9 139.2 7 174.4 157.2 47.5 25.6 210.2 182.5 3.6 334.5 306.0 128.6 103.0 289.5 8 324.8 307.6 197.8 175.8 0.3 332.5 153.6 124.5 96.1 278.7 253.2 79.7 9 115.2 98.0 348.1 326.0 150.4 122.6 303.6 274.6 246.1 68.8 43.4 230.0 10 265.6 248.4 138.4 116.2 300.5 272.6 93.6 64.6 36.2 219.0 193.6 20.2 11 56.0 38.8 288.7 266.4 90.6 62.7 243.7 214.6 186.3 9.1 343.8 170.5 12 206.5 189.1 79.0 56.6 240.7 212.7 33.7 4.7 336.4 159.2 134.0 320.8 13 356.9 339.5 229.3 206.8 30.8 2.7 183.7 154.7 126.4 309.3 284.1 111.0 14 147.3 129.9 19.6 356.9 180.9 152.8 333.8 304.8 276.5 99.4 74.3 261.3 15 297.7 280.3 169.9 147.1 330.9 302.8 123.8 94.8 66.6 249.6 224.5 51.6 16 88.1 70.7 320.2 297.3 121.0 92.9 273.8 244.8 216.7 39.7 14.7 201.9 17 238.5 221.1 110.5 87.5 271.1 242.9 63.8 34.9 6.7 189.8 164.9 352.1 18 28.9 11.5 260.8 237.6 61.2 32.9 213.9 184.9 156.8 340.0 315.1 142.4 19 179.3 161.8 51.1 27.8 211.3 183.0 3.9 335.0 306.9 130.1 105.3 292.7 20 329.8 312.2 201.3 177.9 1.4 333.0 153.9 125.0 97.0 280.2 255.5 83.0 21 120.2 102.6 351.6 328.1 151.4 123.1 304.0 275.1 247.1 70.4 45.7 233.3 22 270.6 253.0 141.9 118.3 301.5 273.1 94.0 65.1 37.1 220.5 196.0 23.6 23 61.0 43.3 292.1 268.4 91.6 63.1 244.0 215.2 187.2 10.7 346.2 173.9 24 211.4 193.7 82.4 58.5 241.7 213.2 34.0 5.2 337.3 160.8 136.4 324.2 25 1.8 344.0 232.7 208.7 31.7 3.2 184.1 155.3 127.4 310.9 286.6 114.5 26 152.2 134.4 22.9 358.8 181.8 153.2 334.1 305.3 277.5 101.1 76.8 264.8 27 302.7 284.7 173.2 149.0 331.9 303.3 124.1 95.4 67.6 251.2 227.1 55.1 28 93.1 75.1 323.4 299.1 121.9 93.3 274.2 245.4 217.7 41.4 17.3 205.4 29 243.5 113.6 89.2 272.0 243.3 64.2 35.5 7.8 191.5 167.5 355.7 30 33.9 263.9 239.4 62.0 33.4 214.2 185.5 157.9 341.7 317.8 146.0 31 184.3 54.1 212.1 4.3 335.6 131.9 296.4

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h º h º m º m º m º 1 36.26 7 253.83 10 6.04 1 0.60 6 3.63 2 72.52 8 290.09 20 12.09 2 1.21 7 4.23 3 108.78 9 326.35 30 18.13 3 1.81 8 4.83 4 145.05 10 362.61 40 24.17 4 2.42 9 5.44 5 181.31 11 398.87 50 30.22 5 3.02 10 6.04 6 217.57 12 435.14 60 36.26 System II applies to all objects situated north of the south component of the North Equatorial Belt or south of the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. BAA Handbook 2015 Jupiter 57 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF JUPITER SYSTEM III (2009) Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 250.9 241.9 140.1 127.2 320.3 301.3 130.5 109.6 89.2 279.5 261.8 95.8 2 41.6 32.6 290.7 277.7 110.7 91.6 280.8 259.9 239.5 69.9 52.2 246.3 3 192.3 183.3 81.3 68.2 261.1 241.9 71.1 50.2 29.9 220.3 202.7 36.8 4 342.9 333.9 231.9 218.7 51.5 32.2 221.3 200.5 180.2 10.6 353.1 187.3 5 133.6 124.6 22.5 9.1 201.9 182.5 11.6 350.8 330.5 161.0 143.6 337.8 6 284.3 275.3 173.1 159.6 352.2 332.9 161.9 141.1 120.8 311.4 294.0 128.3 7 74.9 65.9 323.7 310.1 142.6 123.2 312.2 291.4 271.2 101.8 84.4 278.8 8 225.6 216.6 114.3 100.6 293.0 273.5 102.5 81.7 61.5 252.1 234.9 69.4 9 16.3 7.3 264.8 251.0 83.4 63.8 252.8 232.0 211.8 42.5 25.3 219.9 10 167.0 157.9 55.4 41.5 233.7 214.1 43.1 22.3 2.2 192.9 175.8 10.4 11 317.6 308.6 206.0 191.9 24.1 4.4 193.4 172.6 152.5 343.3 326.2 160.9 12 108.3 99.3 356.6 342.4 174.5 154.7 343.7 322.9 302.8 133.7 116.7 311.5 13 259.0 249.9 147.1 132.8 324.8 305.0 134.0 113.2 93.2 284.1 267.1 102.0 14 49.7 40.6 297.7 283.3 115.2 95.3 284.3 263.5 243.5 74.5 57.6 252.5 15 200.3 191.2 88.3 73.7 265.5 245.7 74.6 53.8 33.9 224.8 208.0 43.1 16 351.0 341.9 238.8 224.2 55.9 36.0 224.9 204.2 184.2 15.2 358.5 193.6 17 141.7 132.5 29.4 14.6 206.2 186.3 15.2 354.5 334.6 165.6 149.0 344.2 18 292.4 283.2 179.9 165.0 356.6 336.6 165.5 144.8 124.9 316.0 299.4 134.7 19 83.1 73.8 330.5 315.5 146.9 126.9 315.8 295.1 275.2 106.4 89.9 285.3 20 233.7 224.4 121.0 105.9 297.3 277.2 106.1 85.4 65.6 256.8 240.4 75.8 21 24.4 15.1 271.6 256.3 87.6 67.5 256.4 235.7 215.9 47.2 30.9 226.4 22 175.1 165.7 62.1 46.7 238.0 217.8 46.6 26.0 6.3 197.6 181.3 16.9 23 325.8 316.3 212.6 197.1 28.3 8.1 196.9 176.3 156.6 348.1 331.8 167.5 24 116.5 107.0 3.1 347.5 178.6 158.4 347.2 326.7 307.0 138.5 122.3 318.1 25 267.2 257.6 153.7 138.0 329.0 308.7 137.5 117.0 97.4 288.9 272.8 108.6 26 57.8 48.2 304.2 288.4 119.3 99.0 287.8 267.3 247.7 79.3 63.3 259.2 27 208.5 198.8 94.7 78.8 269.6 249.3 78.1 57.6 38.1 229.7 213.8 49.8 28 359.2 349.5 245.2 229.2 60.0 39.6 228.4 207.9 188.4 20.1 4.3 200.4 29 149.9 35.7 19.6 210.3 189.9 18.7 358.2 338.8 170.5 154.8 350.9 30 300.5 186.2 169.9 0.6 340.2 169.0 148.6 129.2 321.0 305.3 141.5 31 91.2 336.7 150.9 319.3 298.9 111.4 292.1

CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME h º h º m º m º m º 1 36.27 7 253.91 10 6.05 1 0.60 6 3.63 2 72.54 8 290.18 20 12.09 2 1.21 7 4.23 3 108.82 9 326.45 30 18.14 3 1.81 8 4.84 4 145.09 10 362.72 40 24.18 4 2.42 9 5.44 5 181.36 11 399.00 50 30.23 5 3.02 10 6.05 6 217.63 12 435.27 60 36.27 System III applies to the origin of radio emissions from the planet. See page 59 for a description. 58 Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF JUPITER SYSTEM III – DEFINITION Radio radiation from Jupiter at around 20MHz was discovered in 1955. It varies with the rotation of the planet and this is known as "System III". It is of interest because it indicates rotation beneath the cloud cover. Radio radiation emanates from the magnetosphere of Jupiter, and the rotation is due to the fact that the magnetic poles are not situated exactly at the poles of rotation. (The position of the satellite Io and the DE value are also significant for predicting "radio storms" from Jupiter.) In 1976 the IAU adopted a rotation for System III of 870.536 degrees per day. More recent work suggested an improvement to 870.536642, adopted in 2000 and used in recent BAA Handbooks. However subsequent analysis of data from Galileo gives a different value, consistent with 870.536 and its implied accuracy but not with 870.536642. The IAU provisionally recommends that 870.536 be used.

SATELLITES OF JUPITER

The satellites move from east to west across the face of the planet, and from west to east behind it. After conjunction with the Sun and before opposition, the shadow of Jupiter falls to the west, eclipse precedes occultation, and shadow–transit precedes transit. After opposition, the order of phenomena is reversed, occultation preceding eclipse and transit preceding shadow–transit.

Both phases of eclipse (EcD and EcR) and of occultation (OcD and OcR) of satellites III and IV may be seen if not too near opposition. Satellite I is much closer to the planet, and eclipse and occultation merge into one, OcD being followed by EcR after opposition and before conjunction, while EcD is followed by OcR after conjunction and before opposition. Satellite II normally behaves in the same manner but on rare occasions the separate phenomena of II may be observed. This happens when the planet is near quadrature and is tilted at almost the maximum amount.

On a few occasions all three of the inner satellites may be involved simultaneously in these phenomena. The motions of these three satellites are related in such a way that it is impossible for all three to undergo the same phenomenon at the same time.

The Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides supplies event timings in Terrestrial Time (TT). These have been converted to Universal Time (UT), closely, by subtracting one minute (see tables on p.63–72), since ΔT is about one minute now. The times of phenomena are given for the centre of the satellite. The light of the satellite will therefore begin to fade before the times given here, and observation should commence several minutes before the predicted times.

Charts are included for all 12 months of the year, even though Jupiter will be in conjunction with the Sun on August 26, and therefore not observable for a few weeks either side of this date.

For all charts the satellites are labelled: I Io II Europa III Ganymede IV Callisto BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Jupiter 59 March

February CONFIGURATION OF SATELLITES I – IV OF SATELLITES CONFIGURATION SATELLITES OF JUPITER 2015 OF SATELLITES

January

60 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 June

May CONFIGURATION OF SATELLITES I – IV OF SATELLITES CONFIGURATION SATELLITES OF JUPITER 2015 OF SATELLITES

April

BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Jupiter 61 September

August CONFIGURATION OF SATELLITES I – IV OF SATELLITES CONFIGURATION SATELLITES OF JUPITER 2015 OF SATELLITES

July

62 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 December

November CONFIGURATION OF SATELLITES I – IV OF SATELLITES CONFIGURATION SATELLITES OF JUPITER 2015 OF SATELLITES

October

BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Jupiter 63 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS The times are for mid–phenomena, i.e. for eclipses, the planet’s shadow bisecting the satellite; for other events, the Jupiter’s limb bisecting the satellite or the satellite shadow. Abbreviations: OcD and OcR, occultation disappearance and reappearance; EcD and EcR eclipse disappearance and reappearance; TrI and TrE, transit ingress and egress; ShI and ShE, shadow– transit ingress and egress.

January January

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 0 I 07 11 10 21 1 I 04 27 06 44 05 15 07 32 1 III 03 18 10 19 2/ 3 II 22 39 01 33 00 15 03 09 1 II 04 00 08 30 2/ 3 I 22 55 01 12 23 41 01 58 2 I 01 39 04 47 4 III 17 19 20 56 20 21 23 58 3 I 20 08 23 14 4 I 17 23 19 40 18 08 20 25 4 II 17 17 21 39 6 I 11 51 14 08 12 34 14 51 5 I 14 36 17 40 6 II 11 56 14 51 13 24 16 19 7 I 09 05 12 06 7 IV 09 13 14 02 15 49 20 31 8 II 06 34 10 47 8 I 06 20 08 37 07 00 09 17 8 III 07 17 13 44 10 I 00 48 03 05 01 26 03 44 9 I 03 33 06 33 10 II 01 15 04 09 02 34 05 29 10/11 I 22 02 00 59 11 I 19 16 21 34 19 53 22 10 11 II 19 50 23 55 11/12 III 21 16 00 54 23 44 03 21 12 I 16 30 19 25 13 I 13 45 16 02 14 19 16 36 14 I 10 59 13 51 13 II 14 33 17 27 15 43 18 37 15 II 09 07 13 03 15 I 08 13 10 30 08 45 11 02 15 III 11 15 17 05 17 I 02 41 04 59 03 11 05 28 15/16 IV 16 48 21 42 21 52 02 39 17 II 03 51 06 46 04 52 07 46 16 I 05 27 08 18 18 I 21 10 23 27 21 37 23 54 17/18 I 23 56 02 44 19 III 01 15 04 53 03 04 06 42 18/19 II 22 24 02 10 20 I 15 38 17 55 16 03 18 20 19 I 18 24 21 10 20 II 17 09 20 04 17 59 20 54 21 I 12 53 15 36 22 I 10 06 12 24 10 29 12 46 22 II 11 40 15 17 24 IV 03 11 08 00 06 19 11 02 22 III 15 13 20 23 24 I 04 35 06 52 04 55 07 12 23 I 07 22 10 02 24 II 06 28 09 22 07 08 10 02 25 I 01 50 04 28 25/26 I 23 03 01 21 23 20 01 38 26 II 00 57 04 24 26 III 05 13 08 52 06 21 09 59 26 I 20 19 22 54 27 I 17 32 19 49 17 46 20 04 28 I 14 47 17 20 27 II 19 45 22 40 20 15 23 10 29 II 14 14 17 30 29 I 12 00 14 17 12 12 14 29 29 III 19 12 23 40 31 I 06 28 08 46 06 38 08 55 30 I 09 16 11 46 31 II 09 04 11 59 09 23 12 18

64 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

February February

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 1 I 03 45 06 12 2 I 00 57 03 14 01 04 03 21 1 IV 10 49 16 53 2 III 09 11 12 50 09 37 13 15 2 II 03 31 06 37 3 I 19 25 21 43 19 30 21 47 2/3 I 22 13 00 38 3/ 4 II 22 22 01 17 22 30 01 25 4 I 16 42 19 04 5 I 13 54 16 11 13 55 16 13 5 II 16 48 19 43 5/6 III 23 11 02 55 6 I 11 10 13 30

Jupiter in Opposition to the Sun: 2015 February 6d 18h

February February

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 8 I 05 37 07 58 7 I 08 21 10 39 08 22 10 40 9 II 05 57 08 57 7 II 11 38 14 33 11 41 14 35 10 I 00 03 02 26 9 I 02 47 05 05 02 51 05 08 11 I 18 29 20 55 9 III 12 52 16 30 13 09 16 48 12 II 19 04 22 14 9/10 IV 20 28 01 12 21 11 02 00 13 III 02 32 06 51 10 I 21 13 23 30 21 19 23 37 13 I 12 55 15 24 11 II 00 45 03 40 00 59 03 53 15 I 07 21 09 52 12 I 15 39 17 56 15 48 18 05 16 II 08 11 11 31 14 I 10 05 12 22 10 16 12 34 17 I 01 47 04 21 14 II 13 53 16 48 14 17 17 12 18 IV 02 10 09 43 16 I 04 31 06 48 04 45 07 02 18 I 20 13 22 50 16 III 16 08 19 46 17 08 20 46 19/20 II 21 18 00 49 17/18 I 22 57 01 14 23 13 01 31 20 III 05 49 10 50 18 II 03 01 05 55 03 35 06 30 20 I 14 39 17 18 19 I 17 23 19 40 17 42 19 59 22 I 09 05 11 47 21 I 11 49 14 06 12 10 14 28 23 II 10 25 14 06 21 II 16 09 19 04 16 54 19 49 24 I 03 31 06 16 23 I 06 15 08 32 06 39 08 56 25/26 I 21 58 00 44 23/24 III 19 26 23 03 21 07 00 45 26/27 II 23 32 03 23 25 I 00 41 02 58 01 07 03 25 27 III 09 07 14 49 25 II 05 17 08 11 06 12 09 07 27 I 16 24 19 13 26 IV 10 43 15 28 15 11 19 59 26 I 19 07 21 24 19 36 21 53 28 I 13 33 15 51 14 05 16 22 28 II 18 26 21 20 19 31 22 25

BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Jupiter 65 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

March March

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 1 I 10 50 13 42 2 I 08 00 10 17 08 33 10 51 2 II 12 40 16 41 2/ 3 III 22 46 02 23 01 05 04 44 3 I 05 17 08 10 4 I 02 26 04 43 03 02 05 19 4/5 I 23 43 02 39 4 II 07 35 10 29 08 49 11 43 6 II 01 48 05 58 5 I 20 52 23 10 21 30 23 48 6 III 12 28 18 48 7 I 15 19 17 36 15 59 18 16 6/7 IV 16 36 21 25 22 53 03 45 7/ 8 II 20 45 23 39 22 08 01 02 6 I 18 10 21 08 9 I 09 45 12 03 10 28 12 45 8 I 12 36 15 37 10 III 02 10 05 47 05 05 08 43 9 II 14 57 19 15 11 I 04 12 06 29 04 56 07 14 10 I 07 03 10 05 11 II 09 54 12 48 11 26 14 20 12 I 01 30 04 34 12/13 I 22 39 00 56 23 25 01 42 13 II 04 06 08 33 14 I 17 05 19 22 17 53 20 11 13 III 15 53 22 47 14/15 II 23 05 01 59 00 44 03 38 13 I 19 56 23 03 15 IV 01 31 06 16 09 12 13 58 15 I 14 23 17 32 16 I 11 32 13 49 12 22 14 39 16 II 17 16 21 51 17 III 05 37 09 14 09 04 12 42 17 I 08 50 12 00 18 I 05 59 08 16 06 51 09 08 19 I 03 17 06 29 18 II 12 16 15 09 14 02 16 56 20 II 06 26 11 08 20 I 00 26 02 43 01 19 03 37 20/21 III 19 22 23 02 23 07 02 47 21 I 18 53 21 10 19 48 22 05 20/21 I 21 44 00 58 22 II 01 28 04 21 03 21 06 14 22 I 16 11 19 26 23 I 13 20 15 37 14 17 16 34 23 IV 07 44 12 36 16 56 21 47 24 III 09 09 12 46 13 04 16 41 23/24 II 19 37 00 26 25 I 07 47 10 04 08 45 11 03 24 I 10 38 13 55 25 II 14 39 17 32 16 39 19 32 26 I 05 05 08 24 27 I 02 14 04 31 03 14 05 31 27 II 08 49 13 44 28/29 I 20 42 22 58 21 43 00 00 27/28 III 22 56 02 36 03 06 06 47 29 II 03 52 06 45 05 58 08 51 27/28 I 23 33 02 53 30 I 15 09 17 26 16 12 18 29 29 I 18 00 21 21 31 III 12 44 16 21 17 02 20 40 30/31 II 22 01 03 01 31/ 1 IV 17 09 21 55 03 14 07 57 31 I 12 27 15 50

April April

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 2 I 06 55 10 19 1 I 09 36 11 53 10 40 12 57 3 II 11 14 16 19 1 II 17 05 19 58 19 16 22 09 4 I 01 22 04 48 3 I 04 04 06 21 05 09 07 26

66 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

April cont'd April cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 4 III 02 35 06 15 07 07 10 47 4/ 5 I 22 31 00 48 23 38 01 55 5 I 19 50 23 17 5 II 06 19 09 12 08 34 11 27 7 II 00 27 05 37 6 I 16 59 19 16 18 06 20 23 7 I 14 18 17 45 7/ 8 III 16 24 20 01 21 01 00 38 8/9 IV 23 50 04 42 10 59 15 48 8 I 11 27 13 44 12 35 14 52 9 I 08 46 12 14 8/ 9 II 19 33 22 25 21 52 00 45 10 II 13 41 18 55 10 I 05 55 08 11 07 04 09 21 11 I 03 14 06 43 12 I 00 22 02 39 01 33 03 50 11 III 06 18 09 58 11 06 14 46 12 II 08 48 11 40 11 11 14 03 12/13 I 21 41 01 12 13 I 18 50 21 07 20 01 22 18 14 II 02 55 08 13 14/15 III 20 10 23 46 01 01 04 38 14 I 16 09 19 40 15 I 13 18 15 35 14 30 16 47 16 I 10 38 14 09 15/16 II 22 03 00 55 00 29 03 21 17 II 16 10 21 31 17 I 07 46 10 03 08 59 11 16 18 I 05 06 08 38 17/18 IV 09 45 14 31 21 15 01 57 18 III 10 05 13 45 15 06 18 46 19 I 02 15 04 31 03 28 05 44 19/20 I 23 34 03 07 19 II 11 19 14 11 13 47 16 39 21 II 05 26 10 49 20/21 I 20 43 23 00 21 56 00 13 21 I 18 02 21 35 22 III 00 00 03 36 05 01 08 37 23 I 12 31 16 04 22 I 15 11 17 28 16 25 18 42 24/25 II 18 42 00 07 23 II 00 35 03 27 03 05 05 57 25 I 06 59 10 33 24 I 09 39 11 56 10 54 13 11 25 III 13 57 17 37 19 05 22 45 26 I 04 08 06 25 05 23 07 40 25/26 IV 16 55 21 47 05 03 09 51 26 II 13 52 16 44 16 23 19 15 27 I 01 27 05 02 27/28 I 22 36 00 53 23 51 02 08 28 II 07 59 13 26 29 III 03 54 07 31 09 01 12 37 28 I 19 56 23 30 29 I 17 05 19 22 18 20 20 37 30 I 14 25 17 59 30 II 03 09 06 01 05 41 08 33

May May

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 1/2 II 21 16 02 44 1 I 11 34 13 50 12 49 15 06 2 I 08 53 12 28 3 I 06 02 08 19 07 18 09 35 2/3 III 17 53 21 33 23 04 02 44 3 II 16 27 19 19 18 59 21 51 4 I 03 22 06 57 4 IV 03 17 08 04 15 17 19 56 5 II 10 34 16 02 5 I 00 31 02 48 01 47 04 03 5/6 I 21 51 01 25 6 III 07 53 11 29 13 00 16 37 7 I 16 20 19 54 6 I 19 00 21 17 20 15 22 32

BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Jupiter 67 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

May cont'd May cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 8/9 II 23 52 05 20 7 II 05 45 08 37 08 17 11 09 9 I 10 48 14 23 8 I 13 29 15 45 14 44 17 01 9/10 III 21 53 01 33 03 04 06 44 10 I 07 58 10 14 09 13 11 30 11 I 05 17 08 52 10/11 II 19 04 21 56 21 35 00 27 12/13 IV 10 54 15 47 23 07 03 52 12 I 02 26 04 43 03 42 05 59 12 II 13 11 18 39 13 III 11 55 15 31 17 00 20 36 12/13 I 23 46 03 20 13/14 I 20 55 23 12 22 11 00 27 14 I 18 15 21 49 14 II 08 23 11 15 10 53 13 45 16 II 02 30 07 57 15 I 15 25 17 41 16 39 18 56 16 I 12 45 16 18 17 I 09 54 12 11 11 08 13 25 17 III 01 57 05 37 07 04 10 43 17/18 II 21 42 00 34 00 11 03 03 18 I 07 14 10 47 19 I 04 23 06 40 05 37 07 54 19 II 15 50 21 15 20/21 III 16 00 19 37 20 59 00 35 20 I 01 43 05 15 20/21 IV 21 39 02 26 09 19 13 56 21 I 20 12 23 44 20/21 I 22 52 01 09 00 06 02 23 23 II 05 10 10 34 21 II 11 02 13 54 13 29 16 20 23 I 14 41 18 13 22 I 17 21 19 38 18 34 20 51 24 III 06 05 09 46 11 04 14 43 24 I 11 51 14 08 13 03 15 20 25 I 09 11 12 41 25 II 00 22 03 14 02 47 05 38 26 II 18 31 23 52 26 I 06 20 08 37 07 32 09 49 27 I 03 40 07 10 27/28 III 20 08 23 45 00 58 04 34 28/29 I 22 10 01 39 28 I 00 49 03 07 02 01 04 18 29 IV 05 40 10 33 17 10 21 53 28 II 13 42 16 34 16 04 18 56 30 II 07 52 13 11 29 I 19 19 21 36 20 30 22 47 30 I 16 39 20 08 31 I 13 48 16 06 14 58 17 16 31 III 10 16 13 56 15 04 18 43

June June

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 1 I 11 08 14 36 1 II 03 03 05 55 05 22 08 14 2/3 II 21 13 02 29 2 I 08 18 10 35 09 27 11 44 3 I 05 38 09 05 4 III 00 20 03 57 04 58 08 34 5 I 00 08 03 34 4 I 02 47 05 05 03 56 06 13 6 II 10 35 15 48 4 II 16 24 19 16 18 40 21 31 6 I 18 37 22 02 5/ 6 I 21 17 23 34 22 25 00 42 7 III 14 29 18 09 19 03 22 42 6/ 7 IV 16 42 21 29 03 21 07 56 8 I 13 07 16 31 7 I 15 47 18 04 16 54 19 11 9/10 II 23 57 05 06 8 II 05 45 08 37 07 58 10 49

68 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

June cont'd June cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 10 I 07 36 11 00 9 I 10 16 12 34 11 22 13 40 12 I 02 06 05 28 11 III 04 34 08 12 08 58 12 34 13 II 13 20 18 25 11 I 04 46 07 04 05 51 08 08 13 I 20 36 23 57 11/12 II 19 07 21 59 21 15 00 06 14/15 III 18 44 22 25 23 02 02 40 12/13 I 23 16 01 33 00 20 02 37 15 IV 01 04 05 57 11 14 15 54 14 I 17 46 20 03 18 49 21 06 15 I 15 06 18 26 15 II 08 29 11 20 10 33 13 24 17 II 02 43 07 43 16 I 12 16 14 33 13 17 15 35 17 I 09 35 12 54 18 I 06 45 09 03 07 46 10 04 19 I 04 05 07 23 18 III 08 52 12 30 12 58 16 34 20 II 16 06 21 02 18/19 II 21 51 00 42 23 50 02 41 20/21 I 22 35 01 52 20 I 01 15 03 33 02 15 04 32 21/22 III 23 02 02 42 03 01 06 39 21 I 19 45 22 03 20 44 23 01 22 I 17 05 20 20 22 II 11 13 14 05 13 08 15 59 24 II 05 29 10 20 23/24 IV 12 18 17 05 21 22 01 54 24 I 11 35 14 49 23 I 14 15 16 33 15 13 17 30 26 I 06 05 09 17 25 I 08 45 11 03 09 41 11 59 27 II 18 53 23 39 25 III 13 10 16 49 16 57 20 33 28 I 00 35 03 46 26 II 00 35 03 27 02 25 05 16 29 III 03 22 10 38 27 I 03 15 05 33 04 10 06 28 29 I 19 05 22 15 28/29 I 21 45 00 03 22 39 00 57 29 II 13 58 16 50 15 42 18 34 30 I 16 15 18 33 17 08 19 25

July July

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 1 II 08 17 12 58 2 I 10 45 13 03 11 36 13 54 1 I 13 35 16 43 2/ 3 III 17 31 21 10 20 56 00 32 1/2 IV 20 58 01 50 05 17 09 54 3 II 03 20 06 12 05 00 07 51 3 I 08 05 11 12 4 I 05 16 07 34 06 05 08 23 4/5 II 21 41 02 17 5/ 6 I 23 46 02 04 00 34 02 52 5 I 02 35 05 41 6 II 16 43 19 35 18 17 21 08 6 III 07 44 14 37 7 I 18 16 20 34 19 03 21 20 6/7 I 21 05 00 09 9 I 12 46 15 04 13 31 15 49 8 II 11 05 15 35 9/10 III 21 53 01 32 00 55 04 31 8 I 15 35 18 38 10 II 06 06 08 58 07 34 10 26 10 I 10 05 13 06 10 IV 08 20 13 05 15 23 19 53 12 II 00 30 04 54 11 I 07 16 09 34 08 00 10 18

BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Jupiter 69 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

July cont'd July cont'd

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. OcD OcR EcD EcR Date Sat. TrI TrE ShI ShE 12 I 04 35 07 35 13 I 01 46 04 05 02 29 04 47 13 III 12 08 18 37 13 II 19 29 22 21 20 52 23 43 13/14 I 23 05 02 03 14 I 20 17 22 35 20 58 23 15 15 II 13 55 18 12 16 I 14 47 17 05 15 26 17 44 15 I 17 35 20 32 17 III 02 16 05 55 04 54 08 30 17 I 12 05 15 01 17 II 08 53 11 45 10 09 13 00 18/19 IV 17 15 22 04 23 20 03 54 18 I 09 17 11 35 09 55 12 13 19 II 03 20 07 31 20 I 03 47 06 06 04 24 06 42 19 I 06 35 09 29 20/21 II 22 16 01 08 23 26 02 17 20 III 16 32 22 35 21/22 I 22 18 00 36 22 52 01 10 21 I 01 05 03 58 23 I 16 48 19 06 17 21 19 39 22 II 16 45 20 49 24 III 06 42 10 20 08 54 12 29 22 I 19 35 22 26 24 II 11 39 14 32 12 43 15 34 24 I 14 06 16 55 25 I 11 18 13 37 11 50 14 08 26 II 06 10 10 08 27 IV 04 39 09 21 09 24 13 51 26 I 08 36 11 23 27 I 05 49 08 07 06 19 08 37 27/28 III 20 57 02 34 28 II 01 03 03 55 02 00 04 51 28 I 03 06 05 52 29 I 00 19 02 37 00 47 03 05 29 II 19 35 23 26 30 I 18 49 21 08 19 16 21 34 29/30 I 21 36 00 20

Jupiter in conjunction with the Sun: 2015 August 26d 22h

September September

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 22 I 18 45 21 28 22/23 II 22 31 01 22 23 23 02 14 23 III 06 44 12 07 23 I 16 03 18 21 16 30 18 48 23/24 IV 23 29 03 44 03 52 08 11 25 I 10 32 12 49 11 00 13 18 24 I 13 13 15 58 26 II 11 48 14 39 12 47 15 37 24 II 17 26 21 17 26/27 III 20 43 00 16 22 45 02 17 26 I 07 42 10 28 27 I 05 00 07 18 05 30 07 48 28 I 02 10 04 58 28/29 I 23 29 01 46 00 01 02 18 28 II 06 44 10 42 30 II 01 05 03 56 02 10 05 01 29 I 20 39 23 28 30 I 17 57 20 15 18 31 20 48 30 III 10 41 16 31

70 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

October October

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 1 I 15 07 17 58 2 IV 09 23 13 32 14 53 19 01 1/2 II 20 02 00 06 2 I 12 26 14 43 13 01 15 18 3 I 09 35 12 28 3 II 14 22 17 12 15 33 18 24 5 I 04 04 06 58 4 III 00 42 04 13 03 09 06 41 5 II 09 20 13 31 4 I 06 54 09 12 07 31 09 48 6/7 I 22 32 01 28 6 I 01 23 03 40 02 01 04 18 7 III 14 40 20 54 7 II 03 39 06 29 04 57 07 47 8 I 17 00 19 58 7 I 19 51 22 08 20 31 22 48 8/9 II 22 38 02 54 9 I 14 20 16 37 15 01 17 18 10 I 11 29 14 28 10 II 16 56 19 46 18 20 21 10 10/11 IV 17 30 21 40 00 22 04 27 11 III 04 40 08 11 07 33 11 03 12 I 05 57 08 58 11 I 08 48 11 05 09 31 11 48 12 II 11 56 16 18 13 I 03 17 05 34 04 01 06 18 14 I 00 25 03 27 14 II 06 13 09 03 07 43 10 32 14/15 III 18 38 01 16 14/15 I 21 45 00 02 22 31 00 48 15 I 18 54 21 57 16 I 16 14 18 31 17 01 19 18 16 II 01 14 05 41 17 II 19 30 22 20 21 05 23 55 17 I 13 22 16 27 18 III 08 37 12 08 11 54 15 23 19 I 07 50 10 57 18 I 10 42 12 59 11 31 13 47 19 II 14 32 19 05 19 IV 03 22 07 25 11 08 15 02 21 I 02 19 05 26 20 I 05 11 07 27 06 00 08 17 21/22 III 22 36 05 37 21 II 08 47 11 37 10 28 13 17 22 I 20 47 23 56 21/22 I 23 39 01 56 00 30 02 47 23 II 03 49 08 28 23 I 18 07 20 24 19 00 21 16 24 I 15 15 18 25 24/25 II 22 04 00 54 23 50 02 39 26 I 09 44 12 55 25 III 12 35 16 05 16 14 19 41 26 II 17 07 21 50 25 I 12 36 14 53 13 30 15 46 27/28 IV 11 30 15 35 20 33 00 22 27 I 07 04 09 21 07 59 10 16 28 I 04 12 07 25 28 II 11 21 14 10 13 12 16 01 29 III 02 34 06 06 06 26 09 54 29 I 01 33 03 49 02 29 04 45 29/30 I 22 40 01 54 30 I 20 01 22 18 20 59 23 15 30 II 06 25 11 13 31 I 17 08 20 24

BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Jupiter 71 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

November November

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 2 I 11 37 14 53 1 II 00 38 03 27 02 34 05 23 2/3 II 19 43 00 35 1 I 14 29 16 46 15 28 17 44 4 I 06 05 09 22 1 III 16 34 20 03 20 33 23 58 5 III 06 31 10 03 10 43 14 10 3 I 08 58 11 14 09 58 12 14 6 I 00 33 03 52 4 II 13 55 16 44 15 56 18 44 6 II 09 00 13 56 4/ 5 IV 21 21 01 18 07 02 10 38 7 I 19 02 22 21 5 I 03 26 05 43 04 27 06 43 9 I 13 30 16 51 6/ 7 I 21 55 00 11 22 57 01 12 9/10 II 22 18 03 18 8 II 03 12 06 01 05 17 08 05 11 I 07 58 11 20 8 I 16 23 18 39 17 26 19 42 12 III 10 29 13 59 14 58 18 22 8/ 9 III 20 32 00 00 00 49 04 12 13 I 02 27 05 49 10 I 10 51 13 08 11 55 14 11 13 IV 05 31 09 30 16 19 19 48 11 II 16 29 19 18 18 38 21 26 13 II 11 35 16 38 12 I 05 20 07 36 06 25 08 40 14/15 I 20 55 00 18 13/14 I 23 48 02 04 00 54 03 09 16 I 15 23 18 47 15 II 05 46 08 35 07 59 10 47 17 II 00 53 05 59 15 I 18 17 20 33 19 23 21 38 18 I 09 51 13 16 16 III 00 30 03 58 05 03 08 24 19 III 14 26 17 56 19 09 22 32 17 I 12 45 15 01 13 52 16 07 20 I 04 20 07 45 18/19 II 19 03 21 52 21 20 00 07 20 II 14 10 19 19 19 I 07 13 09 29 08 21 10 36 21/22 I 22 48 02 14 21 I 01 42 03 58 02 50 05 06 23 I 17 16 20 43 21/22 IV 15 19 19 09 02 26 05 41 24 II 03 27 08 39 22 II 08 20 11 09 10 40 13 27 25 I 11 45 15 12 22 I 20 10 22 26 21 19 23 34 26/27 III 18 24 21 54 23 19 02 40 23 III 04 28 07 55 09 13 12 33 27 I 06 13 09 41 24 I 14 38 16 54 15 48 18 03 27 II 16 44 21 58 25/26 II 21 37 00 26 00 00 02 46 29 I 00 41 04 10 26 I 09 07 11 22 10 17 12 32 29/30 IV 23 31 03 23 11 29 14 36 28 I 03 35 05 51 04 46 07 01 30 I 19 09 22 39 29 II 10 55 13 44 13 20 16 06 29/30 I 22 03 00 19 23 15 01 30 30 III 08 25 11 52 13 20 16 38

72 Satellites of Jupiter BAA Handbook 2015 ECLIPSES, OCCULTATIONS AND TRANSITS

December December

Occultations and Eclipses Transits and Shadow Transits Date Sat. EcD EcR OcD OcR Date Sat. ShI ShE TrI TrE 1 II 06 02 11 16 1 I 16 32 18 47 17 44 19 58 2 I 13 38 17 07 3 II 00 12 03 01 02 38 05 24 3/4 III 22 22 01 51 03 24 06 44 3 I 11 00 13 16 12 12 14 27 4 I 08 06 11 36 5 I 05 28 07 44 06 41 08 55 4/5 II 19 19 00 34 6 II 13 29 16 18 15 57 18 43 6 I 02 34 06 05 6/ 7 I 23 57 02 12 01 09 03 24 7/8 I 21 03 00 33 7 III 12 22 15 48 17 23 20 39 8 II 08 36 13 52 8/ 9 IV 09 17 13 01 21 10 00 03 9 I 15 31 19 02 8 I 18 25 20 40 19 38 21 52 11 III 02 20 05 49 07 27 10 45 10 II 02 46 05 35 05 15 08 01 11 I 09 59 13 30 10 I 12 53 15 09 14 06 16 21 11/12 II 21 53 03 09 12 I 07 21 09 37 08 35 10 49 13 I 04 27 07 58 13 II 16 03 18 52 18 33 21 19 14/15 I 22 56 02 27 14 I 01 50 04 05 03 03 05 17 15 II 11 10 16 26 14/15 III 16 19 19 45 21 22 00 36 16 I 17 24 20 55 15 I 20 18 22 33 21 31 23 45 16/17 IV 17 31 21 16 05 53 08 36 17 II 05 21 08 09 07 50 10 35 18 III 06 18 09 46 11 24 14 40 17 I 14 46 17 02 15 59 18 14 18 I 11 52 15 23 19 I 09 15 11 30 10 28 12 42 19 II 00 27 05 42 20 II 18 38 21 27 21 07 23 52 20 I 06 21 09 51 21 I 03 43 05 58 04 56 07 10 22 I 00 49 04 19 21/22 III 20 17 23 42 01 18 04 31 22 II 13 44 18 58 22/23 I 22 11 00 26 23 24 01 38 23 I 19 17 22 47 24 II 07 55 10 44 10 23 13 08 25 III 10 15 13 43 15 17 18 32 24 I 16 39 18 55 17 51 20 05 25 I 13 46 17 15 25 IV 03 15 06 52 15 06 17 36 26 II 03 01 08 13 26 I 11 08 13 23 12 19 14 33 27 I 08 14 11 43 27/28 II 21 13 00 02 23 40 02 24 29 I 02 42 06 11 28 I 05 36 07 51 06 47 09 01 29 II 16 18 21 27 29 III 00 15 03 39 05 09 08 20 30/31 I 21 11 00 39 30 I 00 04 02 19 01 15 03 29 32 III 14 12 17 39 19 06 22 19 31 II 10 30 13 19 12 54 15 39 32 I 15 39 19 06 31 I 18 32 20 48 19 42 21 56

BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Jupiter 73 SATURN Opposition: May 23 Conjunction: November 30

Rings Equat. Polar Major Minor

2015 RA Dec. Mag. Diam. Diam. Axis Axis DE Δ h m ° ' " " " " ° au Jan. –2 15 55.3 –18 23 0.5 15.5 14.3 35.2 14.6 24.5 10.725 Jan. 8 15 59.4 –18 34 0.5 15.7 14.4 35.5 14.8 24.7 10.615 Jan. 18 16 3.1 –18 44 0.5 15.8 14.6 36.0 15.1 24.8 10.487 Jan. 28 16 6.4 –18 51 0.5 16.1 14.8 36.5 15.3 24.9 10.343 Feb. 7 16 9.1 –18 57 0.5 16.3 15.0 37.0 15.6 24.9 10.187 Feb. 17 16 11.2 –19 1 0.5 16.6 15.3 37.6 15.9 25.0 10.024 Feb. 27 16 12.7 –19 4 0.5 16.9 15.5 38.3 16.2 25.0 9.857 Mar. 9 16 13.4 –19 4 0.4 17.1 15.8 38.9 16.4 25.0 9.693 Mar. 19 16 13.5 –19 2 0.4 17.4 16.0 39.6 16.7 25.0 9.534 Mar. 29 16 12.8 –18 59 0.3 17.7 16.3 40.2 16.9 24.9 9.388 Apr. 8 16 11.6 –18 55 0.3 18.0 16.5 40.7 17.1 24.9 9.257 Apr. 18 16 9.7 –18 48 0.2 18.2 16.7 41.2 17.3 24.8 9.147 Apr. 28 16 7.3 –18 41 0.1 18.3 16.9 41.6 17.4 24.7 9.060 May 8 16 4.5 –18 33 0.1 18.5 17.0 41.9 17.4 24.6 9.001 May 18 16 1.5 –18 25 0.0 18.5 17.0 42.0 17.4 24.5 8.971 May 28 15 58.4 –18 17 0.0 18.5 17.0 42.0 17.4 24.4 8.970 Jun. 7 15 55.4 –18 9 0.1 18.5 17.0 41.9 17.2 24.3 9.000 Jun. 17 15 52.7 –18 2 0.2 18.3 16.9 41.6 17.1 24.2 9.058 Jun. 27 15 50.2 –17 56 0.2 18.2 16.7 41.3 16.8 24.1 9.142 Jul. 7 15 48.3 –17 52 0.3 18.0 16.5 40.8 16.6 24.1 9.250 Jul. 17 15 46.9 –17 50 0.3 17.7 16.3 40.2 16.4 24.0 9.379 Jul. 27 15 46.1 –17 50 0.4 17.5 16.0 39.6 16.1 24.0 9.523 Aug. 6 15 46.0 –17 52 0.4 17.2 15.8 39.0 15.9 24.1 9.679 Aug. 16 15 46.6 –17 56 0.5 16.9 15.5 38.3 15.7 24.1 9.842 Aug. 26 15 47.8 –18 2 0.5 16.6 15.3 37.7 15.5 24.2 10.008 Sep. 5 15 49.6 –18 10 0.5 16.3 15.0 37.1 15.3 24.3 10.172 Sep. 15 15 52.0 –18 20 0.6 16.1 14.8 36.5 15.1 24.5 10.330 Sep. 25 15 55.0 –18 31 0.6 15.9 14.6 36.0 15.0 24.6 10.478 Oct. 5 15 58.4 –18 43 0.6 15.7 14.4 35.5 14.9 24.8 10.613 Oct. 15 16 2.3 –18 56 0.6 15.5 14.3 35.1 14.8 25.0 10.731 Oct. 25 16 6.6 –19 9 0.5 15.3 14.1 34.8 14.8 25.2 10.830 Nov. 4 16 11.1 –19 23 0.5 15.2 14.0 34.6 14.8 25.3 10.907 Nov. 14 16 15.9 –19 36 0.5 15.2 14.0 34.4 14.8 25.5 10.960 Nov. 24 16 20.8 –19 49 0.5 15.1 13.9 34.3 14.9 25.7 10.988 Dec. 4 16 25.7 –20 1 0.4 15.1 13.9 34.3 14.9 25.8 10.990 Dec. 14 16 30.7 –20 12 0.5 15.2 14.0 34.4 15.0 25.9 10.967 Dec. 24 16 35.5 –20 22 0.5 15.2 14.0 34.5 15.2 26.0 10.917 Dec. 34 16 40.2 –20 31 0.5 15.3 14.1 34.8 15.3 26.1 10.844

Description of the headings in the table can be found on page 110.

74 Saturn BAA Handbook 2015 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF SATURN

SYSTEM I Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 104.0 356.4 237.7 133.4 265.5 161.5 291.6 183.7 73.8 198.4 86.8 211.5 2 228.2 120.7 2.0 257.8 29.9 285.9 55.9 308.0 198.0 322.6 211.0 335.6 3 352.5 245.1 126.4 22.2 154.3 50.2 180.2 72.2 322.2 86.7 335.1 99.8 4 116.7 9.4 250.7 146.6 278.7 174.6 304.5 196.4 86.3 210.9 99.2 224.0 5 241.0 133.7 15.1 271.0 43.1 299.0 68.8 320.6 210.5 335.0 223.4 348.2

6 5.2 258.0 139.5 35.4 167.5 63.3 193.0 84.8 334.7 99.2 347.5 112.3 7 129.5 22.3 263.8 159.8 291.9 187.7 317.3 209.0 98.8 223.3 111.7 236.5 8 253.7 146.6 28.2 284.2 56.3 312.0 81.6 333.3 223.0 347.4 235.8 0.7 9 18.0 270.9 152.6 48.6 180.7 76.4 205.9 97.5 347.1 111.6 0.0 124.9 10 142.3 35.2 276.9 173.0 305.1 200.7 330.2 221.7 111.3 235.7 124.1 249.1

11 266.5 159.6 41.3 297.4 69.5 325.1 94.5 345.9 235.5 359.9 248.3 13.2 12 30.8 283.9 165.7 61.8 193.9 89.4 218.7 110.1 359.6 124.0 12.4 137.4 13 155.0 48.2 290.1 186.2 318.3 213.8 343.0 234.3 123.8 248.1 136.6 261.6 14 279.3 172.5 54.4 310.6 82.7 338.1 107.3 358.5 247.9 12.3 260.7 25.8 15 43.6 296.9 178.8 75.0 207.1 102.5 231.5 122.7 12.1 136.4 24.9 150.0

16 167.8 61.2 303.2 199.4 331.4 226.8 355.8 246.9 136.2 260.6 149.0 274.2 17 292.1 185.5 67.6 323.8 95.8 351.1 120.1 11.1 260.4 24.7 273.2 38.4 18 56.4 309.9 191.9 88.2 220.2 115.5 244.3 135.3 24.5 148.8 37.3 162.6 19 180.7 74.2 316.3 212.6 344.6 239.8 8.6 259.5 148.7 273.0 161.5 286.8 20 304.9 198.5 80.7 337.0 109.0 4.1 132.8 23.7 272.8 37.1 285.7 51.0

21 69.2 322.9 205.1 101.4 233.4 128.4 257.1 147.9 37.0 161.2 49.8 175.2 22 193.5 87.2 329.5 225.8 357.8 252.8 21.3 272.0 161.1 285.4 174.0 299.4 23 317.8 211.6 93.9 350.3 122.1 17.1 145.6 36.2 285.3 49.5 298.1 63.6 24 82.1 335.9 218.3 114.7 246.5 141.4 269.8 160.4 49.4 173.7 62.3 187.8 25 206.4 100.3 342.6 239.1 10.9 265.7 34.1 284.6 173.6 297.8 186.5 312.0

26 330.7 224.6 107.0 3.5 135.3 30.0 158.3 48.8 297.7 62.0 310.6 76.2 27 95.0 349.0 231.4 127.9 259.7 154.3 282.6 172.9 61.9 186.1 74.8 200.4 28 219.2 113.3 355.8 252.3 24.0 278.7 46.8 297.1 186.0 310.2 199.0 324.6 29 343.5 120.2 16.7 148.4 43.0 171.0 61.3 310.2 74.4 323.1 88.8 30 107.8 244.6 141.1 272.8 167.3 295.3 185.5 74.3 198.5 87.3 213.0

31 232.1 9.0 37.1 59.5 309.6 322.7 337.2 CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME

h º h º m º m º m º 1 35.18 7 246.25 10 5.86 1 0.59 6 3.52 2 70.36 8 281.43 20 11.73 2 1.17 7 4.10 3 105.54 9 316.61 30 17.59 3 1.76 8 4.69 4 140.72 10 351.79 40 23.45 4 2.35 9 5.28 5 175.90 11 386.97 50 29.32 5 2.93 10 5.86 6 211.07 12 422.15 60 35.18

System I applies to all objects situated on or between the south component of the North Equatorial Belt and the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. BAA Handbook 2015 Saturn 75 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF SATURN

SYSTEM II Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 148.8 119.8 176.6 150.9 33.9 8.7 249.8 220.7 189.6 65.3 32.4 268.1 2 240.7 211.8 268.6 243.0 126.0 100.7 341.8 312.6 281.5 157.1 124.3 0.0 3 332.7 303.8 0.7 335.1 218.1 192.8 73.8 44.5 13.3 249.0 216.1 91.8 4 64.6 35.8 92.7 67.2 310.2 284.9 165.8 136.5 105.2 340.8 308.0 183.7 5 156.5 127.8 184.8 159.3 42.3 16.9 257.7 228.4 197.1 72.7 39.8 275.6

6 248.5 219.9 276.9 251.4 134.4 109.0 349.7 320.3 288.9 164.5 131.7 7.5 7 340.4 311.9 8.9 343.5 226.5 201.0 81.7 52.2 20.8 256.4 223.5 99.3 8 72.4 43.9 101.0 75.6 318.6 293.1 173.7 144.1 112.7 348.2 315.3 191.2 9 164.4 135.9 193.1 167.7 50.7 25.1 265.7 236.1 204.5 80.0 47.2 283.1 10 256.3 227.9 285.1 259.8 142.8 117.2 357.7 328.0 296.4 171.9 139.0 15.0

11 348.3 319.9 17.2 351.9 234.9 209.2 89.7 59.9 28.2 263.7 230.9 106.9 12 80.2 52.0 109.3 84.0 327.0 301.3 181.6 151.8 120.1 355.6 322.7 198.8 13 172.2 144.0 201.3 176.1 59.1 33.3 273.6 243.7 212.0 87.4 54.6 290.6 14 264.2 236.0 293.4 268.2 151.2 125.4 5.6 335.6 303.8 179.2 146.5 22.5 15 356.1 328.0 25.5 0.3 243.3 217.4 97.6 67.5 35.7 271.1 238.3 114.4

16 88.1 60.1 117.5 92.4 335.4 309.5 189.5 159.4 127.5 2.9 330.2 206.3 17 180.1 152.1 209.6 184.5 67.5 41.5 281.5 251.3 219.4 94.8 62.0 298.2 18 272.0 244.1 301.7 276.6 159.6 133.5 13.5 343.2 311.2 186.6 153.9 30.1 19 4.0 336.1 33.8 8.7 251.7 225.6 105.4 75.1 43.1 278.5 245.7 122.0 20 96.0 68.2 125.9 100.8 343.7 317.6 197.4 167.0 135.0 10.3 337.6 213.9

21 188.0 160.2 217.9 192.9 75.8 49.6 289.3 258.9 226.8 102.1 69.4 305.8 22 279.9 252.3 310.0 285.0 167.9 141.6 21.3 350.8 318.7 194.0 161.3 37.7 23 11.9 344.3 42.1 17.1 260.0 233.7 113.2 82.7 50.5 285.8 253.2 129.6 24 103.9 76.3 134.2 109.2 352.1 325.7 205.2 174.5 142.4 17.7 345.0 221.5 25 195.9 168.4 226.3 201.3 84.2 57.7 297.1 266.4 234.2 109.5 76.9 313.4

26 287.9 260.4 318.4 293.4 176.2 149.7 29.1 358.3 326.1 201.4 168.8 45.3 27 19.9 352.5 50.5 25.5 268.3 241.7 121.0 90.2 57.9 293.2 260.6 137.2 28 111.8 84.5 142.5 117.6 0.4 333.7 213.0 182.1 149.7 25.0 352.5 229.1 29 203.8 234.6 209.7 92.5 65.7 304.9 274.0 241.6 116.9 84.4 321.0 30 295.8 326.7 301.8 184.5 157.8 36.8 5.8 333.4 208.7 176.2 52.9

31 27.8 58.8 276.6 128.8 97.7 300.6 144.8 CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME h º h º m º m º m º 1 33.83 7 236.83 10 5.64 1 0.56 6 3.38 2 67.67 8 270.67 20 11.28 2 1.13 7 3.95 3 101.50 9 304.50 30 16.92 3 1.69 8 4.51 4 135.33 10 338.33 40 22.56 4 2.26 9 5.08 5 169.17 11 372.17 50 28.19 5 2.82 10 5.64 6 203.00 12 406.00 60 33.83 System II applies to all objects situated north of the south component of the North Equatorial Belt or south of the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. However System III is used more often for these regions. 76 Saturn BAA Handbook 2015 LONGITUDE OF CENTRAL MERIDIAN OF SATURN

SYSTEM III Day Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. º º º º º º º º º º º º 1 314.7 248.3 271.3 208.2 55.1 352.4 197.3 130.9 62.4 261.9 191.6 31.1 2 45.4 339.1 2.1 299.1 146.0 83.3 288.1 221.6 153.0 352.5 282.3 121.8 3 136.1 69.9 93.0 30.0 236.9 174.1 18.9 312.3 243.7 83.2 12.9 212.5 4 226.9 160.7 183.8 120.9 327.8 265.0 109.7 43.0 334.4 173.8 103.6 303.1 5 317.6 251.5 274.7 211.8 58.7 355.8 200.5 133.8 65.0 264.5 194.2 33.8

6 48.3 342.3 5.6 302.7 149.6 86.7 291.3 224.5 155.7 355.1 284.8 124.5 7 139.1 73.1 96.4 33.6 240.4 177.5 22.1 315.2 246.4 85.7 15.5 215.2 8 229.8 163.9 187.3 124.5 331.3 268.4 112.8 45.9 337.0 176.4 106.1 305.8 9 320.6 254.7 278.1 215.4 62.2 359.2 203.6 136.6 67.7 267.0 196.8 36.5 10 51.3 345.5 9.0 306.3 153.1 90.1 294.4 227.3 158.3 357.6 287.4 127.2

11 142.1 76.4 99.8 37.2 244.0 180.9 25.2 318.0 249.0 88.3 18.1 217.9 12 232.8 167.2 190.7 128.0 334.9 271.8 115.9 48.7 339.6 178.9 108.7 308.5 13 323.6 258.0 281.6 218.9 65.8 2.6 206.7 139.4 70.3 269.5 199.4 39.2 14 54.4 348.8 12.4 309.8 156.7 93.4 297.5 230.1 160.9 0.2 290.0 129.9 15 145.1 79.6 103.3 40.7 247.6 184.3 28.2 320.8 251.6 90.8 20.7 220.6

16 235.9 170.4 194.2 131.6 338.4 275.1 119.0 51.5 342.2 181.5 111.3 311.3 17 326.6 261.3 285.0 222.5 69.3 5.9 209.8 142.2 72.9 272.1 202.0 41.9 18 57.4 352.1 15.9 313.4 160.2 96.8 300.5 232.9 163.5 2.7 292.6 132.6 19 148.2 82.9 106.8 44.3 251.1 187.6 31.3 323.6 254.2 93.4 23.3 223.3 20 238.9 173.8 197.7 135.2 342.0 278.4 122.0 54.3 344.8 184.0 113.9 314.0

21 329.7 264.6 288.5 226.1 72.8 9.2 212.8 144.9 75.5 274.6 204.6 44.7 22 60.5 355.4 19.4 317.0 163.7 100.1 303.5 235.6 166.1 5.3 295.2 135.4 23 151.3 86.3 110.3 47.9 254.6 190.9 34.3 326.3 256.8 95.9 25.9 226.1 24 242.0 177.1 201.2 138.8 345.5 281.7 125.0 57.0 347.4 186.5 116.5 316.8 25 332.8 267.9 292.0 229.7 76.3 12.5 215.8 147.7 78.1 277.2 207.2 47.5

26 63.6 358.8 22.9 320.6 167.2 103.3 306.5 238.3 168.7 7.8 297.8 138.2 27 154.4 89.6 113.8 51.5 258.1 194.1 37.2 329.0 259.3 98.5 28.5 228.9 28 245.2 180.5 204.7 142.4 349.0 284.9 128.0 59.7 350.0 189.1 119.2 319.6 29 336.0 295.6 233.3 79.8 15.7 218.7 150.4 80.6 279.7 209.8 50.3 30 66.7 26.5 324.2 170.7 106.5 309.4 241.0 171.3 10.4 300.5 141.0

31 157.5 117.4 261.6 40.1 331.7 101.0 231.7 CHANGE OF LONGITUDE IN INTERVALS OF MEAN TIME h º h º m º m º m º 1 33.78 7 236.48 10 5.63 1 0.56 6 3.38 2 67.57 8 270.26 20 11.26 2 1.13 7 3.94 3 101.35 9 304.05 30 16.89 3 1.69 8 4.50 4 135.13 10 337.83 40 22.52 4 2.25 9 5.07 5 168.92 11 371.61 50 28.15 5 2.82 10 5.63 6 202.70 12 405.40 60 33.78 System III also applies to all objects situated north of the south component of the North Equatorial Belt or south of the north component of the South Equatorial Belt. This longitude system is based upon the rotation period of the planet’s magnetic field as defined by the International Astronomical Union. BAA Handbook 2015 Saturn 77 SATELLITES OF SATURN

MIMAS, ENCELADUS AND TETHYS Mimas Enceladus Tethys Each fourth eastern elongation Each third eastern elongation Each second eastern elongation d h d h d h d h d h d h Jan. 1 00.7 Jul. 4 17.7 Jan. 2 03.1 Jul. 6 02.2 Jan. 1 00.4 Jul. 5 00.0 4 19.2 8 12.1 6 05.8 10 04.9 4 19.0 8 18.6 8 13.7 12 6.6 10 08.5 14 07.5 8 13.7 12 13.2 12 08.2 16 1.1 14 11.2 18 10.2 12 08.4 16 07.8 16 02.7 19 19.5 18 13.8 22 12.8 16 03.0 20 02.4 19 21.2 23 14.0 22 16.5 26 15.5 19 21.7 23 21.0 23 15.7 27 8.5 26 19.2 30 18.1 23 16.3 27 15.6 27 10.2 31 3.0 30 21.9 Aug. 3 20.8 27 11.0 31 10.2 31 04.7 Aug. 3 21.4 Feb. 4 00.6 7 23.5 31 05.6 Aug. 4 04.9 Feb. 3 23.2 7 15.9 8 03.2 12 02.1 Feb. 4 00.2 7 23.5 7 17.6 11 10.4 12 05.9 16 04.8 7 18.9 11 18.1 11 12.1 15 4.9 16 08.6 20 07.5 11 13.5 15 12.8 15 06.6 18 23.4 20 11.2 24 10.2 15 08.1 19 07.4 19 01.1 22 17.9 24 13.9 28 12.8 19 02.8 23 02.0 22 19.6 26 12.4 28 16.5 Sep. 1 15.5 22 21.4 26 20.7 26 14.1 30 6.8 Mar. 4 19.2 5 18.2 26 16.0 30 15.3 Mar. 2 08.5 Sep. 3 1.3 8 21.9 9 20.9 Mar. 2 10.6 Sep. 3 10.0 6 03.0 6 19.8 13 00.5 13 23.6 6 05.2 7 04.6 9 21.5 10 14.3 17 03.2 18 02.3 9 23.8 10 23.3 13 15.9 14 8.8 21 05.8 22 05.0 13 18.5 14 17.9 17 10.4 18 3.3 25 08.4 26 07.7 17 13.1 18 12.6 21 04.9 21 21.8 29 11.1 30 10.4 21 07.7 22 07.2 24 23.3 25 16.3 Apr. 2 13.7 Oct. 4 13.1 25 02.3 26 01.9 28 17.8 29 10.8 6 16.4 8 15.8 28 20.9 29 20.5 Apr. 1 12.3 Oct. 3 5.3 10 19.0 12 18.5 Apr. 1 15.4 Oct. 3 15.2 5 06.7 6 23.8 14 21.6 16 21.2 5 10.0 7 09.9 9 01.2 10 18.3 19 00.2 20 23.9 9 04.6 11 04.5 12 19.6 14 12.8 23 02.9 25 02.6 12 23.2 14 23.2 16 14.1 18 7.3 27 05.5 29 05.3 16 17.8 18 17.9 20 08.6 22 1.8 May 1 08.1 Nov. 2 08.0 20 12.4 22 12.6 24 03.0 25 20.3 5 10.8 6 10.7 24 07.0 26 07.2 27 21.5 29 14.9 9 13.4 10 13.4 28 01.5 30 01.9 May 1 15.9 Nov. 2 9.4 13 16.0 14 16.1 May 1 20.1 Nov. 2 20.6 5 10.4 6 3.9 17 18.6 18 18.8 5 14.7 6 15.3 9 04.8 9 22.4 21 21.2 22 21.5 9 09.3 10 09.9 12 23.3 13 16.9 25 23.9 27 00.2 13 03.8 14 04.6 16 17.7 17 11.4 30 02.5 Dec. 1 02.9 16 22.4 17 23.3 20 12.2 21 5.9 Jun. 3 05.1 5 05.6 20 17.0 21 18.0 24 06.6 25 0.4 7 07.8 9 08.3 24 11.6 25 12.6 28 01.1 28 18.9 11 10.4 13 11.0 28 06.1 29 07.3 31 19.5 Dec. 2 13.4 15 13.0 17 13.7 Jun. 1 00.7 Dec. 3 02.0 Jun. 4 14.0 6 7.9 19 15.7 21 16.4 4 19.3 6 20.7 8 08.5 10 2.4 23 18.3 25 19.1 8 13.9 10 15.3 12 02.9 13 20.9 27 20.9 29 21.8 12 08.5 14 10.0 15 21.4 17 15.5 Jul. 1 23.6 16 03.0 18 04.7 19 15.8 21 10.0 19 21.6 21 23.3 23 10.3 25 4.5 23 16.2 25 18.0 27 04.7 28 23.0 27 10.8 29 12.7 30 23.2 Jul. 1 05.4

Note: For an intervening eastern elongations add: Mimas 0d 22.6h or 1d 21.2h or 2d 19.9h Enceladus 1d 08.9h or 2d 17.8h Tethys 1d 21.3h

78 Satellites of Saturn BAA Handbook 2015 SATELLITES OF SATURN

DIONE AND RHEA Dione Rhea Each second eastern elongation Each second eastern elongation d h d h d h d h d h d h Jan. 2 00.9 Apr. 21 12.7 Aug. 8 23.1 Jan. 4 03.4 May 10 15.4 Sep. 14 02.3 7 12.3 27 00.0 14 10.5 13 04.5 19 16.0 23 03.4 12 23.8 May 2 11.3 19 21.9 22 05.6 28 16.6 Oct. 2 04.5 18 11.3 7 22.5 25 09.3 31 06.6 Jun. 6 17.2 11 05.6 23 22.7 13 09.8 30 20.7 Feb. 9 07.6 15 17.9 20 06.8 29 10.2 18 21.1 Sep. 5 08.2 18 08.6 24 18.5 29 07.9 Feb. 3 21.6 24 08.4 10 19.6 27 09.5 Jul. 3 19.2 Nov. 7 09.1 9 09.0 29 19.7 16 07.1 Mar. 8 10.4 12 20.0 16 10.3 14 20.4 Jun. 4 07.0 21 18.5 17 11.2 21 20.8 25 11.5 20 07.8 9 18.3 27 06.0 26 12.0 30 21.6 Dec. 4 12.7 25 19.2 15 05.6 Oct. 2 17.5 Apr. 4 12.7 Aug. 8 22.4 13 13.9 Mar. 3 06.6 20 16.9 8 04.9 13 13.4 17 23.4 22 15.1 8 18.0 26 04.2 13 16.4 22 14.1 27 00.3 31 16.3 14 05.4 Jul. 1 15.6 19 03.9 May 1 14.7 Sep. 5 01.3 19 16.7 7 02.9 24 15.4 25 04.1 12 14.2 30 02.9 30 15.4 18 01.6 Nov. 4 14.4 Note: For an intervening eastern elongation add: Apr. 5 02.7 23 12.9 - - - 10 14.0 29 00.3 Dec. 23 21.9 Dione 2d 17.7h 16 01.4 Aug. 3 11.7 29 09.4 Rhea 4d 12.4h

TITAN AND HYPERION Titan Hyperion E. Elong. Inf. Conj’n W. Elong. Sup. Conj’n E.Elong. W Elong. d h d h d h d h d h d h Jan. - - Jan. 4 04.4 Jan. 8 08.3 Jan. 12 12.2 Jan. 7 09.3 Jan. 17 12.6 16 09.1 20 04.7 24 08.6 28 12.4 28 17.0 Feb. 7 19.6 Feb. 1 09.2 Feb. 5 04.7 Feb. 9 08.5 Feb. 13 12.2 Feb. 18 23.3 Mar. 1 01.2 17 08.8 21 04.2 25 08.0 Mar. 1 11.5 Mar. 12 04.2 22 05.3 Mar. 5 08.0 Mar. 9 03.3 Mar. 13 07.0 17 10.3 Apr. 2 07.8 Apr. 12 08.2 21 06.7 25 01.9 29 05.4 Apr. 2 08.7 23 10.2 May 3 10.0 Apr. 6 04.9 Apr. 10 00.1 Apr. 14 03.3 18 06.6 May 14 11.9 24 11.5 22 02.6 25 21.8 30 00.8 May 4 04.1 Jun. 4 13.6 Jun. 14 13.2 May 8 00.1 May 11 19.3 May 15 22.1 20 01.5 25 15.9 Jul. 5 15.9 23 21.4 27 16.7 31 19.3 Jun. 4 22.8 Jul. 16 19.3 26 19.9 Jun. 8 18.7 Jun. 12 14.1 Jun. 16 16.6 20 20.3 Aug. 7 00.3 Aug. 17 01.6 24 16.2 28 11.7 Jul. 2 14.2 Jul. 6 18.1 28 07.0 Sep. 7 09.0 Jul. 10 14.0 Jul. 14 09.7 18 12.2 22 16.2 Sep. 18 15.3 28 18.0 26 12.3 30 08.1 Aug. 3 10.7 Aug. 7 14.9 Oct. 10 01.1 Oct. 20 04.5 Aug. 11 11.0 Aug. 15 07.0 19 09.6 23 14.0 31 12.2 Nov. 10 16.1 27 10.2 31 06.3 Sep. 4 09.1 Sep. 8 13.6 Nov. 22 00.1 Dec. 2 04.6 Sep. 12 09.9 Sep. 16 06.0 20 09.0 24 13.5 Dec. 13 12.7 23 17.4 28 09.9 Oct. 2 06.1 Oct. 6 09.4 Oct. 10 13.9 Oct. 14 10.3 18 06.5 22 10.0 26 14.5 30 11.0 Nov. 3 07.2 Nov. 7 10.8 Nov. 11 15.3 Nov. 15 11.8 19 08.0 23 11.8 27 16.2 Dec. 1 12.7 Dec. 5 08.9 Dec. 9 12.9 Dec. 13 17.1 17 13.6 21 09.7 25 13.9 29 17.9

Position–angle and angular–distances can be obtained from JPL’s Horizons web page at: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons (see page 115) BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Saturn 79 TITAN

Saturn is in conjunction with Sun during November.

80 Satellites of Saturn BAA Handbook 2015 IAPETUS Iapetus shows variations in brightness, and is always brighter at western elongation than at eastern. The diagrams show the apparent path of Iapetus relative to Saturn, the units being in seconds of arc. Conjunction of Saturn is indicated by the faint portion of the orbit path from Oct.30 to Dec.30.

E. Elong. Inf. Conj’n. W. Elong. Sup. Conj’n.

d h d h d h d h Jan. 2 05.3 Jan. 22 08.1 Feb. 10 09.6 Mar. 3 01.9 Mar. 23 10.5 Apr. 11 23.1 Apr. 30 13.1 May 20 09.8 Jun. 9 17.3 Jun. 28 19.2 Jul. 17 20.6 Aug. 6 14.8 Aug. 27 17.1 Sep. 16 05.1 Oct. 5 20.3 Oct. 26 07.7 Nov. 16 17.0 Dec. 6 16.1 Dec. 26 03.7

BAA Handbook 2015 Satellites of Saturn 81 URANUS Uranus is at opposition on October 12, magnitude 5.7, diameter 3.7"

82 Uranus BAA Handbook 2015 NEPTUNE Neptune is at opposition on September 1, magnitude 7.8, diameter 2.4"

BAA Handbook 2015 Neptune 83 Trans–Neptunian & Scattered–Disk Objects

The list comprises the date, magnitude, geocentric position and apparent motion, when at opposition in 2015, of the 25 most intrinsically bright objects known as of 2014 January 07. The sizes of the smaller objects listed are speculative given that they are based on an estimated albedo only. If you wish to observe an object then go to the website of the Minor Planet and Comet Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Here you enter the date and the designation of the object(s) you wish to observe. Given the extreme distance of these objects, the geocentric position will be sufficiently accurate for any location on the Earth.

Object Opposition Approx. Motion Number/Name Prov ID Date V H Diam. Δ RA Dec. Speed P km au h m º ' "/min º (136199) Eris 2003 UB313 Oct. 16 18.7 –1.2 2400 95.34 1 42.4 –3 00.0 0.025 252 (134340) Pluto – Jul. 6 14.3 –0.8 2320 31.89 19 00.1 –20 43.4 0.062 260 (136472) Makemake 2005 FY9 Mar. 21 16.9 –0.4 1600 51.53 12 52.2 +26 12.8 0.042 296 (136108) Haumea 2003 EL61 Apr. 11 17.2 0.1 1500* 49.83 14 02.2 +17 55.3 0.043 294 (90377) Sedna 2003 VB12 Nov. 17 20.9 1.5 1400 84.86 3 41.4 +7 14.3 0.025 257 (225088) 2007 OR10 Aug. 26 21.4 2.0 1200 86.35 22 21.8 –12 59.7 0.026 251 (90482) Orcus 2004 DW Feb. 24 19.1 2.2 940 47.10 10 02.2 –8 47.8 0.046 290 (50000) Quaoar 2002 LM60 Jun. 18 18.7 2.4 890 41.98 17 47.2 –15 23.9 0.049 272 (55636) 2002 TX300 Oct. 22 19.5 3.2 300 41.33 1 06.5 +33 17.3 0.051 247 (28978) Ixion 2001 KX76 Jun. 13 19.3 3.3 700 39.18 17 24.7 –27 13.8 0.053 270 (229762) 2007 UK126 Nov. 29 19.8 3.4 900 42.21 4 34.0 –0 02.9 0.049 263 (202421) 2005 UQ513 Oct. 15 20.3 3.4 900 47.39 0 35.9 +31 34.9 0.045 245 (174567) 2003 MW12 Jun. 7 20.2 3.4 900 46.14 17 09.2 –1 49.2 0.045 277 (55565) 2002 AW197 Feb. 15 20.0 3.4 900 44.88 9 38.3 +0 38.8 0.048 286 (303775) 2005 QU182 Oct. 9 20.6 3.5 900 50.30 1 17.1 –5 40.0 0.042 249 (120178) 2003 OP32 Aug. 29 19.9 3.6 850 41.06 22 12.0 +3 11.6 0.051 244 (20000) Varuna 2000 WR106 Jan. 17 20.0 3.6 850 42.77 8 00.2 +26 42.0 0.050 284 (307261) 2002 MS4 Jun. 29 20.4 3.7 800 45.89 18 29.0 –7 15.6 0.046 269 (208996) 2003 AZ84 Jan. 20 20.2 3.7 800 43.93 7 59.9 +9 59.2 0.049 280 (55637) 2002 UX25 Nov. 3 19.9 3.8 800 39.90 2 38.7 +9 36.2 0.053 249 2010 EK139 Apr. 26 19.6 3.8 750 37.40 13 34.9 –35 36.0 0.055 289 (84522) 2002 TC302 Nov. 4 20.4 3.8 750 44.11 2 19.0 +26 47.9 0.049 256 (278361) 2007 JJ43 May 30 20.0 3.9 700 40.21 16 23.5 –26 45.0 0.050 282 (145452) 2005 RN43 Sep. 3 20.0 3.9 700 39.64 22 32.7 +0 45.5 0.052 245 2010 KZ39 Jun. 4 20.7 4.0 650 45.18 16 42.6 –32 11.4 0.047 274

*Haumea is asymmetric in shape being roughly 2000km x 1500km x 1000km in size.

84 Trans-Neptunian Objects BAA Handbook 2015 DWARF PLANETS (134340) Pluto

Pluto is at opposition, in Sagittarius, on July 6 at magnitude 14.3. Its brightness varies little throughout the year, ranging in visual magnitude from 14.3 to 14.6. Charts prepared using GUIDE 8.0. Stars down to magnitude 12.0 are shown.

BAA Handbook 2015 Dwarf Planets 85 DWARF PLANETS (134340) Pluto Detailed charts around the time of opposition. Jun. 6 to Jul. 6 Jul. 6 to Aug. 6

The charts show stars down to magnitude 14. 86 Dwarf Planets BAA Handbook 2015 DWARF PLANETS ORBITAL ELEMENTS The geocentric data below have been extracted from the Minor Planet Center Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Equinox J2000, Epoch of the elements, JD 2456600.5, 2013 Nov. 04.0 TT

No. Name a e i Node Peri. M* au ° ° ° ° 1 Ceres 2.767 0.076 10.594 80.328 72.292 10.558 134340 Pluto 39.353 0.247 17.171 110.284 113.229 35.456 136108 Haumea 43.107 0.194 28.192 121.796 240.599 207.253 136199 Eris 67.902 0.438 43.932 36.008 150.828 203.599 136472 Makemake 45.614 0.158 29.012 79.300 297.227 155.048

More information on asteroids and dwarf planets can be found on the website of the Asteroid and Remote Planets Section at: http://www.britastro.org/asteroids/

EPHEMERIDES The data below have been extracted from the Minor Planet Center Ephemeris Service at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/MPEph/MPEph.html

Equinox J2000, Epoch of the elements, JD 2456600.5, 2013 Nov. 04.0 TT

1 Ceres 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Feb. 10 18 54 43.2 –24 18 06 3.559 2.851 38.3 9.1 20 19 10 56.4 –24 14 25 3.475 2.858 44.7 9.2 Mar. 2 19 26 29.9 –24 07 21 3.379 2.865 51.2 9.2 12 19 41 17.0 –23 58 11 3.273 2.871 57.9 9.1 22 19 55 10.4 –23 48 25 3.159 2.878 64.7 9.1

Apr. 1 20 08 01.4 –23 39 42 3.038 2.884 71.7 9.1 11 20 19 41.7 –23 33 45 2.911 2.890 78.9 9.0 21 20 30 01.3 –23 32 26 2.781 2.896 86.3 8.9 May 1 20 38 48.1 –23 37 40 2.650 2.902 94.1 8.8 11 20 45 50.7 –23 51 13 2.521 2.908 102.3 8.7

21 20 50 54.7 –24 14 46 2.396 2.913 110.8 8.6 31 20 53 46.2 –24 49 20 2.279 2.919 119.8 8.4 Jun. 10 20 54 14.1 –25 35 07 2.173 2.924 129.3 8.2 20 20 52 10.0 –26 31 02 2.083 2.929 139.3 8.1 30 20 47 36.4 –27 34 12 2.011 2.933 149.5 7.9

Jul. 10 20 40 50.1 –28 40 01 1.963 2.938 159.6 7.7 20 20 32 23.7 –29 42 48 1.941 2.942 167.8 7.5 30 20 23 09.3 –30 36 39 1.946 2.946 167.8 7.5 Aug. 9 20 14 07.3 –31 17 20 1.978 2.950 159.6 7.7 19 20 06 16.5 –31 42 44 2.036 2.953 149.5 7.9

29 20 00 25.6 –31 53 03 2.117 2.957 139.3 8.1 Sep. 8 19 57 02.6 –31 50 07 2.217 2.960 129.3 8.3 18 19 56 18.7 –31 36 07 2.332 2.963 119.8 8.5 28 19 58 12.2 –31 13 10 2.459 2.965 110.7 8.6 BAA Handbook 2015 Dwarf Planets 87 DWARF PLANETS 1 Ceres cont'd 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Oct. 8 20 02 29.7 –30 42 55 2.594 2.968 102.0 8.8 18 20 08 56.0 –30 06 20 2.733 2.970 93.8 8.9 28 20 17 13.2 –29 24 05 2.873 2.972 85.9 9.0 Nov. 7 20 27 03.0 –28 36 29 3.012 2.973 78.3 9.1 17 20 38 10.1 –27 43 38 3.147 2.975 70.9 9.2 27 20 50 19.6 –26 45 41 3.276 2.976 63.8 9.2 134340 Pluto 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Apr. 11 19 05 30.0 –20 30 00 32.744 32.851 95.3 14.6 May 1 19 05 20.1 –20 30 59 32.427 32.863 114.8 14.5 21 19 04 22.6 –20 33 25 32.160 32.875 134.3 14.5 Jun. 10 19 02 46.9 –20 37 07 31.973 32.887 153.9 14.4 30 19 00 47.6 –20 41 45 31.890 32.899 173.2 14.4 Jul. 20 18 58 42.3 –20 46 52 31.922 32.912 166.8 14.4 Aug. 9 18 56 49.5 –20 52 00 32.066 32.924 147.3 14.5 29 18 55 25.9 –20 56 43 32.308 32.936 127.8 14.5 Sep. 18 18 54 44.7 –21 00 39 32.621 32.949 108.2 14.6 136108 Haumea 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 21 14 04 49.9 +17 08 13 50.599 50.729 97.1 17.3 Feb. 10 14 04 50.9 +17 19 49 50.304 50.726 114.8 17.3 Mar. 2 14 04 20.8 +17 32 38 50.060 50.722 131.5 17.3 22 14 03 24.7 +17 44 57 49.896 50.719 145.3 17.2 Apr. 11 14 02 11.0 +17 55 07 49.831 50.715 151.7 17.2 May 1 14 00 50.4 +18 01 47 49.870 50.712 146.3 17.2 21 13 59 34.2 +18 04 07 50.007 50.708 133.4 17.3 Jun. 10 13 58 32.7 +18 01 48 50.224 50.704 117.7 17.3 30 13 57 54.2 +17 55 10 50.494 50.701 101.1 17.3 136199 Eris 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jul. 20 1 44 25.6 –2 43 40 96.260 96.327 93.5 18.7 Aug. 9 1 44 20.5 –2 46 15 95.936 96.324 112.2 18.7 29 1 44 00.7 –2 49 54 95.656 96.320 130.8 18.7 Sep. 18 1 43 28.5 –2 54 07 95.452 96.316 149.2 18.7 Oct. 8 1 42 47.7 –2 58 20 95.348 96.312 164.7 18.7 28 1 42 03.1 –3 01 55 95.358 96.308 162.9 18.7 Nov. 17 1 41 20.3 –3 04 20 95.483 96.305 146.1 18.7 Dec. 7 1 40 45.0 –3 05 09 95.707 96.301 126.8 18.7 27 1 40 21.8 –3 04 10 96.005 96.297 107.0 18.7 136472 Makemake 2015 RA Dec. ∆ r Elong. V h m s ° ' " au au ° Jan. 1 12 54 46.4 +25 26 37 52.255 52.390 97.3 16.9 21 12 54 48.7 +25 37 41 51.969 52.392 115.0 16.9 Feb. 10 12 54 19.4 +25 50 17 51.734 52.395 131.6 16.9 Mar. 2 12 53 23.0 +26 02 38 51.581 52.397 145.2 16.9 22 12 52 08.1 +26 12 58 51.526 52.399 150.9 16.9 Apr. 11 12 50 45.5 +26 19 50 51.577 52.402 145.1 16.9 May 1 12 49 26.8 +26 22 15 51.725 52.404 132.0 16.9 21 12 48 22.8 +26 19 54 51.951 52.407 116.2 16.9 Jun. 10 12 47 41.9 +26 13 01 52.229 52.409 99.7 16.9

88 Dwarf Planets BAA Handbook 2015 COMETS The date of perihelion (T), perihelion distance (q), period (P), the number of previously observed returns (N), and the parameters for calculating magnitude (H1 and K1) (see below), are given for each comet. These data are followed by approximate values for the brightest magnitude during 2015; the date and elongation at this time; the period when the comet is brighter than 14th magnitude; and the period of visibility when the comet is brighter than 20th magnitude for the UK (52°N) and Southern Hemisphere (35°S). Some periodic comets show a flat light curve with the comet at a relatively invariant brightness for over a month. Figures for such comets are more approximate than for those with a more sharply defined maximum brightness. The latest orbital elements and ephemerides are available at: http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/Ephemerides/Comets/index.html or the Comet Section web page at http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~jds and the Comet Orbit Home Page http://jcometobs.web.fc2.com/

Further information about the visibility of the brighter objects will be included in the 2014 December BAA Journal. The SOHO comets are only likely to be visible in the STEREO or SOHO fields, and are brightest close to the Sun near the time of perihelion; no details are given for them. The magnitudes given for 29P are typical of an outburst and the comet is often fainter than indicated. 1766 G1 (D/Helfenzrieder), 1886 K1 (D/Brooks) and 1884 O1 (D/Barnard) have not been seen since their discovery apparitions, but may be recovered by chance. 34D/Gale was last seen at the 1938 return, having been discovered at the previous one. It seems likely that it was in outburst and has returned to quiescence, so may be recovered by chance. The relation between perihelion (q), aphelion (Q) and semi–major axis (a) is: a = (Q + q)/2. If required, the mean daily motion (n, expressed in degrees) can be computed from: n = 0.985608/ (a3/2). The period is given by Kepler’s third law: P2 = a3 (where P is expressed in sidereal years and a in Astronomical Units). Magnitude parameters are from determinations by the BAA’s Comet Section or from the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams; the magnitude is usually given by

V = H1 + 5 (log Δ) + K1 (log r), where Δ is the distance of the comet from Earth and r is its distance from the Sun, both in Astronomical Units. Note that some PC ephemeris programs require K1/2.5 to be entered rather than K1. The ephemerides give the position for 0h TT on the given date for those comets expected to be brighter than about 12th magnitude and at an observable elongation from the Sun. The BAA’s Computing Section website has charts for many comets, updated monthly: http://britastro.org/computing/charts_comet.html and also the ability to see which comets are visible on any night using "What’s observable": http://britastro.org/computing/applets_ecliptic.html

BAA Handbook 2015 Comets 89 Introductory text for comets follows on page 92 in order to retain this double–page spread.

‡

† † † * † * † † † † † † † † † † Dec. Dec. Jul. - Aug. Jun. - Sep. Jan. - Dec. Jan. - Dec. Jan. - Dec. Jan. - Mar. Apr. - Dec. Apr. Mar. - Sep. Mar. Apr. - Dec. Apr. Feb. - Dec. Feb. - Nov. May - Dec. Visible SH Visible Mar. - Dec. Mar. Aug. - Dec. Aug. - Dec. Jan. - Jun.,Dec. Jan.,Aug. - Dec. Jan. - Jul.,Nov. - Dec. Jan. - Jul.,Nov. Jan. - Feb.,May Dec. † * † † † * † † † † † † † † Jan. Sep. Jul. - Sep. Apr. Jan. - Jan. - Apr. Jul. - Dec. Jul. - Dec. Jul. - Dec. Jul. - Nov. Jan. - May Jan. - May Oct. - Dec. Sep. - Dec. Visible UK Visible Aug. - Dec. Aug. - Dec. Aug. - Dec. Aug. - Dec. Jan.,Sep. - Dec. Jan.,Aug. - Dec. Jan. - Feb.,Sep.- Dec. Jan. - Aug.,Oct. - Dec. Jan. - Jan. - May,Nov. - Dec. Jan. - May,Nov. Jan. - Feb.,Aug. Dec. † * † † † † † * † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † † than 14 Brighter Jan. - Jul. Jan. - Sep. Jan. - Mar. Jan. - Mar. Jan. - Aug. Jan. - Jan. - Nov. * * 5 5 8 ° 70 27 44 83 25 83 10 15 25 25 50 99 75 55 15 55 10 90 30 110 110 175 158 160 155 175 160 170 150 170 125 Elong. at peak 60–130 * * Jul. Jul. Jul. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jun. Jun. Jun. Jun. Jun. Jun. Feb. Apr. Apr. Sep. Apr. Mar. Mar. peak Mar. May Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. Aug. May. May. Date of Jan.,Dec. 9 9 11 ? 11 10 10 19 14 17 13 19 18 16 15 ? 16 18 14 15 19 19 17 15 16 19 19 19 16 20 17 10 19 21 18 20 18 19 19 20 Peak Mag.

5.0 10.0 10.0 22.6 10.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 42.6 15.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 14.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 COMETS K 1 4.5 6.0 8.5 7.0 8.0 8.5 6.5 8.5 1.8 9.5 6.6 11.5 13.5 12.7 10.0 15.0 12.0 12.4 13.5 13.0 13.5 16.0 12.5 13.5 10.0 13.0 13.0 15.5 12.5 15.5 17.0 12.0 17.0 15.0 13.5 19.0 15.0 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 5 7 5 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 N H 14 23 19 10 14

P 6.51 6.43 6.32 5.71 9.36 6.56 5.41 7.10 6.16 6.84 5.48 8.47 5.45 7.06 9.76 7.41 6.69 6.52 6.42 6.83 5.55 5.48 5.21 7.04 5.50 7.33 5.39 5.28 32.00 12.40 10.80 34.90 17.10 q au years 1.05 1.39 0.98 4.47 1.34 5.34 1.24 1.36 1.74 1.83 1.36 1.32 2.12 1.65 3.50 2.26 1.36 2.03 2.38 5.82 1.17 2.12 2.42 4.23 2.49 1.54 1.72 1.73 1.35 1.32 1.61 2.88 1.69 1.55 2.14 0.80 1.79

T Jan. 06.6 Jan. 14.6 Jan. 14.7 Jan. 30.5 Jan. 21.6 Jun. 13.4 Jun. 13.4 Jun. 13.5 Jun. 13.8 Jun. 13.8 Jun. 14.8 Jun. 25.3 Oct. 24.2 Jun. 25.4 Feb. 16.8 Apr. 01.8 Apr. Apr. 03.4 Apr. Apr. 06.2 Apr. Apr. 08.3 Apr. Apr. 18.9 Apr. Apr. 22.5 Apr. Apr. 23.2 Apr. Apr. 23.7 Apr. Apr. 27.4 Apr. May 08.6 Dec. 27.1 May 09.9 May 14.1 May 17.3 May 22.3 Mar. 01.2 Mar. May 28.9 Mar. 02.5 Mar. Mar. 13.6 Mar. Mar. 24.1 Mar. Mar. 25.9 Mar. Aug. 27.6 2014 2015 Comet

2012 K1 (PanSTARRS) 2013 A1 (Siding Spring) 2013 15P/Finlay W2) (2013 PanSTARRS 201P/LONEOS Tenagra (2013 G9) Tenagra 7P/Pons–Winnecke D/Brooks (1886 K1) P/LINEAR (2005 Q4) 92P/Sanguin 6P/d'Arrest D/Barnard (1884 O1) 44P/Reinmuth P/LINEAR (2008 WZ96) P/LINEAR (2008 PANSTARRS (2012 F3) PANSTARRS 86P/Wild 88P/Howell 42P/Neujmin P/Hill (2006 S6) 174P/Echeclus (60558) 218P/LINEAR 113P/Spitaler 268P/Bernardi P/Lagerkvist–Carsenty (1997 T3) P/Lagerkvist–Carsenty (1997 P/Zhao (2007 S1) 205P/Giacobini LINEAR–Hill (2008 QP2) Toit–Neujmin–Delporte 57P/du P/Boattini (2009 Q4) 19P/Borrelly P/WISE (2010 B2) P/Gibbs (2012 F5) 148P/Anderson–LINEAR 220P/McNaught 196P/Tichy P/Catalina (2009 WX51) P/Catalina (2009 233P/La Sagra 90 Comets BAA Handbook 2015

‡

† † † * † * † † † Dec. Dec. Jan. - Oct. Jan. - Sep. May - Jun. Jan. - Nov. Jan. - Dec. Jan. - Nov. Feb. - Dec. Oct. - Dec. Apr. - May Apr. Apr. - Dec. Apr. Apr. - Dec. Apr. Feb. - Dec. Apr. - Dec. Apr. Feb. - Dec. Mar. - Dec. Mar. May - Nov. Mar. - Dec. Mar. May - Dec. Visible SH Visible Mar. - Nov. Mar. Nov. - Dec. Nov. Apr. - Oct. ,Dec. Apr. Jan. - Mar. ,Jun. - Nov. Jan. - Mar. Feb. - Jun. ,Nov. - Dec. Feb. - Jun. ,Nov. Mar. - Apr. ,Aug. - Dec. Apr. - Mar.

† † † † * † * † Jan. - Jun. Jan. - Jun. Jan. - Apr. Jul. - Dec. Jul. - Dec. Jul. - Dec. Jul. - Dec. Jan. - Apr. Jul. - Dec. Jul. - Aug. Jul. - Jan. - May Mar. - Oct. Mar. Sep. - Dec. Sep. - Nov. Visible UK Visible Sep. - Dec. Nov. - Dec. Nov. Nov. - Dec. Nov. Aug. - Dec. Aug. - Dec. Nov. - Dec. Nov. Aug. - Dec. Aug. - Dec. Aug. - Dec. Apr. - Jan.,Mar. Jan. - Apr.,Jul. - Dec. Apr.,Jul. Jan. - Jan. - Mar.,Aug. - Dec. Jan. - Mar.,Aug. Jan. - May. ,Nov. - Dec. ,Nov. Jan. - May. † † † † † † † † † * † † † † † † † * † † † † † † † † than 14 Brighter Jun. - Oct. Jan. - Dec. Oct. - Dec. Apr. - Dec. Apr. Oct. - Dec. Feb. - Dec. Sep. - Nov. May - Dec. Mar. - Dec. Mar.

* * ° 87 45 20 88 43 65 65 50 45 50 70 55 50 75 23 85 70 160 175 110 145 155 165 167 128 170 175 150 175 151 165 165 150 Elong. at peak * * Jul Jul Jul Jul Jul Jun Oct Oct Oct Oct Oct Sep Sep Oct Oct Sep Sep Apr Apr Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Aug Aug Aug Nov Nov Nov peak Date of 9 9 11 11 11 15 16 17 18 18 16 12 21 17 24 13 ? 14 13 16 17 19 18 15 17 19 18 13 16 18 15 16 15 13 17 Peak Mag.

1 10.0 10.0 10.0 5.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.5 10.0 12.8 20.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 7.7 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 COMETS K 1 9.5 6.0 6.0 7.0 9.5 3.2 8.6 9.0 9.7 9.9 11.5 11.0 15.0 14.0 15.0 12.5 18.5 10.0 19.0 15.0 13.0 10.0 22.1 19.0 10.0 12.0 13.0 12.0 10.0 16.0 13.0 13.0 18.5 13.0 99.0 13.5 13.0 99.0

1 2 4 1 2 1 7 7 1 1 4 1 4 2 3 7 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 3 N H 16 22

P 6.76 6.44 5.34 5.46 7.16 6.44 5.10 6.61 5.25 3.99 5.43 7.06 8.22 6.40 8.94 4.50 6.78 6.87 5.36 6.27 4.59 5.45 5.38 6.73 8.62 6.99 7.59 years 11.20 10.80 16.40 11.80 64.00 13.90 15.00 20.60

q au 1.20 1.76 1.24 4.06 1.99 0.98 1.70 1.24 1.27 1.43 0.76 9.13 0.05 1.20 3.83 0.05 2.11 5.19 2.47 2.78 2.44 2.45 1.56 3.58 0.40 1.63 1.85 1.42 0.83 1.49 0.50 2.62 0.05 1.66 1.56 1.89 1.93 2.49 Orbit too uncertain to predict.

T Jul 01.9 Jul 11.6 Jul 12.0 Jul 24.8 Oct 02.2 Oct 07.1 Oct 08.1 Oct 23.1 Oct 21.8 Oct 24.5 Oct 25.1 Oct 28.5 Sep 04.1 Sep 08.3 Sep 11.1 Sep 26.4 Dec 03.7 Dec 04.9 Dec 10.9 Dec 26.0 Dec 11.6 Dec 13.0 Aug 08.6 Aug 12.3 Aug 12.4 Aug 13.1 Aug 13.6 Aug 15.0 Aug 24.9 Aug 31.7 Nov 04.7 Nov 06.0 Nov 12.7 Nov 14.3 Nov 16.1 Nov 18.1 Nov 26.7 Nov 30.1

omet C P/Catalina–McNaught (2008 S1) 2015 221P/LINEAR 162P/Siding Spring P/LINEAR (2004 FY140) 140P/Bowell-Skiff P/McNaught (2004 R1) 51P/Harrington 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko P/WISE (2010 K2) P/Yang-Gao (2009 L2) P/Yang-Gao 141P/Machholz (2013 C2) Tenagra P/SOHO (1999 R1) 34D/Gale SONEAR (2014 A4) SONEAR (2014 P/SOHO (1999 J6) 61P/Shajn-Schaldach Catalina (2013 V4) Catalina (2013 151P/Helin P/Hill (2007 V2) P/Hill (2007 P/NEAT (2001 H5) P/NEAT P/McNaught-Hartley (1994 N2) 22P/Kopff P/LONEOS-Christensen (2005 RV25) D/Helfenzrieder (1766 G1) P/Gibbs (2008 Y2) P/Gibbs (2008 214P/LINEAR 10P/Tempel Catalina (2013 US10) 230P/LINEAR 249P/LINEAR P/La Sagra (2010 R2) P/SOHO (1999 U2) P/LINEAR-Catalina (2003 WC7) P/LINEAR-Catalina (2003 P/Van Ness (2002 Q1) P/Van P/LONEOS-Tucker (1998 QP54) P/LONEOS-Tucker 204P/LINEAR-NEAT 180P/NEAT † Not visible or not brighter than 14th magnitude. * BAA Handbook 2015 Comets 91 INDIVIDUAL COMETS Cometary activity often changes from apparition to apparition, and the magnitude may differ from that printed here. A chart for any object at any one date and time can also be plotted from the Computing Section’s website (see page 89 for links).

Some further finder charts can also be found athttp://www.shopplaza.nl/astro/comets/comets.htm

10P/Tempel 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % May 7/8 14 24.3 +7 23 12.0 1.34 2.30 23:23 154 63 85 17/18 14 14.2 +7 51 11.9 1.32 2.23 22:33 146 149 0 27/28 14 05.4 +7 47 11.8 1.32 2.17 21:45 136 31 71 Jun. 6/7 13 58.9 +7 11 11.7 1.34 2.11 20:59 127 104 79 16/17 13 55.5 +6 07 11.7 1.36 2.05 20:17 118 114 0 26/27 13 55.4 +4 38 11.6 1.40 1.98 19:37 110 16 74 Jul. 6/7 13 58.7 +2 48 11.6 1.44 1.92 19:01 102 141 71 16/17 14 05.1 +0 42 11.5 1.48 1.86 18:28 95 84 0 26/27 14 14.5 –1 36 11.5 1.52 1.80 17:58 89 35 77 Aug. 5/6 14 26.8 –4 06 11.4 1.56 1.75 17:31 83 170 62 15/16 14 41.7 –6 42 11.4 1.59 1.69 17:06 78 62 1 25/26 14 59.2 –9 23 11.3 1.62 1.64 16:44 73 56 82 Sep. 4/5 15 19.3 –12 06 11.2 1.65 1.59 16:25 69 163 55 14/15 15 41.9 –14 46 11.2 1.68 1.55 16:08 65 46 2 24/25 16 07.0 –17 19 11.1 1.70 1.51 15:54 62 75 86 Oct. 4/5 16 34.7 –19 42 11.1 1.73 1.48 15:42 59 146 49 14/15 17 04.8 –21 47 11.1 1.75 1.45 15:33 56 33 3 24/25 17 37.2 –23 29 11.1 1.78 1.43 15:26 54 92 91 Nov. 3/4 18 11.5 –24 44 11.1 1.81 1.42 15:21 52 135 45 13/14 18 47.3 –25 26 11.1 1.84 1.42 15:17 50 24 5 23/24 19 24.0 –25 32 11.1 1.88 1.42 15:14 48 106 95 Dec. 3/4 20 00.8 –25 02 11.2 1.93 1.43 15:12 46 127 44 13/14 20 37.2 –23 57 11.3 1.98 1.45 15:09 44 16 7 23/24 21 12.6 –22 22 11.5 2.04 1.48 15:05 43 119 98 15P/Finlay 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Jan. 7/ 8 22 17.0 –10 22 9.1 1.40 0.99 15:09 45 166 93 17/18 23 01.7 – 4 44 9.5 1.39 1.03 15:14 47 81 8 27/28 23 45.5 + 1 01 10.0 1.42 1.08 15:19 50 52 59 Feb. 6/7 0 28.1 +6 34 10.7 1.47 1.15 15:22 51 162 92 16/17 1 09.3 +11 37 11.4 1.54 1.23 15:24 53 80 5 26/27 1 49.0 +15 58 12.2 1.64 1.31 15:24 53 54 63 92 Comets BAA Handbook 2015 INDIVIDUAL COMETS 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Jan. 16/17 17 09.1 –29 56 12.5 6.92 6.08 10:01 29 119 93 17/18 17 17.4 –30 07 12.5 6.83 6.08 09:30 37 12 8 27/28 17 25.2 –30 17 12.5 6.72 6.07 08:58 46 145 59 Feb. 6/7 17 32.5 –30 27 12.4 6.60 6.07 08:26 54 92 92 16/17 17 39.1 –30 36 12.4 6.46 6.07 07:53 63 37 5 26/27 17 44.9 –30 45 12.3 6.31 6.07 07:20 71 167 63 Mar. 8/9 17 49.8 –30 54 12.3 6.15 6.06 06:45 80 64 91 18/19 17 53.6 –31 03 12.2 5.99 6.06 06:10 89 71 2 28/29 17 56.3 –31 12 12.2 5.83 6.06 05:33 98 149 67 Apr. 7/ 17 57.8 –31 21 12.1 5.67 6.05 04:55 108 34 89 17/18 17 58.0 –31 29 12.0 5.52 6.05 04:16 118 108 0 27/28 17 56.9 –31 37 12.0 5.38 6.05 03:35 127 118 69 May 7/8 17 54.7 –31 43 11.9 5.26 6.05 02:54 137 14 85 17/18 17 51.3 –31 47 11.9 5.17 6.04 02:11 147 145 0 27/28 17 46.9 –31 48 11.8 5.09 6.04 01:27 157 85 71 Jun. 6/7 17 42.0 –31 45 11.8 5.05 6.04 00:43 167 47 79 16/17 17 36.7 –31 39 11.8 5.03 6.03 23:58 172 165 0 26/27 17 31.4 –31 29 11.8 5.04 6.03 23:13 166 51 74 Jul. 6/7 17 26.6 –31 16 11.8 5.08 6.03 22:29 157 88 71 16/17 17 22.3 –31 01 11.9 5.15 6.03 21:45 147 135 0 26/27 17 19.1 –30 44 11.9 5.24 6.02 21:03 137 19 77 Aug. 5/6 17 16.9 –30 27 11.9 5.35 6.02 20:21 127 128 62 15/16 17 15.9 –30 10 12.0 5.48 6.02 19:41 118 101 1 25/26 17 16.2 –29 54 12.0 5.62 6.01 19:02 108 24 82 Sep. 4/5 17 17.7 –29 40 12.1 5.77 6.01 18:24 99 163 55 14/15 17 20.4 –29 27 12.2 5.93 6.01 17:47 90 70 2 24/25 17 24.2 –29 15 12.2 6.08 6.01 17:11 81 57 86 Oct. 4/5 17 29.0 –29 05 12.3 6.23 6.00 16:37 72 157 49 14/15 17 34.7 –28 56 12.3 6.38 6.00 16:03 63 42 3 24/25 17 41.3 –28 47 12.3 6.51 6.00 15:30 55 91 91 Nov. 3/4 17 48.5 –28 39 12.4 6.63 5.99 14:58 47 129 45 13/14 17 56.2 –28 31 12.4 6.73 5.99 14:26 38 15 5 23/24 18 04.5 –28 22 12.4 6.82 5.99 13:55 30 124 95 Dec. 3/4 18 13.1 –28 13 12.5 6.89 5.98 13:24 22 103 44 22P/Kopff 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Aug. 5/ 6 13 35.0 – 5 27 11.9 1.80 1.75 16:39 71 174 62 15/16 13 54.5 – 7 42 11.8 1.83 1.71 16:19 67 51 1 25/26 14 16.0 –10 02 11.7 1.87 1.67 16:01 63 66 82 BAA Handbook 2015 Comets 93 INDIVIDUAL COMETS 22P/Kopff cont'd (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Sep. 4/5 14 39.3 –12 21 11.6 1.90 1.64 15:45 59 154 55 14/15 15 04.6 –14 37 11.5 1.93 1.61 15:31 56 37 2 24/25 15 31.6 –16 46 11.5 1.97 1.59 15:19 53 84 86 Oct. 4/5 16 00.4 –18 43 11.5 2.00 1.57 15:08 51 138 49 14/15 16 30.7 –20 23 11.5 2.04 1.56 14:59 48 25 3 24/25 17 02.4 –21 43 11.5 2.08 1.56 14:51 46 100 91 Nov. 3/4 17 35.1 –22 39 11.5 2.13 1.56 14:44 43 127 45 13/14 18 08.5 –23 08 11.6 2.18 1.57 14:38 41 15 5 23/24 18 42.0 –23 10 11.8 2.24 1.59 14:32 38 116 95 Dec. 3/4 19 15.2 –22 44 11.9 2.30 1.61 14:26 36 118 44 13/14 19 47.7 –21 53 12.1 2.37 1.64 14:19 33 5 7 23/24 20 19.2 –20 40 12.3 2.44 1.67 14:11 31 131 98

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Jul. 6/7 4 00.8 +18 55 12.1 1.88 1.32 09:03 42 71 71 16/17 4 39.4 +21 10 11.9 1.83 1.29 09:02 43 55 0 26/27 5 19.6 +22 53 11.8 1.80 1.26 09:03 43 166 77 Aug. 5/6 6 00.5 +23 58 11.7 1.78 1.25 09:05 43 60 62 15/16 6 41.3 +24 24 11.7 1.77 1.24 09:06 43 60 1 25/26 7 21.1 +24 12 11.7 1.77 1.25 09:06 44 170 82 Sep. 4/5 7 59.3 +23 26 11.8 1.77 1.27 09:05 45 50 55 14/15 8 35.1 +22 12 11.9 1.78 1.31 09:01 46 66 2 24/25 9 08.4 +20 39 12.1 1.79 1.35 08:55 48 171 86

88P/Howell 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Jan. 7/8 16 44.5 –22 05 13.0 2.37 1.65 09:37 35 113 93 17/18 17 17.0 –23 09 12.3 2.27 1.60 09:30 37 6 8 27/28 17 51.1 –23 49 11.6 2.17 1.55 09:24 40 140 59 Feb. 6/7 18 26.8 –24 01 10.9 2.09 1.50 09:20 42 105 92 16/17 19 03.5 –23 44 10.3 2.01 1.46 09:18 43 17 5 26/27 19 40.8 –22 53 9.8 1.94 1.42 09:16 45 150 63 Mar. 8/9 20 18.1 –21 31 9.3 1.89 1.39 09:14 46 98 91 18/19 20 54.9 –19 39 9.0 1.84 1.37 09:11 47 29 2 28/29 21 30.7 –17 22 8.8 1.80 1.36 09:07 48 157 67 94 Comets BAA Handbook 2015 INDIVIDUAL COMETS 88P/Howell cont'd (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Apr. 7/8 22 05.1 –14 46 8.7 1.77 1.36 09:02 50 90 89 17/18 22 38.0 –11 58 8.8 1.75 1.36 08:56 51 41 0 27/28 23 09.1 –9 03 9.0 1.74 1.38 08:47 52 164 69 May 7/8 23 38.5 –6 08 9.3 1.73 1.40 08:37 54 79 85 17/18 0 06.1 –3 19 9.6 1.72 1.43 08:25 57 55 0 27/28 0 32.0 –0 38 10.1 1.71 1.47 08:12 59 173 71 Jun. 6/7 0 56.2 +1 49 10.6 1.70 1.52 07:57 62 62 79 16/17 1 18.6 +4 04 11.2 1.68 1.56 07:40 66 71 0 26/27 1 39.2 +6 03 11.8 1.66 1.62 07:21 70 171 74

141P/Machholz 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Jul. 6/7 1 14.3 +28 57 12.7 0.71 1.10 06:17 77 41 71 16/17 2 32.5 +34 37 12.2 0.69 0.99 06:55 68 81 0 26/27 3 58.1 +36 50 11.8 0.72 0.90 07:42 60 159 77 Aug. 5/6 5 18.0 +35 26 11.6 0.78 0.83 08:22 53 53 62 15/16 6 24.9 +31 40 11.6 0.88 0.78 08:50 48 64 1 25/26 7 19.5 +26 52 11.7 0.99 0.76 09:05 45 169 82

2012 K1 (PanSTARRS) 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Jan. 7/8 0 07.4 –31 28 10.0 2.52 2.28 16:59 65 137 93 17/18 0 07.3 –28 47 10.4 2.80 2.40 16:20 57 88 8 27/28 0 09.1 –26 31 10.8 3.06 2.52 15:42 49 60 59 Feb. 6/7 0 12.3 –24 35 11.1 3.30 2.63 15:06 41 155 92 16/17 0 16.3 –22 55 11.4 3.51 2.75 14:30 34 59 5 26/27 0 20.8 –21 29 11.7 3.70 2.86 13:56 28 86 63

2013 A1 (Siding Spring) 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Jan. 7/8 18 00.6 +3 15 10.0 2.52 1.76 10:52 31 128 93 17/18 18 03.4 +6 43 10.1 2.50 1.84 10:16 39 26 8 27/28 18 05.2 +10 33 10.2 2.45 1.93 09:38 48 129 59 Feb. 6/7 18 05.6 +14 50 10.3 2.39 2.03 08:59 57 99 92 16/17 18 04.0 +19 38 10.4 2.32 2.12 08:18 66 46 5 26/27 17 59.6 +25 00 10.5 2.25 2.22 07:34 76 136 63 BAA Handbook 2015 Comets 95 INDIVIDUAL COMETS 2013 A1 (Siding Spring) Cont'd

2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Mar. 8/9 17 51.4 +30 52 10.5 2.19 2.32 06:47 85 73 91 18/19 17 38.1 +37 03 10.6 2.15 2.42 05:54 93 82 2 28/29 17 17.9 +43 12 10.7 2.14 2.52 04:54 101 111 67 Apr. 7/8 16 49.4 +48 48 10.9 2.17 2.63 03:46 106 66 89 17/18 16 12.1 +53 14 11.1 2.24 2.73 02:29 109 109 0 27/28 15 28.6 +56 00 11.3 2.35 2.83 01:06 109 78 69 May 7/8 14 44.2 +56 58 11.5 2.49 2.94 23:43 106 87 85 17/18 14 05.1 +56 25 11.8 2.67 3.04 22:24 102 106 0 27/28 13 34.3 +54 51 12.0 2.86 3.14 21:14 96 59 71

2013 US10 (Catalina) 2015 (J2000.0) Meridian Elongation. Moon RA Dec. V ∆ r Transit Sun Moon Phase 0h TT h m ° ' au au hh:mm ° ° % Apr. 7/8 23 17.7 –21 37 12.3 4.12 3.40 10:15 39 104 89 17/18 23 24.6 –21 45 12.0 3.89 3.28 09:42 47 37 0 27/28 23 31.3 –22 05 11.8 3.64 3.16 09:10 55 155 69 May 7/8 23 37.8 –22 42 11.5 3.37 3.05 08:37 63 75 85 17/18 23 43.9 –23 39 11.1 3.09 2.93 08:03 71 69 0 27/28 23 49.3 –25 05 10.8 2.80 2.81 07:29 80 153 71 Jun. 6/7 23 53.8 –27 08 10.4 2.50 2.68 06:54 89 45 79 16/17 23 56.9 –30 02 10.0 2.21 2.56 06:18 98 101 0 26/27 23 57.6 –34 07 9.5 1.92 2.43 05:39 107 125 74 Jul. 6/7 23 54.3 –39 49 9.0 1.66 2.30 04:57 117 38 71 16/17 23 43.3 –47 40 8.5 1.42 2.17 04:06 126 128 0 26/27 23 14.7 –57 52 8.0 1.23 2.04 02:58 130 82 77 Aug. 5/6 21 56.0 –68 57 7.6 1.12 1.91 01:00 127 88 62 15/16 18 45.5 –73 40 7.3 1.09 1.78 21:11 115 105 1 25/26 16 12.6 –66 34 7.1 1.14 1.64 17:58 99 55 82 Sep. 4/5 15 16.0 –56 50 7.0 1.25 1.51 16:22 83 138 55 14/15 14 52.8 –48 31 7.0 1.39 1.38 15:19 68 53 2 24/25 14 41.7 –41 57 6.8 1.53 1.25 14:29 54 89 86 Oct. 4/5 14 35.5 –36 39 6.7 1.66 1.12 13:43 42 120 49 14/15 14 31.5 –32 09 6.5 1.75 1.01 12:60 29 20 3 24/25 14 28.2 –28 03 6.2 1.81 0.92 12:17 18 132 91 Nov. 3/4 14 25.1 –24 02 6.0 1.82 0.85 11:34 9 84 45 13/14 14 22.3 –19 49 5.8 1.76 0.82 10:52 12 39 5 23/24 14 20.0 –15 08 5.7 1.65 0.84 10:10 23 175 95 Dec. 3/4 14 18.5 –9 39 5.7 1.48 0.89 09:29 36 46 44 13/14 14 17.6 –2 39 5.7 1.28 0.98 08:49 49 80 7 23/24 14 16.4 +7 08 5.6 1.06 1.09 08:08 64 135 98 96 Comets BAA Handbook 2015 METEORS This diary includes all regular major and some of the more reliable minor streams. Radiant data (UT, Alt.) and twilight data are for observers at the standard latitudes 52°N and 35°S, on the Greenwich meridian. Moonrise and moonset may be determined from the data on pages 22-25. Where two radiants are given for one shower, the radiant on the same line as the times of twilight has been used for calculating the altitudes. All times are in UT. Normal limits are the dates between which the shower rates are normally greater than 25 per cent of the sporadic rate for the period. Zenithal Hourly Rate (ZHR) is the probable hourly rate for a single experienced observer watching a clear sky with limiting magnitude 6.5 with the shower radiant in the zenith. To a first approximation, the observed hourly rate (OHR) is given by: OHR = ZHR sin a where a is the radiant elevation. Hence high rates cannot be expected if the radiant is low. Sky conditions can alter rates considerably and consequently observers should record the approximate naked eye limiting magnitude in the areas being watched during each observing session. The rates given are the maximum ones, and are only a guide in view of the inherent variability of showers. Twilight here is nautical, starting and ending when the Sun is 12° below the horizon. Telescopic Activity: If a number is given this is an approximate relative telescopic rate (sporadic rate = 1.0). If there is no entry the shower is deficient in faint meteors. However, many of the numbers are speculative. Observations using wide field CCD imaging may help augment telescopic meteor work in the future. Radiant Daily Motion: Where available, these come from Cook (NASA SP–319, pp.185–186, 1973). Meteor radiants are not stationary because of the Earth’s motion around the Sun. They move about one degree of ecliptic longitude per day. The daily motions should be applied to determine the radiant positions at dates other than maximum. The position of the Perseid radiant has been revised following analysis of recent BAA data by Alex Pratt, William Stewart and Leonard Entwisle. The Geminid radiant position is from BAA data analysed by the late Steve J. Evans. Special Notes for 2015: Bright moonlight has an adverse effect on visual meteor observing, and for about five days to either side of Full Moon, lunar glare swamps all but the brighter meteors. In 2015, the maxima of the Quadrantids, Eta Aquarids and Ursids will all suffer interference by moonlight. Quadrantid maximum coincides with a Moon only two days from full, which is a pity as the peak is near midnight, a good time for observers in the UK. Although the Eta Aquarids coincide with a Moon just past full, shower members may be observed in the eastern sky as the radiant rises before dawn, with the Moon descending in the west. The Ursids coincide with a waxing gibbous Moon, but visual observers may minimize the effects of moonlight by positioning themselves so the Moon is behind them and hidden behind a wall or other suitable obstruction. The complex of showers which peak in late July or very early August, e.g. the Delta Aquarids, Piscis Australids and Alpha Capricornids, are also unfavourably placed with respect to the Moon this year. There are many excellent observing opportunities in 2015.The peak of the April Lyrids occurs just after New Moon, so the shower will be observable with no interference from moonlight. The peak of the Perseids, one of the year’s most active showers, in August coincides with New Moon so conditions are very favourable. With maximum expected at around 06h, the pre–dawn hours of August 13 are likely to yield the best observed rates, but activity should also be high on August 11/12 and August 13/14. The autumn of 2015 also looks good for meteor observers with both the Orionids in October and the Leonids in November being observable in reasonably dark skies. In December it is hoped that observers will take advantage of the very favourable conditions for the Geminids which are now the richest of the annual meteor showers. This year’s maximum occurs just after New Moon so there will be no interference by moonlight at all this year. Unfortunately, the peak occurs during daylight hours from the UK, so the highest observed rates are most likely in the pre–dawn hours of December 14 and during the following evening. Past observations show that bright Geminids become more numerous some hours after the rates have peaked, a consequence of particle–sorting in the meteoroid stream. As always, observations away from the major shower maxima, and of year–round sporadic activity, are every bit as important to the work of the Association’s Meteor Section as those obtained when high rates are anticipated.

BAA Handbook 2015 Meteor Diary 97 METEORS METEORS

Radiant Position Latitude 52°N Latitude 35°S Epoch Maximum Daily Motion Twilight Radiant Twilight Radiant

λ☉ Local Time Age of Normal Telescopic Shower (2000.0) Maximum R.A. Dec. R.A. Dec. of Transit Date Moon Ends Begins UT Alt. Ends Begins UT Alt. Notes Limits ZHR Activity ° at Max. hh:mm (°) ° ° ° h d h h h ° h h h ° Quadrantids 283 Jan. 4d 00h Jan. 1-6 80? 15:28 (232) +50 1.5 8.6 Jan. 4 13 17.4 6.7 00 21 – – – – Blue and yellow meteors. Diffuse radiant 03 40 except at peak. Strong in 1992. 06 46 Unfavourable. Virginids 022 Apr. 11-12 Mar.-Apr. 5 14:04 (211) –09 ? 0.7 Apr. 12 23 20.2 3.8 22 20 18.6 5.4 20 21 The two most prominent of several radiants in Apr. 6-17 5 13:36 (204) –11 01 29 00 62 Virgo, active March-April. Slow, long paths. 04 16 04 38 Lyrids 032 Apr. 22d 23h Apr. 18-25 10 18:08 (272) +32 +1.10 0.0 – 4.2 Apr. 22 4 20.6 3.4 21 15 18.4 5.6 01 09 Normally rather moderate activity, but fine 00 41 03 21 displays in 1803, 1922, 1982. 03 66 05 22 Favourable. η Aquarids 045 May 5-6 Apr. 24- 40 22:20 (335) –01 +0.90 +0.4 – 7.6 May 5 16 21.1 2.8 02 03 18.2 5.7 02 05 Fine southern shower, poorly seen from the May 20 03 12 04 29 UK. Broad maximum and multiple radiant.

06 49 Telescopic peak λ☉=042°. α-Scorpiids 038 Apr. 28 Apr. 20- 5 16:31 (248) –24 +0.50 –0.19 1.5 2.0 Apr. 28 10 21.4 2.5 22 07 18.1 5.8 20 30 Part of the Scorpio-Sagittarius complex. 052 May 13 May 19 16:04 (241) –24 1.6 May 13 24 00 14 00 77 Several weak radiants. April-July. 02 12 03 57 Ophiuchids 079 Jun. 10 May 19- 5 17:56 (269) –23 – Jun. 10 23 22.5 1.5 22 15 17.9 6.1 21 54 Weak activity from several radiants. Best for 080 Jun. 20 Jul. 17:20 (260) –20 23.5 Jun. 20 4 00 18 00 74 southern observers. 02 10 03 42 Favourable. α-Cygnids 118 Jul. 21 Jul.-Aug. 5 21:00 (315) +48 ? 0.9 Jul. 21 5 21.8 2.3 22 62 18.1 6.1 23 03 Weak, apparently stationary radiant producing 148 Aug. 21 Aug. 21 7 00 80 01 07 steady activity throughout northern summer. 02 79 02 06 Capricornids 106 Jul. 8 Jul.-Aug. 5 20:44 (311) –15 – 1.2 Jul. 8 21 22.2 2.1 22 11 18.1 6.1 21 54 Bright yellow-blue meteors. May have three 113 Jul. 15 0.6 Jul. 15 28 00 21 00 64 maxima and multiple radiant. 123 Jul. 26 Jul. 26 10 02 22 03 06 δ-Aquarids 126 Jul. 29 Jul.15- 20 22:36 (339) –17 +0.80 +0.18 1.0 2.2 Jul. 29 13 21.6 2.6 23 09 18.2 6.0 23 44 Fine southern shower with double radiant. S. 134 Aug. 6 Aug.20 10 23:04 (346) +02 +1.00 +0.20 2.1 Aug. 6 21 01 19 02 72 component is the richer. Meteors tend to be 03 20 05 49 faint. Unfavourable. Piscis 128 Jul. 31 Jul. 15- 5 22:40 (340) –30 ? 2.1 Jul. 31 15 21.5 2.7 00 03 18.3 6.0 23 51 Southern shower in need of observation. Australids Aug. 20 01 07 02 85 Unfavourable. 02 08 05 53

α-Capricornids 130 Aug. 2-3 Jul. 15- 5 20:36 (309) –10 +0.90 +0.30 – 23.9 Aug. 2 17 21.4 2.8 22 23 18.3 5.9 23 43 Maxima at λ☉ =123°, 129°, 137°. Long, slow Aug. 20 00 28 02 65 fireballs are often seen. 02 22 05 41 Unfavourable. ι-Aquarids 134 Aug. 6 Jul.-Aug. 8 22:10 (333) –15 +1.07 +0.18 1.0? 1.6 Aug. 6 21 21.2 2.9 22 12 18.3 5.9 22 38 Rich in faint meteors. Double radiant. 22:04 (331) –06 +1.03 +0.13 1.1 00 21 01 68 Quite favourable. 02 22 04 52 Perseids 140 Aug. 13d 06h Jul. 23- 80+ 03:13 (048) +58 +1.35 +0.12 0.5 5.7 Aug. 13 28 21.0 3.2 21 27 – – – – Rich shower of fast meteors. High proportion Aug. 20 00 44 of bright events leaving persistent trains. 03 66 Very favourable. Piscids 166 Sep. 9 Sep.-Oct. 10 00:36 (009) +07 ? 1.3 Sep. 9 25 19.7 4.1 21 21 18.7 5.2 21 16 Another multiple-radiant ecliptic complex with 178 Sep. 21 5 00:24 (006) 00 0.3 Sep. 21 8 00 42 low rates. 200 Oct. 13 ? 01:44 (026) +14 0.1 Oct. 13 0 03 41 Orionids 209 Oct. 21-24 Oct. 16-30 25 06 24 (096) +15 +1.23 +0.13 1.0 4.5 Oct. 22 09 18.1 5.4 00 26 19.3 4.2 00 09 Fast meteors, many with persistent trains. Flat 02 43 02 29 maximum, with several sub-peaks. Good in 04 53 04 40 2006. Quite favourable. Taurids (S) 223 Nov. 5 Oct. 20- 10 03:44 (056) +14 +0.79 +0.15 ? 0.6 Nov. 5 23 17.7 5.7 21 33 19.5 3.9 21 19 Slow meteors. Double radiant. Broad peak

(N) 230 Nov. 12 Nov. 30 03:44 (056) +22 +0.76 +0.10 0.6 Nov. 12 1 00 51 00 36 λ☉ =220°–230°. Sometimes more bright events, 03 42 03 30 as in 2005. Favourable. Leonids 235 Nov. 18d 07h Nov. 15-20 20? 10:08 (152) +22 +0.07 –0.42 0.5? 6.4 Nov. 18 7 17.4 6.1 01 23 19.8 3.7 02 05 Very fast meteors, many with persistent trains. 03 41 03 15 Enhanced activity unlikely until the late 2020s, 05 56 04 24 but observations still important. Quite favourable. Puppids-Velids 257 Dec. 9 Nov. 27-Jan. 15 09:00 (135) –48 ? 6.4 Dec. 9 27 – – – – 20.2 3.5 23 13 Two of several radiants in Puppis, Vela and 274 Dec. 26 09:20 (140) –65 Dec. 26 15 01 31 Carina from November to January. 03 50 Geminids 262 Dec. 14d 13h Dec. 8-17 100+ 07:32 (113) +33 +1.10 –0.07 1.5 1.9 Dec. 14 3 17.2 6.6 21 34 20.2 3.6 23 12 Richest of the annual showers, with slow 00 61 01 22 meteors and a good proportion of bright events. 03 67 03 31 Very favourable. Ursids 271 Dec. 22-23 Dec. 17-25 10? 14:28 (217) +78 +0.88 –0.45 1.0? 8.4 Dec. 23 12 17.3 6.7 22 41 – – – – Under-observed shower which has 02 49 produced outbursts in 1945, 1982 and 1986. 06 61 Unfavourable.

98 Meteor Diary BAA Handbook 2015 METEORS METEORS

Radiant Position Latitude 52°N Latitude 35°S Epoch Maximum Daily Motion Twilight Radiant Twilight Radiant

BAA Handbook 2015 Meteor Diary 99 VARIABLE STARS Heliocentric Times of Primary Minima RZ Cassiopeiae: Magnitude 6.2 to 7.7, Duration 4.8 hours h h h h h h Jan. 2 02.5* Feb. 2 04.3* Mar. 1 16.1 Apr. 1 17.9 May 1 15.1 Jun. 1 16.9 3 07.2 3 09.0 2 20.8* 2 22.6* 2 19.8 2 21.6 4 11.8 4 13.7 4 01.5* 4 03.3* 4 00.5* 4 02.3 5 16.5 5 18.4 5 06.2 5 08.0 5 05.2 5 07.0 6 21.2* 6 23.1* 6 10.9 6 12.7 6 09.8 6 11.7 8 01.9* 8 03.8* 7 15.5 7 17.4 7 14.5 7 16.4 9 06.6 9 08.4 8 20.2* 8 22.1* 8 19.2 8 21.0 10 11.3 10 13.1 10 00.9* 10 02.7* 9 23.9* 10 01.7 11 16.0 11 17.8 11 05.6 11 07.4 11 04.6 11 06.4 12 20.7* 12 22.5* 12 10.3 12 12.1 12 09.3 12 11.1 14 01.4* 14 03.2* 13 15.0 13 16.8 13 14.0 13 15.8 15 06.0 15 07.9 14 19.7 14 21.5* 14 18.6 14 20.5 16 10.7 16 12.6 16 00.3* 16 02.2* 15 23.3* 16 01.2 17 15.4 17 17.2 17 05.0 17 06.9 17 04.0 17 05.9 18 20.1* 18 21.9* 18 09.7 18 11.5 18 08.7 18 10.5 20 00.8* 20 02.6* 19 14.4 19 16.2 19 13.4 19 15.2 21 05.5 21 07.3 20 19.1 20 20.9* 20 18.1 20 19.9 22 10.1 22 12.0 21 23.8* 22 01.6* 21 22.8* 22 00.6 23 14.8 23 16.7 23 04.5* 23 06.3 23 03.4 23 05.3 24 19.5* 24 21.4* 24 09.1 24 11.0 24 08.1 24 10.0 26 00.2* 26 02.0* 25 13.8 25 15.7 25 12.8 25 14.7 27 04.9* 27 06.7 26 18.5 26 20.3 26 17.5 26 19.3 28 09.6 28 11.4 27 23.2* 28 01.0* 27 22.2 28 00.0 29 14.3 29 03.9* 29 05.7 29 02.9 29 04.7 30 18.9* 30 08.6 30 10.4 30 07.6 30 09.4 31 23.6* 31 13.3 31 12.2

Jul. 1 14.1 Aug. 1 15.9 Sep. 1 17.8 Oct. 1 14.9 Nov. 1 16.8 Dec. 1 13.9 2 18.8 2 20.6 2 22.5* 2 19.6 2 21.4* 2 18.6 3 23.5 4 01.3* 4 03.1* 4 00.3* 4 02.1* 3 23.3* 5 04.1 5 06.0 5 07.8 5 05.0 5 06.8 5 04.0* 6 08.8 6 10.7 6 12.5 6 09.7 6 11.5 6 08.7 7 13.5 7 15.4 7 17.2 7 14.4 7 16.2 7 13.3 8 18.2 8 20.0 8 21.9* 8 19.0 8 20.9* 8 18.0 9 22.9 10 00.7* 10 02.6* 9 23.7* 10 01.6* 9 22.7* 11 03.6 11 05.4 11 07.3 11 04.4* 11 06.2 11 03.4* 12 08.3 12 10.1 12 11.9 12 09.1 12 10.9 12 08.1 13 12.9 13 14.8 13 16.6 13 13.8 13 15.6 13 12.8 14 17.6 14 19.5 14 21.3* 14 18.5 14 20.3* 14 17.5 15 22.3 16 00.2* 16 02.0* 15 23.2* 16 01.0* 15 22.1* 17 03.0 17 04.8 17 06.7 17 03.8* 17 05.7 17 02.8* 18 07.7 18 09.5 18 11.4 18 08.5 18 10.4 18 07.5 19 12.4 19 14.2 19 16.1 19 13.2 19 15.1 19 12.2 20 17.1 20 18.9 20 20.7 20 17.9 20 19.7* 20 16.9 21 21.8 21 23.6* 22 01.4* 21 22.6* 22 00.4* 21 21.6* 23 02.4 23 04.3 23 06.1 23 03.3* 23 05.1* 23 02.3* 24 07.1 24 09.0 24 10.8 24 08.0 24 09.8 24 06.9 25 11.8 25 13.6 25 15.5 25 12.6 25 14.5 25 11.6 26 16.5 26 18.3 26 20.2 26 17.3 26 19.2 26 16.3 27 21.2 27 23.0* 28 00.9* 27 22.0* 27 23.9* 27 21.0* 29 01.9 29 03.7 29 05.5 29 02.7* 29 04.5* 29 01.7* 30 06.6 30 08.4 30 10.2 30 07.4 30 09.2 30 06.4 31 11.2 31 13.1 31 12.1 31 11.1

Minima marked with an asterisk (*) are favourable from the British Isles, taking into account the altitude of the variable and the distance of the Sun below the horizon (based on longitude 0° and latitude 52° N).

Heliocentric times must be UTC corrected for the light–time to the Sun. To calculate this, use the program on the Computing Section website. http://britastro.org/computing/applets_dt.html 100 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2015 VARIABLE STARS

b Persei (Algol): Magnitude 2.1 to 3.4, Duration 9.6 hours h h h h h h Jan. 2 08.3 Feb. 2 21.3 Mar. 3 13.4 Apr. 1 05.6 May 2 18.6 Jun. 3 07.6 5 05.1* 5 18.1 6 10.3 4 02.4 5 15.4 6 04.4 8 01.9* 8 14.9 9 07.1 6 23.2 8 12.2 9 01.2 10 22.7* 11 11.7 12 03.9 9 20.0 11 09.0 11 22.0 13 19.6* 14 08.5 15 00.7* 12 16.9 14 05.9 14 18.8 16 16.4 17 05.4* 17 21.5* 15 13.7 17 02.7 17 15.6 19 13.2 20 02.2* 20 18.3 18 10.5 19 23.5 20 12.5 22 10.0 22 23.0* 23 15.2 21 07.3 22 20.3 23 09.3 25 06.8 25 19.8 26 12.0 24 04.1 25 17.1 26 06.1 28 03.6* 28 16.6 29 08.8 27 01.0 28 13.9 29 02.9 31 00.5* 29 21.8 31 10.7

Jul. 1 23.7 Aug. 2 12.7 Sep. 3 01.7* Oct. 1 17.9 Nov. 2 06.8 Dec. 3 19.8* 4 20.5 5 09.5 5 22.5* 4 14.7 5 03.7* 6 16.6 7 17.4 8 06.3 8 19.3 7 11.5 8 00.5* 9 13.5 10 14.2 11 03.2* 11 16.1 10 08.3 10 21.3* 12 10.3 13 11.0 14 00.0* 14 13.0 13 05.1 13 18.1 15 07.1 16 07.8 16 20.8 17 09.8 16 01.9* 16 14.9 18 03.9* 19 04.6 19 17.6 20 06.6 18 22.8* 19 11.7 21 00.7* 22 01.4 22 14.4 23 03.4 21 19.6 22 08.6 23 21.5* 24 22.3 25 11.2 26 00.2* 24 16.4 25 05.4 26 18.4 27 19.1 28 08.1 28 21.0 27 13.2 28 02.2* 29 15.2 30 15.9 31 04.9 30 10.0 30 23.0*

l Tauri: Magnitude 3.4 to 3.9, Duration 14.2 hours h h h h h h Jan. 1 14.2 Feb. 2 05.2 Mar. 1 21.3* Apr. 2 12.2 May 4 03.2 Jun. 4 18.1 5 13.1 6 04.0* 5 20.1 6 11.1 8 02.0 8 17.0 9 11.9 10 02.9* 9 19.0 10 10.0 12 00.9 12 15.9 13 10.8 14 01.8* 13 17.9 14 08.8 15 23.8 16 14.8 17 09.7 18 00.6* 17 16.7 18 07.7 19 22.7 20 13.6 21 08.5 21 23.5* 21 15.6 22 06.6 23 21.5 24 12.5 25 07.4 25 22.4* 25 14.5 26 05.4 27 20.4 28 11.4 29 06.3 29 13.3 30 04.3 31 19.3

Jul. 2 10.2 Aug. 3 01.2 Sep. 3 16.2 Oct. 1 08.3 Nov. 1 23.2* Dec. 3 14.2 6 09.1 7 00.1 7 15.0 5 07.1 5 22.1* 7 13.1 10 08.0 10 22.9 11 13.9 9 06.0 9 21.0* 11 11.9 14 06.8 14 21.8 15 12.8 13 04.9 13 19.8* 15 10.8 18 05.7 18 20.7 19 11.6 17 03.7* 17 18.7 19 09.7 22 04.6 22 19.6 23 10.5 21 02.6* 21 17.6 23 08.5 26 03.5 26 18.4 27 09.4 25 01.5* 25 16.4 27 07.4 30 02.3 30 17.3 29 00.3* 29 15.3 31 06.3

BAA Handbook 2015 Variable Stars 101 MIRA STARS Approximate dates of maxima and minima for Mira stars on the programme of the BAA Variable Star Sec- tion are given below, together with the mean visual range, period, and fraction of the period taken in rising from minimum to maximum for each star. The predictions, which are subject to inevitable uncertainty, use data from the American Association of Variable Star Observers.

Star Range Period Max–Min Date of Max. Date of Min. Max Min d Period R And 6.9 14.3 409 0.38 Mar. Nov./Dec. W And 7.4 13.7 396 0.42 – Jul./Aug. RW And 8.7 14.8 430 0.36 Jul./Aug. Feb. R Aqr 6.5 10.3 387 0.42 Apr. Nov./Dec. R Aql 6.1 11.5 284 0.42 Sep. May UV Aur* 7.4 10.6 394 0.50 Jun./Jul. – V Cam 9.9 15.4 522 0.31 – Sep. X Cam 8.1 12.6 144 0.49 May, Oct. Mar., Jul./Aug.,Dec. SU Cnc* 10.5 <15.4 187 0.43 Jun./Jul.,Dec./Jan.2016 Mar./Apr., Oct. U CVn 9.9 14.6 346 0.37 Oct. May/Jun. RT CVn* 9.9 <15.0 254 0.45 Aug. Apr. S Cas 9.7 14.8 612 0.43 Oct./Nov. Feb. T Cas 7.9 11.9 445 0.56 – May/Jun. ο Cet 3.4 9.3 332 0.38 Apr./May Nov./Dec. R Com 8.5 14.2 363 0.38 Aug. Mar./Apr. S CrB 7.3 12.9 360 0.35 Aug./Sep. Apr./May V CrB 7.5 11.0 358 0.41 Oct./Nov. Jun. W CrB 8.5 13.5 238 0.45 Mar., Nov. Jul./Aug. R Cyg 7.5 13.9 426 0.35 – Aug. S Cyg 10.3 16.0 323 0.50 Feb., Dec./Jan. 2016 Jul. V Cyg 9.1 12.8 421 0.46 – Jun./Jul. χ Cyg 5.2 13.4 408 0.41 Jul./Aug. Feb. T Dra 9.6 12.3 422 0.44 Jan./Feb. Sep./Oct. RU Her 8.0 13.7 485 0.43 Feb./Mar. Nov./Dec. SS Her 9.2 12.4 107 0.48 Feb., May/Jun., Sep. Apr., Jul./Aug., Nov. R Hya 4.5 9.5 389 0.49 Nov./Dec. May/Jun. SU Lac* 10.3 <15.0 302 0.40 Apr. Oct. RS Leo* 9.7 <15.5 208 0.31 Feb., Aug./Sep. Jun./Jul. W Lyn 9.9 ≈15.0 295 0.40 Feb., Dec. Aug. X Lyn 10.2 ≈15.0 321 0.40 Oct./Nov. Jun. X Oph 6.8 8.8 329 0.53 Jun. Nov. U Ori 6.3 12.0 368 0.38 Mar./Apr. Nov. R Ser 6.9 13.4 356 0.41 Jul./Aug. Feb./Mar. T UMa 7.7 12.9 257 0.41 Apr./May Jan., Sep.

* Extreme range is given < Fainter than ≈ Approximately

102 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2015 VARIABLE STAR OF THE YEAR

Variable Star of the Year – V Bootis

Positioned just 44' north preceding the third magnitude star gamma Boo, lies a rare example of a variable star that has had a significant change in amplitude within the last 100 years.

V Boo was first seen by Lalande on 22 May 1797 and catalogued as Ll26514 at mag 8.9 as part of his “Histoire Celeste”. It was then measured at mag 7.5 on 17 February 1857 as part of the “Bon- ner Durchmusterung” work and catalogued as DM+39 2773. Nils C Duner at Lund Observatory, Sweden who had initially logged the star at mag 7.0 on both 29 April and 9 May 1880, also noted its red and yellow colour through spectroscopic examination on the 18 & 19 May 1882. Duner began to monitor the star visually on a regular basis and detected steady variation and announced the variability discovery on the 21 May 1884. In 1886 Duner analysed all his observations and calculated a period of 266.2 days. Writing in 1893 Duner said that he estimated the range of the variable to be between mag 6.9 and 11.8. Using all maxima and minima reported up to 1908 Cannon refined the period to be 259 days. The spectral class is reported to be M6e.

V Boo was added to the BAA VSS programme in 1911 and good coverage of the variations has now been attained for over a century. In the first decade of monitoring the range was typical of a high amplitude SRa or low amplitude Mira star in the order of mag 7.0 to 11.0. The amplitude has steadily decreased however, and by 2000 the variations were confined between mags 8.2 and 9.5. The mean magnitude and principle period of 258 days has remained constant throughout the amplitude reduc- tion. The variations in the 21st Century are now more consistent with a SRb star. The accompanying light curves illustrate the drastic change which has occurred in 100 years in addition to revealing that the star often exhibits double maxima.

Analysis by Greaves & Pejcha in 2001 offered an explanation for the amplitude decrease. They claim to have detected two similar pulsation periods, one of 257.8 days and the other of 259.2 days and each has a range of 1.2 magnitudes (the 259.2-day period is less stable). Interaction between these periods suppresses or enhances the overall amplitude over long timescales. If this analysis is correct then the star has not changed classification (it is class SRa) and we can expect to see a gradual amplitude increase again in the future. This illustrates the importance of amateur astronomers continuing to systematically monitor all red pulsating variable stars and V Boo in particular.

V Boo can be followed throughout its currently reduced amplitude range with moderate to large binoculars. It can be followed all year round from the British Isles but is largely a morning object during the winter months of November through to January. As with all red pulsating stars the observer is requested to secure observations at intervals of around 10 days.

BAA Handbook 2015 Variable Stars 103 V BOOTIS LIGHT CURVE BOOTIS LIGHT V

104 Variable Stars BAA Handbook 2015 V BOOTIS FINDER CHART

BAA Handbook 2015 Variable Stars 105 EPHEMERIDES OF DOUBLE STARS Inspection of the two–point ephemeris will indicate whether a pair is closing, relatively static, or opening up, and whether motion is direct or retrograde. A fast–mover of long period is probably near periastron, while a slow–mover of short period is likely to be near apastron. The orbital elements employed for the computation are those published in the Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars, by William I. Hartkopf and Brian D. Mason, U.S. Naval Observatory:

http://ad.usno.navy.mil/wds/orb6.html

2000.0 2015.0 2016.0 Star Name ADS RA Dec. Mags. Period PA Dist. PA Dist. h m ° ′ y ° ″ ° ″

85 Peg 17175 0 02.2 +27 05 5.8 8.9 26 356.2 0.36 44.3 0.36 OΣ 4 221 0 16.7 +36 29 7.9 9.9 109 38.3 0.16 25.1 0.16 λ Cas 434 0 31.8 +54 31 5.3 5.6 246 222.3 0.19 226.2 0.17 β 395 520 0 37.3 –24 46 6.2 6.6 25 110.9 0.78 113.1 0.75 η Cas 671 0 49.1 +57 49 3.5 7.4 480 323.7 13.35 324.2 13.38

36 And 755 0 55.0 +23 38 6.1 6.5 168 329.2 1.12 330.3 1.13 Howe 4 1223 1 33.7 –12 13 9.2 9.3 146 331.3 0.93 331.0 0.93 Dunlop 5 .. 1 39.8 –56 12 5.8 5.9 484 187.2 11.72 187.0 11.70 Σ 186 1538 1 55.9 +1 51 6.8 6.8 166 70.2 0.75 71.0 0.73 α Psc 1615 2 02.0 +2 46 4.1 5.2 933 261.0 1.75 260.2 1.75

10 Ari 1631 2 03.7 +25 56 5.8 7.9 325 346.6 1.50 347.1 1.51 Σ 228 1709 2 14.0 +47 29 6.6 7.2 144 300.2 0.71 302.0 0.68 h 3494 .. 2 19.8 –35 27 9.0 9.1 475 242.8 2.28 242.3 2.28 ι Cas AB 1860 2 29.1 +67 24 4.6 6.9 620 228.2 2.62 228.0 2.62 Σ 305 2122 2 47.5 +19 22 7.5 8.2 720 306.0 3.73 305.9 3.73

α For 2402 3 12.1 –28 59 4.0 7.2 269 300.3 5.35 300.4 5.38 Σ 367 2416 3 14.0 +0 44 8.1 8.2 790 127.8 1.16 127.4 1.16 7 Tau 2616 3 34.4 +24 28 6.6 6.9 522 351.7 0.75 351.4 0.75 OΣ 65 2799 3 50.3 +25 35 5.7 6.5 61 200.9 0.42 201.4 0.45 40 Eri BC 3093 4 15.3 –7 39 9.5 11.2v 252 332.6 9.06 332.4 9.04

OΣ 77 AB 3082 4 15.9 +31 42 8.0 8.2 188 300.2 0.52 301.4 0.51 Hu 445 3614 5 01.7 +20 50 8.4 9.3 166 146.4 0.36 148.5 0.36 14 Ori 3711 5 07.9 +8 30 5.8 6.7 197 290.9 0.94 289.3 0.94 η Gem 4841 6 14.9 +22 30 3.5v 6.2 474 252.7 1.61 252.5 1.61 OΣ 149 5234 6 36.4 +27 17 7.1 9.0 119 282.8 0.74 281.8 0.74

12 Lyn AB 5400 6 46.2 +59 27 5.4 6.0 908 66.9 1.90 66.6 1.90 14 Lyn 5514 6 53.1 +59 27 6.0 6.5 316 348.4 0.28 350.5 0.28 α Gem 6175 7 34.6 +31 53 1.9 3.0 467 54.9 5.02 54.4 5.12 9 Pup 6420 7 51.8 –13 54 5.6 6.5 23 294.3 0.56 296.3 0.54 ζ Cnc AB 6650 8 12.2 +17 39 5.3 6.2 60 20.2 1.12 16.8 1.12

ζ Cnc AB–C 6650 8 12.2 +17 39 5.1 6.2 1115 66.3 5.93 65.8 5.93 β 208 6914 8 39.1 –22 40 5.4 6.8 123 49.8 0.68 52.1 0.62 I 314 .. 8 39.4 –36 36 6.4 7.9 66 242.0 0.82 241.8 0.83 δ Vel .. 8 44.7 –54 43 2.1 5.1 147 236.1 0.42 224.5 0.48 ε Hya AB–C 6993 8 46.8 +6 25 3.5 6.7 589 306.9 2.82 307.7 2.82

Σ 1338 7307 9 21.0 +38 11 6.7 7.1 303 313.0 1.00 314.8 1.00 ω Leo 7390 9 28.5 +9 03 5.7 7.3 118 109.3 0.82 110.5 0.83 γ Sex 7555 9 52.5 –8 06 5.4 6.4 78 43.5 0.54 42.1 0.53 γ Leo 7724 10 20.0 +19 50 2.4 3.6 510 126.2 4.63 126.3 4.63 β 411 7846 10 36.1 –26 41 6.7 7.8 158 304.9 1.34 304.5 1.34

106 Double Stars BAA Handbook 2015 EPHEMERIDES OF DOUBLE STARS 2000.0 2015.0 2016.0 Star Name ADS RA Dec. Mags. Period PA Dist. PA Dist. h m ° ′ y ° ″ ° ″ ξ UMa AB 8119 11 18.2 +31 32 4.3 4.8 60 177.0 1.78 171.2 1.85 ι Leo 8148 11 23.9 +10 32 4.1 6.7 186 95.9 2.10 95.1 2.13 BrsO 5 .. 11 24.7 –61 39 7.7 8.8 399 248.0 7.50 248.3 7.54 OΣ 235 8197 11 32.3 +61 05 5.7 7.6 73 34.9 0.89 37.4 0.90 Σ 1639 8539 12 24.4 +25 35 6.7 7.8 575 323.1 1.82 323.0 1.83

β 28 8573 12 30.1 –13 24 6.5 9.6 151 344.9 2.20 345.5 2.20 γ Cen .. 12 41.5 –48 58 2.8 2.9 84 196.4 0.19 172.1 0.18 γ Vir 8630 12 41.7 –1 27 3.5 3.5 169 6.0 2.27 3.9 2.41 35 Com 8695 12 53.3 +21 15 5.2 7.1 359 200.7 1.03 201.8 1.03 I 83 .. 12 56.7 –47 41 7.4 7.7 191 234.7 0.89 235.0 0.89

78 UMa 8739 13 00.7 +56 22 5.0 7.9 105 118.6 0.84 123.4 0.78 A1609 AB 8901 13 25.8 +44 30 8.8 9.5 44 53.0 0.38 57.6 0.36 25 CVn 8974 13 37.5 +36 18 5.0 7.0 228 95.1 1.70 94.8 1.69 α Cen .. 14 39.6 –60 50 0.1 1.2 80 288.4 4.12 301.9 4.03 ζ Boo 9343 14 41.1 +13 44 4.5 4.6 124 290.2 0.43 288.8 0.40

φ309 .. 14 46.2 –21 11 7.3 7.3 13 141.2 0.28 149.3 0.27 ξ Boo 9413 14 51.4 +19 06 4.8v 7.0 152 302.8 5.64 301.6 5.56 OΣ 288 9425 14 53.4 +15 42 6.9 7.6 313 158.6 1.01 158.0 1.00 H 4707 .. 14 54.2 –66 25 7.5 8.1 346 269.3 1.18 268.6 1.20 44 Boo 9494 15 03.8 +47 39 5.2 6.1v 210 67.2 0.98 69.9 0.84

η CrB 9617 15 23.2 +30 17 5.6 6.0 42 205.9 0.64 214.4 0.60 γ Lup .. 15 35.1 –41 10 3.0 4.4 190 276.5 0.83 276.4 0.83 π2 UMi 9769 15 39.6 +79 59 7.3 8.2 172 21.9 0.62 21.7 0.61 ξ Sco AB 9909 16 04.4 –11 22 4.9 5.2 46 3.9 1.07 5.5 1.09 σ CrB AB 9979 16 14.7 +33 52 5.6 6.5 726 238.1 7.19 238.3 7.20

λ Oph 10087 16 30.9 +1 59 4.2 5.2 129 41.1 1.43 41.9 1.42 ζ Her 10157 16 41.3 +31 36 3.0 5.4 34 137.9 1.21 130.8 1.25 20 Dra 10279 16 56.4 +65 02 7.1 7.3 422 66.7 1.15 66.6 1.14 MlbO 4 AB .. 17 19.0 –34 59 6.4 7.4 42 145.7 1.12 133.1 0.98 BrsO 13 .. 17 19.1 –46 38 5.6 8.9 953 257.6 10.41 257.8 10.48

26 Dra 10660 17 35.0 +61 53 5.3 8.5 76 291.8 0.49 278.2 0.40 τ Oph 11005 18 03.1 –8 11 5.3 5.9 257 286.9 1.55 287.4 1.54 70 Oph 11046 18 05.5 +2 30 4.2 6.2 88 126.2 6.27 125.2 6.36 h 5014 .. 18 06.8 –43 25 5.6 5.7 450 0.0 1.73 359.5 1.73 OΣ 358 11483 18 35.9 +16 59 6.9 7.1 380 146.5 1.51 145.9 1.50

ε1 Lyr AB 11635 18 44.3 +39 40 5.0 6.1 1804 345.9 2.27 345.6 2.26 ε2 Lyr CD 11635 18 44.4 +39 37 5.2 5.4 724 76.0 2.38 75.6 2.39 γ CrA .. 19 06.4 –37 04 4.5 6.4 122 349.3 1.40 344.9 1.42 δ Cyg 12880 19 45.0 +45 08 2.9 6.3 918 217.3 2.73 216.9 2.74 λ Cyg 14296 20 47.4 +36 29 4.7 6.3 391 0.1 0.92 359.7 0.92

4 Aqr 14360 20 51.4 –5 38 6.4 7.4 194 30.9 0.71 31.9 0.70 ε Equ AB 14499 20 59.1 +4 18 6.0 6.3 101 282.2 0.25 281.4 0.19 τ Cyg 14787 21 14.8 +38 03 3.8 6.6 50 205.9 0.91 201.0 0.93 μ Cyg 15270 21 44.1 +28 45 4.8 6.2 789 321.0 1.56 322.1 1.54 53 Aqr 15934 22 26.6 –16 45 6.3 6.4 3500 60.5 1.27 64.9 1.28

Kr 60 15972 22 28.0 +57 42 9.6 11.4v 45 301.8 1.40 281.0 1.42 ζ Aqr AB 15971 22 28.8 –0 01 4.3 4.5 487 164.9 2.25 163.7 2.27 π Cep 16538 23 07.9 +75 23 4.6 6.8 163 359.4 1.12 0.2 1.12 β 80 16665 23 18.9 +5 24 8.4 9.4 97 243.5 0.69 245.8 0.72 72 Peg 16836 23 34.0 +31 20 5.7 6.1 492 104.0 0.57 104.6 0.57

BAA Handbook 2015 Double Stars 107 BRIGHT STARS FOR EPOCH 2015.5 Name RA Dec. V Name RA Dec. V h m s º ' " h m s º ' " α And 0 09 11.5 +29 10 33 2.07 α UMa 11 04 40.3 +61 40 02 1.81 β Cas* 0 10 00.9 +59 14 07 2.28 β Leo 11 49 51.0 +14 29 07 2.14 α Cas 0 41 23.8 +56 37 20 2.24 α Cru† 12 27 28.3 –63 11 05 0.77 β Cet 0 44 22.0 –17 54 06 2.04 γ Cru* 12 32 2.1 –57 11 59 1.59 β And 1 10 36.3 +35 42 08 2.07 γ Cen† 12 42 22.7 –49 02 41 2.20

α Eri 1 38 17.4 –57 09 30 0.45 β Cru* 12 48 38.2 –59 46 24 1.25 γ And 2 04 51.4 +42 24 12 2.10 ε UMa* 12 54 42.4 +55 52 33 1.76 α Ari 2 08 03.0 +23 32 06 2.01 ζ UMa 13 24 32.8 +54 50 41 2.23 α UMi* 2 50 53.2 +89 19 48 1.97 α Vir* 13 26 00.7 –11 14 30 0.98 α Per* 3 09 11.0 +41 00 51 2.09 ε Cen 13 40 52.8 –53 32 41 2.29

α Per 3 25 26.2 +49 54 54 1.79 η UMa 13 48 09.0 +49 14 11 1.85 η Tau 3 48 24.5 +24 09 07 2.85 β Cen* 14 04 55.8 –60 26 49 0.61 α Tau 4 36 48.7 +16 32 21 0.87 θ Cen 14 07 36.0 –36 26 44 2.06 β Ori 5 15 17.0 –08 11 05 0.18 α Boo 14 16 22.1 +19 06 08 –0.05 α Aur* 5 17 50.2 +46 00 44 0.08 η Cen* 14 36 29.9 –42 13 30 2.33

γ Ori 5 25 57.8 +06 21 45 1.64 α Cen cg* 14 40 39.8 –60 53 55 –0.28 β Tau 5 27 16.4 +28 37 09 1.65 α Lup* 14 42 58.1 –47 27 14 2.30 δ Ori* 5 32 48.0 –00 17 19 2.25 ε Boo 14 45 39.8 +27 00 34 2.35 ε Ori 5 37 00.0 –01 11 35 1.69 β UMi 14 50 40.5 +74 05 32 2.07 ζ Ori 5 41 32.5 –01 56 08 1.74 α CrB* 15 35 20.7 +26 39 48 2.22

κ Ori 5 48 29.5 –09 39 55 2.07 δ Sco 16 01 15.2 –22 39 53 2.29 α Ori* 5 56 00.7 +07 24 32 0.45 α Sco* 16 30 21.6 –26 27 55 1.06 β Aur* 6 00 40.0 +44 56 51 1.90 α TrA 16 50 19.1 –69 03 14 1.91 β CMa* 6 23 23.0 –17 57 52 1.98 ε Sco 16 51 10.2 –34 19 12 2.29 α Car 6 24 17.8 –52 42 17 –0.62 λ Sco* 17 34 39.7 –37 06 49 1.62

γ Gem 6 38 36.4 +16 23 05 1.93 α Oph 17 35 39.3 +12 32 59 2.08 α CMa 6 45 49.6 –16 44 19 –1.44 θ Sco 17 38 26.0 –43 00 22 1.86 ε CMa 6 59 14.1 –28 59 38 1.50 γ Dra 17 56 58.0 +51 29 15 2.24 δ CMa 7 09 01.3 –26 25 07 1.83 ε Sgr 18 25 12.0 –34 22 33 1.79 α Gem† 7 35 35.1 +31 51 10 1.58 α Lyr 18 37 27.8 +38 47 56 0.03

α CMi 7 40 06.8 +05 11 03 0.40 σ Sgr 18 56 13.5 –26 16 34 2.05 β Gem 7 46 15.7 +27 59 15 1.16 β Cyg† 19 31 20.8 +27 59 35 3.08 ζ Pup 8 04 07.8 –40 02 51 2.21 α Aql 19 51 32.4 +08 54 37 0.76 γ Vel* 8 10 00.6 –47 22 58 1.75 γ Cyg 20 22 47.1 +40 18 25 2.23 ε Car* 8 22 49.8 –59 33 35 1.86 α Pav 20 26 51.9 –56 41 03 1.94

δ Vel 8 45 07.9 –54 45 58 1.93 α Cyg 20 41 57.6 +45 20 11 1.25 λ Vel* 9 08 34.0 –43 29 45 2.23 α Cep 21 18 56.9 +62 39 06 2.45 β Car 9 13 21.8 –69 46 52 1.67 ε Peg* 21 44 56.8 +09 56 48 2.38 ι Car* 9 17 30.3 –59 20 26 2.21 α Gru 22 09 12.2 –46 53 07 1.73

α Hya 9 28 20.9 –08 43 35 1.99 β Gru* 22 43 35.2 –46 48 11 2.00 α Leo 10 09 11.7 +11 53 27 1.36 α PsA 22 58 30.2 –29 32 23 1.17 γ Leo† 10 20 49.5 +19 45 45 2.01 β Peg* 23 04 31.7 +28 10 02 2.44 β UMa 11 02 46.0 +56 17 56 2.34 α Peg 23 05 32.0 +15 17 20 2.49

* = Variable star † = Double star

Note: For double stars the co-ordinates refer to the brighter component but magnitude refers to the combined light. 108 Bright Stars BAA Handbook 2015 ACTIVE GALAXIES

Object RA (2000.0) Dec. Const. Type V* U.2000 h m ° Chart No. 3C 66A 2 22 +43.0 And BL Lac 14.0 – 16.3 62 NGC 1275 3 20 +41.5 Per Seyfert 13.2 – 13.7 63 3C 120 (BW Tau) 4 33 +05.4 Tau BL Lac 13.7 – 14.6 178 S5 0716+71 7 22 +71.3 Cam BL Lac 12.3 – 15.3 21 OJ+287 8 54 +20.1 Cnc BL Lac 12.4 – 16.0 142 Markarian 421 11 04 +38.2 UMa BL Lac 12.3 – 14.2 106 NGC 4151 12 10 +39.4 CVn Seyfert 11.0 – 12.4 74 W Comae 12 21 +28.2 Com BL Lac 11.5 – 16.0 148 3C 273 12 26 +02.3 Vir Quasar 12.3 – 13.3 238 3C 279 12 56 –05.8 Vir Quasar 11.5 – 17.0 239 BL Lacertae 22 02 +42.3 Lac BL Lac 12.5 – 15.5 87

*Approximate range

FINDER CHARTS FOR ACTIVE GALAXIES

Charts for all of the active galaxies listed above have been included in previous BAA Handbooks and are listed below.

Object BAA VSS Chart Handbook Year

3C 66A 309.01 2010 NGC1275 296.01 2008 BW Tau 320.01 2011 S5 0716+71 310.01 2009 OJ+287 208.02 2004 Markarian 421 243.01 2001 NGC4151 297.01 2007 W Com 148.03 2002 3C 273 244.01 2003 3C 279 151.02 2006 BL Lac 242.01 2005

Direct links to individual BAA VSS charts for the Active Galaxies can be found in a more detailed table of these galaxies, on the Computing Section website at:

http://britastro.org/computing/handbooks_active.html

BAA Handbook 2015 Active Galaxies 109 PLANETS The ephemerides of all the planets (except the dwarf planets and the minor planets), and also the diagrams for Uranus and Neptune, are referred to the apparent equinox, so that the RA and Dec. required for setting on the telescope are obtained directly from the ephemeris. For the minor planets and comets, astrometric ephemerides referred to the equinox of 2000.0 are given. Thus they are directly comparable with star catalogues and atlases referred to this epoch; however, precession should be applied to their positions before setting on a telescope. The magnitudes given are visual. For the minor planets, it should be noted that photographic magnitudes are fainter by about 0.7. The Sky Diary lists other phenomena in chronological order. Relative positions in the Diary are geocentric. Some headings in the tables are abbreviated, as follows: a = Length of semi–major axis of orbit au CM = The longitude of central meridian °

DE = Planetocentric declination of the Earth (called ‘Tilt’ in previous Handbooks) °

DS = Planetocentric declination of the Sun ° e = Eccentricity of orbit Elong. = Elongation of the planet from the Sun (where + is east and – is west) ° H Mean absolute asteroid magnitude i = Inclination

LS = The planetocentric longitude of the Sun, measured in the plane of the orbit from its ascending node on the Martian equator and given as a direct and exact indicator of the Martian season. The Martian Vernal

Equinox (N. Hemisphere) occurs when LS = 0°. ° M = Mean anomaly at the epoch ° V = Visual magnitude Node = Longitude of the ascending node ° P = Position angle of the axis of rotation, or of an occultation, measured eastwards from the north point of the disk ° Peri. = Argument of perihelion ° Ph. = Phase, the fraction of the disk area that is illuminated Q = Position angle of the point of greatest defect of illumination. The position angle of the line of cusps is Q±90°. r = Heliocentric distance au U Uncertainty code Δ = Distance from Earth au

λ☉ = Solar longitude ° Longitudes of central meridians refer to the geometric disks.

110 Planets BAA Handbook 2015 ELEMENTS OF PLANETARY ORBITS

KEPLERIAN ELEMENTS FOR THE EPOCH 2015 JAN. 0.5 TT

Mean Longitude Mean Longitude Mean Longitude Inclination at the of the of the to the Mean Planet Epoch Perihelion Ascending Node Ecliptic Eccentricity Distance L ϖ Ω i e a º º º º au Mercury 351.149 77.482 48.312 7.004 0.20564 0.387 Venus 318.867 131.603 76.638 3.394 0.00677 0.723 Earth 99.888 102.986 - - 0.01670 1.000 Mars 346.235 336.123 49.516 1.848 0.09341 1.524 Jupiter 129.568 14.760 100.505 1.304 0.04837 5.203 Saturn 233.312 92.536 113.619 2.486 0.05379 9.536 Uranus 17.505 171.015 74.023 0.772 0.04725 19.189 Neptune 337.646 44.916 131.783 1.770 0.00860 30.070

Keplerian elements are referred to the mean ecliptic and adjusted for best fit. The elements can be used for the determination of approximate positions of the planets according to Standish, E.M. and Williams, J.G. (http://iau-comm4.jpl.nasa.gov/keplerformulae/kepform.pdf)

Sidereal Mean Mean Perihelion Aphelion Mean Daily Sidereal Synodic Orbital Distance Distance Motion Period Period Velocity q Q n P au au ° d d km/s Mercury 0.30750 0.46670 4.092 87.9693 115.88 47.36 Venus 0.71844 0.72821 1.602 224.701 583.92 35.02 Earth 0.98329 1.0167 0.9856 365.256 - 29.78 Mars 1.3814 1.6660 0.5240 686.980 779.94 24.13 Jupiter 4.9504 5.4581 0.08313 4332.82 398.88 13.07 Saturn 9.0481 10.116 0.03350 10755.7 378.09 9.66 Uranus 18.283 20.095 0.01177 30687.2 369.66 6.84 Neptune 29.810 30.332 0.00602 60190.0 367.49 5.48

BAA Handbook 2015 Elements of Planetary Orbits 111 ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Gaussian gravitational constant 0.01720209895 Astronomical unit (au) 149,597,870,700 metres Speed of light in vacuo 299,792.458 km s–1 Dynamical form–factor J2 for the Earth 0.001082636 Product of gravitational constant and mass of the Earth 398,600.5 km3 s–2 Earth–Moon mass ratio 81.3006 Moon’s sidereal mean motion 2.661699489x10–6 radians s–1 = 0.5490149294" s–1 Obliquity of the ecliptic (2000) 23° 26' 21.448" Constant of nutation in obliquity (2000) 9.2052331" Solar parallax 8.794143" Light–time for unit distance 499.004784 s = 0.005775518 d Constant of aberration 20.49551" Mean distance Earth to Moon 384,400 km Constant of sine Moon’s parallax 3422.451" Lunar inequality 6.43987" Parallactic inequality 124.986" Length of the year: Tropical (equinox to equinox) 365.24219d Sidereal (fixed star to fixed star) 365.25636d Anomalistic (apse to apse) 365.25964d Eclipse (Moon’s node to Moon’s node) 346.62003d Gaussian (Kepler’s law for a = 1) 365.25690d Length of the month: Tropical (equinox to equinox) 27.32158d Sidereal (fixed star to fixed star) 27.32166d Anomalistic (apse to apse) 27.55455d Draconic (node to node) 27.21222d Synodic (New Moon to New Moon) 29.53059d Length of the day: Mean solar day 24h 03m 56.555s = 1.00273791d mean sidereal time Mean sidereal day 23h 56m 04.091s = 0.99726957d mean solar time Sidereal rotation period of the Earth 23h 56m 04.099s = 0.99726966d mean solar time Solar radiation: Solar constant 1.366 x 103 J m–2 s–1 Radiation emitted 3.84 x 1026 J s–1 Radiation emittance at surface 6.32 x 107 J m–2 s–1 Total internal radiant energy 2.8 x 1040 J Radiation emitted per unit mass 1.932 x 10–4 J s–1 kg–1

Visual absolute magnitude (Mv) +4.82 Colour indices (B–V, U–B) +0.65, +0.19 Spectral type G2V Effective temperature 5,800 K

112 Astronomical and Physical Constants BAA Handbook 2015 ASTRONOMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS The Galaxy: Pole of galactic plane (2000) 12h 51m 26.28s, δ +27° 07' 42.0" Point of zero longitude (2000) 17h 45m 37.22s, δ –28° 56' 10.2" Galactic Longitude of North Celestial Pole (2000) 122.93° Mass 1.1 x 1011 solar masses = 2.2 x 1041 kg Average density 0.1 solar mass pc–3 = 7 x 10–21 kg m–3 Diameter 25,000 pc Thickness 4,000 pc Distance of Sun from centre 8,200 pc Distance of Sun above galactic plane 24 ±6 pc Solar apex (2000) (from radio astronomy) RA 18h 03.8m , Dec. 30° 00' Solar motion (from bright stars) 19.7 km s–1 Period of revolution of Sun about centre 2.2 x 108 yr Conversion factors: Light–year (ly) 9.4607 x 1012 km = 63,240 au = 0.30660 pc Parsec (pc) 30.857 x 1012 km = 206,265 au = 3.2616 ly Figure of the Earth: Equatorial radius 6,378,136.6 m Polar radius 6,356,751.9 m Flattening 0.0033528197 * ρ sin φ' = S sin φ, ρ cos φ' = C cos φ where: S = 0.99497418 – 0.00167082 cos 2φ +10–8 (210 cos 4φ + 15.7 h) C = 1.00167997 – 0.00168208 cos 2φ +10–8 (212 cos 4φ + 15.7 h) ρ = 0.99832707 + 0.00167644 cos 2φ –10–8 (352 cos 4φ – 15.7 h) + 10–8 cos 6φ tan φ' = [0.9933054 + (0.11 x 10–8 h)] tan φ φ – φ' = 692.74" sin 2φ – 1.16" sin 4φ 1° of latitude = [111.1333 – 0.5598 cos 2 φ + 0.0012 cos 4φ] km 1° of longitude = [111.4133 cos φ – 0.0935 cos 3 φ + 0.0001 cos 5φ] km Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.780310 [1 + 0.00530239 sin2φ – 0.00000587 sin2 2φ – (31.55 x 10–8) h] m s–2 Length of seconds pendulum l = [0.9935769 – 0.0026272 cos 2φ + 0.0000029 cos 4φ – (3133 x 10–10) h] m Constant of gravitation 6.67428 x 10–11 kg–1 m3 s–2 Centennial general precession p = 5028.796195" + 2.2108696" T† ______* φ = Geographic or geodetic latitude ρ = Geocentric distance in equatorial radii φ' = Geocentric latitude h = Height in metres † T = Time measured in Julian centuries from J2000.0

BAA Handbook 2015 Astronomical and Physical Constants 113 INTERNET RESOURCES The following internet resources may be of interest to Handbook users. Mention here does not imply that the BAA sanctions the contents of these web pages. Web addresses can change and sites may not always be available. BAA Section home pages can be accessed from the BAA home page (see back cover).

BAA Computing Section website http://britastro.org/computing

Iau Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (main page) http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/index.html

The Astronomer (main page) http://www.theastronomer.org

Astronomical data and catalogues Centre de Données Astronomiques de Strasbourg http://cdsportal.u-strasbg.fr/ National Space Science Data Center (USA) http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov Astronomical Data Archives Center (Japan) http://dbc.nao.ac.jp/index.html.en

The Sun, eclipses and space weather SOHO web site http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov Solar Terrestrial Dispatch http://www.spacew.com Aurorae http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/Aurora Space Weather Prediction Center http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/index.html Space Weather http://www.spaceweather.com NASA Eclipse Home Page http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html Eclipses and Transits http://xjubier.free.fr/en/index_en.html Eclipse maps http://www.eclipse-maps.com/Eclipse-Maps/Welcome.html Eclipse weather http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~jander/

Lunar Phases Lunar Terminator Visualisation Tool (LVTV) http://ltvt.wikispaces.com/LTVT+Download

Comet and meteor information Latest Iau comet ephemerides http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/Ephemerides/Comets/ Weekly Information about Bright Comets http://www.aerith.net/comet/weekly/current.html Comets http://www.cometography.com Meteors http://meteorshowersonline.com International Meteor Organisation http://www.imo.net

Minor planets (asteroids) Lowell Observatory http://asteroid.lowell.edu Solar System Dynamics on-line Tools http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?tools Near Earth Object Confirmation page http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/NEO/ToConfirm.html Iau Minor Planet Center http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/mpc.html

Timing occultations and other dynamical events IOTA Europe http://www.iota-es.de/ IOTA USA and rest of world http://www.occultations.org General information http://www.lunar-occultations.com/iota/iotandx.htm European asteroid occultation resource and results http://www.euraster.net

Recent Supernovae http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/lists/RecentSupernovae.html

114 Internet Resources BAA Handbook 2015 body. Further details INTERNET RESOURCES Variable star information AAVSO http://www.aavso.org BAA Variable Star Section http://www.britastro.org/vss/ General Catalogue of Variable Stars http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/cgi-bin/search.htm

Artificial satellite visibility Heavens Above http://www.heavens-above.com

Atmospheric phenomena http://www.atoptics.co.uk Noctilucent cloud observers http://nlcnet.co.uk

Equipment reviews Excelsis http://www.excelsis.com/1.0/catalog.php?categoryid=6

Astronomical and space news Astronomy Now http://www.astronomynow.com Sky and Telescope http://www.skyandtelescope.com ESO http://www.eso.org/public/outreach Space.com http://www.space.com NASA http://science.nasa.gov ESA http://www.esa.int Science Daily http://www.sciencedaily.com/news/space_time/astronomy/

Dark Skies BAA Campaign for Dark Skies http://www.britastro.org/dark-skies International Dark-Sky Association http://www.darksky.org

Links https://www.yahoo.com/Science/Astronomy

Astronomy Picture of the Day http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/astropix.html

Detailed ephemerides for solar system bodies http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?horizons (The website includes a tutorial explaining how to access detailed data for any solar-system body.)

Time http://stjarnhimlen.se/comp/time.html

GREEK ALPHABET

α alpha β beta γ gamma δ delta ε epsilon ζ zeta η eta θ theta ι iota κ kappa λ lamda μ mu ν nu ξ xi ο omicron π pi ρ rho σ sigma τ tau υ upsilon φ phi χ chi ψ psi ω omega

BAA Handbook 2015 Internet Resources and Greek Alphabet 115 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Handbook would not be possible without the work of its many contributors :

Gordon Taylor provided time data and data for the Sun, for moonrise and moonset and the Sun’s selenographic colongitude and data for Saturn and Jupiter and its rotations. Robert Mackenzie provided the start dates for Carrington rotations. Ken Hall provided lunar libration data. Fred Espenak (previously of the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center), Xavier Jubier, Peter Macdonald and Sheridan Williams provided data and diagrams for eclipses. Tim Haymes provided lunar occultation data and, with Edwin Goffin and Eberhardt Riedel (International Occultation Timing Association), the tables and maps for asteroid occultations and grazing lunar occultations. David Herald provided the facility to produce ‘Occult 4’ tables in the same format as previous Handbooks. Tony Evans provided data for Mercury, Venus and Mars. Barry Leggett prepared the table of the satellites of Jupiter from data supplied by William Thuillot (Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides), who supplied the diagrams of Jupiter’s satellites. Andrew Sinclair contributed the diagrams showing the visibility of planets and their appearances and also data and diagrams for Saturn's satellites. Graham Relf (the Computing Section webmaster) produced the path diagrams for Uranus and Neptune. He has also continued to improve the Computing Section website, which now has a great many new and useful additions to help other sections and observers. Richard Miles provided data for asteroids, near–earth objects, trans–neptunian and dwarf planets, and diagrams for Pluto. Asteroid Favourable Observing Opportunities data were prepared by him, using data from the MPCORB database by Brian D. Warner (Minor Planet Center); Dr. Alan W. Harris (Space Science Institute); and Petr Pravec (Astronomical Institute, Odrejov, Czech Republic). Jonathan Shanklin provided data on comets, using a program written by himself. John Mason provided the meteor data. Des Loughney provided variable–stars data. Susan Stewart of the United States Naval Observatory provided the Bright Stars positional data. John Toone provided data on active galaxies and, with colleagues, provided data for variable stars and for the variable star of the year. John Isles contributed the data on Mira stars and double stars.

Contributors have checked their own and others’ contributions and their comments have greatly improved the Handbook. The Editor gratefully acknowledges contributors’ support in answering any queries. Any data not mentioned above have been provided by the Editor and Director. STEVE HARVEY Editor

ERRATA Handbook 2014 p. 16 The obliquity for 2014.0 should have read 23.43746° p.111 The function tan φ' = 0.9933054 + (0.11 x 10–8 h) tan φ should have read tan φ'=[0.9933054 + (0.11 x 10–8 h)] tan φ (Thanks to Leonard Brundle)

116 Errata BAA Handbook 2015 The British Astronomical Association The British Astronomical Association was founded in 1890 and now has about 3,000 members. Its leading features are:

Membership – Open to all persons interested in astronomy.

Objectives – (1) The organisation of observers, including those using small telescopes or binoculars, for mutual help. (2) The analysis and publication of observations. (3) The circulation of current astronomical information. (4) The encouragement of a popular interest in astronomy.

Methods – (1) The organisation of members in sections under experienced directors. (2) The publication of a Journal, Newsletters, a Handbook, Circulars and Bulletins. (3) The holding of meetings. (4) The maintenance of a collection of astronomical instruments for loan to members. (5) The affiliation of schools and societies.

Annual Subscriptions These are due August 1 each year. Current rates are available from the Office.

MEETINGS Meetings are held at approximately monthly intervals, excluding July and August. Many are in London on either Wednesdays (starting at 17.30) or Saturdays (starting at 14.30). Meetings are also held at venues around the country. A very popular weekend meeting is held at Winchester in the spring and an Exhibition is normally held evey two years in June. Back–to–Basics meetings for beginners are held outside London each year, usually in March and October. Observers’ workshops are also held twice per year. Many observing sections hold meetings every few years, some annually. Full details of the current programme are available from the office and the website.

PUBLICATIONS The principal publications are the Journal and the Handbook. In addition, e–mailed bulletins, paper circulars and section newsletters are available to members. The Journal is published six times a year. It contains reports of meetings, reports of the sections, papers, reviews, letters, images and notes on current astronomical news. The complete set of Journals from 1890 is available on DVD. Occasional longer Memoirs containing detailed section reports. (These are currently being digitised.) This Handbook, prepared by the Computing Section, is published annually. The e–bulletins/Circulars give early information on new and predicted events such as planetary phenomena and the discovery of novae and comets. The complete set of Circulars is available on CD.

REGISTERED OFFICE The Registered Office of the Association is at Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W1J 0DU. Email: [email protected] Telephone 020 7734 4145. Hours are 09.00 to 17.00, Monday to Friday. The BAA on the Internet BAA Home Page http://britastro.org

This website contains information about the BAA and how to become a member; it gives details about the meetings, publications and merchandise for sale. There is a “members only” area, plus links to pages maintained by the Observing Sections. You can find news items, data on new comets, asteroid occultations and other topical events, plus photo galleries and links to many other sources of astronomical information. BAA Computing Section http://britastro.org/computing

This website complements the Handbook by providing extra material for which there is not room in the Handbook. This includes charts for many minor planets, calculational forms, graphical applications such as what is observable at any time and positions of satellites of major planets. Constant data that do not need to be printed every year in the Handbook together with links to other web sites. Plus lunar limb profiles and star charts for the 2015 Total Solar Eclipse. BAA Journal http://britastro.org/journal

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