Sydney, Australia

Behavior Genetics Association

23rd Annual Meeting

Sydney, Australia

100

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July 13-16,1993 Behavior Genetics Association

0 The purpose of the Behavior Genetics Association is to promote scientific study of the interrelationship of genetic mechanisms and behavior, both human and animal; to encourage and aid the E training of research workers in the field of behavior genetics; and to aid in the dis- O education and C semination and interpretation to the general public of knowledge concerning the interrelationship of genetics and behavior, and its implications for health and human development and education. 00000000000 For additional information about the Behavior Genetics Association, please contact Dr. George Vogler, BGA Secretary, Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8067, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110.

Executive Committee 1992-1993 1993-1994 President David A. Blizard Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr. President-elect Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr. Glayde Whitney Past President Lindon J. Eaves David A. B lizard Secretary George Vogler George Vogler Treasurer Laura Baker Sheri A. Berenbaum M. Meyer Member-at-large Peter Driscoll Joanne Tamara J. Phillips Member-at-large Joanne M. Meyer Wim E. Crusio Member-at-large Tamara J. Phillips

Previous Previous Local Hosts Presidents Dobzhansky A wardeess 1977 Richard Osborne/Benson 1971 Th. Dobzhansky 1972-73 Steven G. Vandenberg 1978 Ginsburgh Univer. Conn. John L. Fuller 1973-74 Elliott Slater of 1979 Gerald E. McCleam, U of Col 1972 Gerald E. McClearn 1974-75 Ernst W. Caspari 1980 William S. Pollitzer, U of N.C. 1973 J. P. Scott 1975-76 Benson E. Ginsburg 1981 Sandra Scarr, Minneapolis, MN 1974 Irving I. Gottesman 1976-77 Sheldon C. Reed 1982 Jan Bruell, U of Texas 1975 W. R. Thompson 1977-78 Gardner Lindzey 1983 John C. De Fries, U of Colorado 1976 Lee Ehrman 1978-79 Peter L. Broadhurst 1984 Ronald Wilson, Louisville, KY 1977 V. Elving Anderson 1979-80 Leonard L. Heston 1985 Thomas Klein, U of Cal. Davis 1978 John C. Loehlin 1980-81 Nikki Erlenmeyer-Kimling 1986 Carol Lynch, Wesleyan 1979 Norman D. Henderson 1981-82 Raymond Cattell Univer. P. Scott 1987 R. Darrell Bock, Chicago 1980 John C. DeFries 1982-83 J. L. Fuller & J. 1988 Lee Ehrman, State 1981 David W. Fulker 1983-84 Lee Ehnnan U. of N.Y. 1989 Donald Nash, 1982 Steven G. Vandenberg 1984-85 Gerald E. McClearn Colorado State 1990 David Fulker, 1983 Sandra Scarr 1985-86 Irving I. Gottesman London, England 1991 Richard 1984 Ronald S. Wilson 1986-87 John C. Loehlin Rose, U of Indiana Peter A. Parsons 1987-88 John C. De Fries 1992 Gerald McClearn, State College 1985 Penn. Leonard L. Heston 1988-89 Geoffrey 1986 Robert Plomin 1989-90 Ashton & Ronald Carol B. Lynch 1990-91 Johnson, Honolulu, Hawaii Lindon J. Eaves 1991-92 Leonard Heston, U of MN 1987 1988 David A. Blizard 1992-93 Sjeng Kerbusch, Nijmegen, Netherlands Sandra Scarr, U of Virginia 1989 Pierre Roubertoux, Aussois, 1990 France George Vogler, Wash. U. St. 1991 Louis James Wilson, U of Colorado 1992 Nick Martin, Sydney, Australia 1993

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 1 BEHAVIOR GENETICS ASSOCIATION 23rd Annual BGA Meeting 23rd ANNUAL MEETING Tuesday Afternoon and Evening, July 13 The Earth Exchange, Sydney, Australia Registration Level 5 July 1:00-7:00 13-16, 1993 4:00-5:30 Executive Committee Meeting Board Room Level 5 6:00-8:00 Reception Level 5 Local Host: Nick Martin The 23rd Annual Meeting Wednesday Morning, July 14 of BGA will be held in Sydney, Australia, the fourth meeting of the Society outside the US and the first in the southern hemisphere. The meeting be- 8:00-12:00 Registration Level S gins with a mixer 6-8pm Tuesday July 13 and finishes midday - quet Friday July 16. The ban- will be on Thursday evening. Wednesday evening is free opera and there are excellent 8:30-10:00 Paper Session: Animal models of Symposium: Cognitive and biological and orchestral performances on at the Opera House (walking may wish distance) which you behavior approaches to the study of human in- to attend. telligence. The venue will be "The Earth Exchange" (18 Hickson Road, The Rocks, Chair: J. M. Wehner Chair: P. A. Vernon tel. 251 2422, fax 241 1400), Sydney 2000, a semiprivate geology museum situated in the historic Rocks area, right under the Harbour Level 5 bridge and with stunning views of the harbour and Level 2 opera house. The top floor adult plasma Introduction: Cognitive and biological (Level 5) has a conference area and cafe ideal for our Y chromosome and needs and there is a smaller plenary in mice. approaches to the study of human in- lecture theater (Level 2) ideal for a parallel session. testosterone levels Guillot, P. V., Roubertoux, P. L., telligence. Vernon, P. A. Since this is the tourist center of Degrelle, H., Carlier, M., Phillips, J. Sydney, cheap accommodation is hard to find but I have come up with quite a price range, & Maxson, S. all within a short walk of the Earth Exchange. This information has been mailed to members 8:45 Search for biobehavioral correlates of A study of ERP's and cognitive ability of the Association and other advance registrants for mtDNA in the labo- in 5- and 16- year old twins. and is available from Nick Martin. Dollar polymorphism prices may seem high, but the Australian dol- ratory mouse. Boomsma, D. I. Beijsterveldt, C. E. lar today stands at only 72 cents US - and who knows where it will be by July. Also note M., Moutier, R., Arecchi, P. M. , Van Baal, G. C. M. & De Geus, that there are no extra taxes here Carlier, and very little tipping, so the price you see is what you & Roubertoux, P. L. J. C. N. pay. A cab from the airport to The Rocks area is around $15-20. 9:00 Phenotypic correlates of alcohol preferring (P) and alcohol non-preferring A twin study of nerve conduction ve- If you stay in The Rocks you could not be more in the center of things, with the harbour (NP) rats. Brush, F. R., Song, W. & locity, reaction times and IQ. Rijsdijk, ferries, the city, the botanical gardens and C. F. V., Boomsma, D. I. & Vernon, P. the opera house only short walks away - Gendron, The Rocks is noted for its excellent and A. pubs and restaurants. July is midwinter in Australia and the evenings can be cool, but the of three autosomal loci in days are often clear and sunny, around 18 C (high 9:15 Implication 60s). However, I would be lying if I open-field behavior by the analysis of Brain MRI correlates of IQ: Evidence said it never rains! San Diego in winter is a good equivalent. probably two inbred strains of mice and their from twin and singleton populations. segregating populations. Clement, Y., Schultz, R. T., Gore, J. C., Sodhi, V. I would be happy to answer other Venault, P., Martin, B. & & Anderson, A. W. queries on Fax +61+7+362 0111, Phone E-mail to [email protected] 362 0278, or Chapouthier, G. . 770 Molecular and behavioral characteri- - Simulations of a cognitive theory of Nick Martin zation of the progenitors of a recombi- intelligence: Implications for the behaviour genetics of general intelli- Queensland Institute of Medical nant inbred set in Drosophila Research, melanogaster. Dixon, L. K. gence and specific abilities. Brisbane 4029, Australia Anderson, M. characterization of c-fos N.B. (1) ALL VISITORS 9:45 Behavioral WILL REQUIRE A VISA, OBTAINABLE null mutants: Learning and ethanol YOUR NEAREST THROUGH AUSTRALIAN EMBASSY OR CONSULATE experiments. Wehner, J. M. Paylor, The relationship between speed of in- R. Johnson, R., Spiegelman, M. formation processing measures and (2) AN AIRPORT TAX OF $20.00 V. Cao, W. & psychometric intelligence. Stough, C., IS REQUIRED ON DEPARTING FROM Papaioannou, AUSTRALIA Collins, A. C. Nettelbeck, T. & Cooper, C.

10:00-10:30 Coffee break

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 Page 2 - Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 3 10:30-12:00 Symposium: Behavior genetics and Symposium: Cognitive and Special mental abilities in twins reared environmental biological 2:45 stress. approaches to the study of human in- apart: Competing factor models and telligence. Continued genetic and environmental influences. Waldman, I. D., Bouchard, T. J. Jr., Chair: P. A. Parsons Chair: P. A. Vernon Lykken, D. T. & McGue, M. Continuity and change in specific Level 2 TM Level 5 cognitive abilities from ages 3 through The stressful scenario. Parson, P. Inspection time and intelligence. 9 years. Cherney, S. S. & Fulker, D. Nettelbeck, T. W. Behavioral adaptation to cold in mice: Choice reaction time and brain nerve A general adaptive 3:15 strategy. Lynch, C. Relating type of placentation to conduction velocity (NCV) correlate B. & Bult, later A. intellectual development in monozy- with intelligence but appear not to gotic (MZ) twins. Beemans,k K, correlate with each other: Implications Environmental stress and the Thiery, E. for information processing. Reed, T. development Derom, C., Vernon. P. of human behavior. A., Vlietinck, R. & Derom, R. E. & Jensen, A. R. Hewitt, J. K., Eaves, L. J., Silberg, J. L., Rutter, M., Simonoff, E., Meyer, Molecular genetic investigation low J. M. & Neale, of Wednesday Afternoon, July 14 M. C. and high cognitive ability in children. Plomin, R. Drosophila as a model system for 3:30-5:30 studying with Present the behavioral effects of psy- Molecular genetic Poster Session: Refreshments Authors choactive perspectives on be- drugs. Richmond, R. C. havior genetic research. Shine, J. Level 5 12:00-1:30 Lunch 1. Acute and chronic clorgyline (C) and shuttle box (SB) behavior in the Swiss sublines of Roman high- and low-avoidance (H,L) rats. Driscoll, P., Wednesday Afternoon, July 14 Requintina, P. & Oxenkrug, G. 1:30-3:30 Symposium: Regulation of neurobe- Paper Session: of prenatal diazepam in adult Roman low- and high- havioral development. Twins and mental 2. Behavioral effects abilities avoidance (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) rats. Driscoll, P. FernandezTeruel, R. M. & Tobeiia, A. Chair: W. E. Crusio D., Escornihuela, Chair: T, J. Bouchard, Jr. of responses of Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep Level 2 3. A correlational analysis Level 5 nicotine and oxotremorine. Farnham, D. A., 1:30 Canalization (Ss) recombinant inbred mice to of behavioral develop- The etiology Selvaag, S. R., Romm, E., Robinson, S. F., Wehner, J. M. & ment and heterozygosity of high and low cognitive Marks, M. J., in mice. ability in later life. Saudino, K., Collins, A. C. Crusio, W. E. & van Abeelen, J. H. Plomin, F. R., Pedersen, N. & McClearn, G. E. 4. Genetic and environmental influences on smoking and motives for smoking. 1:45 Preweaning sensorial and motor re- A longitudinal study of cognitive per- Gynther, L. Hewitt, J. K., Heath, A. C. & Eaves, L. J. sponses in laboratory mice: The lesson formance of genetic in a UK national sample of analyses for the study of twins bulbs, and intermale development. Roubertoux, at ages 7, 11, and 16. Adams, B. 5. Y chromosome, GAD activity in the olfactory aggres- P. L. D. & Macdonald, A. sion in mice. Guillot, P. V., Roubertoux, P. L., Carlier, M., Phillips, J., 2:00 (presented by Cartier, M.) Twin study of intelligence and per- Caboche, J., Rogard, M. & Chapouthier, G. sonality in Japanese high school students. Ando, J. environmental influences on isolation induced aggression in AB 2:15 A multivariate quantitative-genetic 6. Postnatal -Perceived environments Hoffman, H. J., Schneider, R., Schicknick, H. & Crusio, W. E. analysis of behavioral development as measures mice. in of shared environments and their rela- mice. Crusio, W. E. & Schmitt, A. tionship with fluid ability. Reynolds, 7. Pharmacogenetic analysis of sensitization to the locomotor activating effects C. A., Baker, L. A.. & Pedersen, N. of cocaine in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice. Jones, B. C., Morse, A. C. & Erwin, L. 2:30 Level-dependent biometrical V. G. modeling Etiology of covariation of low-dose ethanol effects on activity in LSxSS of developmental processes. among mea- 8. Pharmacogenetic analysis sures of IQ and academic achievement recombinant inbred mice. Jones, B. C., Reed, C. L., Heller, D. A. & Erwin, Molenaar, P. C. M. & Dolan, C. V. in the Colorado Adoption Project. V. G. Wadsworth, S. J. & DeFries, J. C. 9. Alcohol use, smoking and personality in adolescent twins. Koopmans, J. R., Boomsma, D. I., Van Doornen, L. J. P. & Orlebeke, J. F.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 4 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 5 10. Low doses of cocaine fail to differentially inhibit locomotor activity in Thursday Morning, July 15 C57/6J and DBA/2J mice. Morse, A. C., Erwin, V. G. & Jones, B. C. Symposium: Psychiatric genetics 8:30-10:00 Paper Session: Twin studies- 11. Rapid selection for serotonin lA - induced hypothermia in NIH heteroge- Infancy and childhood neous stock rats. Overstreet, D. H., Janowsky, D. S., Rezvani, A. H. & K. Kendler Pucilowski, 0. Chair: D. Finkel Chair: 5 segregation of cholinergic in cross 2 Level 12. Differential and serotonergic sensitivity Level of genetic factors to breeds of Hinders line rats. Overstreet, D. H., Pucilowski, 0., Rezvani, A. H. ratings in early childhood The contribution 8:30 Behavior development of early separation & Janowsky, D. S. with the Child Behavior Checklist the (CBCL/4-16). Schmitz, S., & Fulker, anxiety Silove, D. Manicavasagar, V. 13. Genetic correlational analysis of activity measures in LS x SS recombinant D. W. inbred mice. Reed, C. L., Erwin, V. G., Heller, D. A. & Jones, B. C. results from a twin study 8:45 Preliminary genetics of antisocial personality infant-caregiver attachment. Finkel, The of disorder: a psychiatric sample. Miles, 14. An inbred strain comparison of oral nicotine self-selection. Robinson, S. D., Wille, D. & Matheny, A. P. Jr. D. & Carey, G. F., Marks, M. J. & Collins, A. C. natural history of anxiety in child- 9:00 The A Multivariate behaviour-genetic 15. CRF-challenge in two selection lines for attack intensity. Sluyter, F., hood and adolescence. Hewitt, J. K., L. J., Rutter, analysis of the relationship between Meijeringh, B. J. & van Oortmerssen, G. A. Simonoff, E., Eaves, of depression and J. L. & Meyer, J. M. clinical diagnoses M., Silberg, symptom inventory scores. 16. Response to hCG of two selection lines for attack latency and their recipro- MacKinnon, A. cal hybrids. Sluyter, F., Meijeringh, B. J. & van Oortmerssen, G. A. in infants and toddlers. 9:15 Injury liability population based twin study of ma- K. & Matheny, A. P. Jr. A 17. Segregation analysis of verbal dysfluency in a large extended pedigree from Phillips, jor depression utilizing two occasions the Utah-Idaho area. Gilger, J. W., Mellon, C. D. & Hanson, M. of measurement. Kendler, K. S., Neale, M. C., Kessler, R. C., Heath, 18. The health of older twins study (HOOTS): Methods of cohort identification. A. C. & Eaves, L. J. Goldberg, J. H., Miles, T. P., Furner, S. E. & Meyer, J. M. of genetic influences on 910 Stability Genetic structure of personality and 19. The analysis of ordinal blood pressure response to outcomes in twin studies: A comparison of propor- H., related disorders. Cloninger, C. R. tional odds logistic regression and structural Goldberg, psychological stress. Snieder, equation modeling. J. Doornen, L. H., Ramakrishnan, V., Meyer, J. M., Henederson, W. G., Eisen, S. A. & Boomsma, D. I. & van True, W. R. J. P. Factors influencing blood pressure 9:45 does of 20. Genetic analysis of motor development, language development and some before and after a challenge genetic and environmental behavior characteristics in infancy. Ooki, S., Asaka, A. alcohol: A versus splitting the anxiety using twins, nontwin full Lumping analysis disorders. Andrews, G. 21. Familial resemblance for cognitive abilities in twin and Colorado Adoption siblings, and adoptees. & Wilson, J. Project families. Rhea, S. A., Corley, R., & Fulker, D. W. Rodriguez, L.

22. Applying a QTL association approach to temperament. Saudino, K., Chorney, M., McClearn, G. E., McGuffin, P., Owen, M., Detterman, D., 10:00-10:30 I Coffee break Thompson, L., Smith, D. & Plomin, R. L of olfactory 23. A twins study perception. Segal, N. L., Topolski, T. D., Psychiatric genetics- Brown, K. W. & Wilson, S. M. Session: Twin studies- Symposium: 10:30-12:30 Paper continued Infancy and childhood. cont. 24. Personality risk factors in alcohol-seeking behavior and alcoholism. Chair: K. Kendler Stallings, M. C., Hewitt, J. K., Heath, A. C. , Prescott, C. A. & Eaves, L. J. Chair: D. Finkel Level 5 IQ correlations among transracial Level 2 25. adoptive family members: Estimation and Preliminary results on a longitudinal hypothesis testing. Waldman, I. D., Scarr, S. & Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Weinberg, R. A. 10:30 A., sample of adolescent twins. Eaves, L. in twins and their siblings. Hay, D. Levy, F. & Foley, D.

Page 7 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 6 10:45 Multivariate genetic analysis of health- The contribution of genetic factors to 3:00 Novelty seeking and the genetic related fitness characteristics in 10- risk of alcohol problems in women. determinants of smoking initiation and year-old twins and their parents. Heath, A., Bucholz, K., Dinwiddie, problems related to alcohol use in Maes, H. H., Beunen, G., Vlietinck, P., Madden, P., Dunne, M., Statham, female twins. Madden, P. A., Heath, R., Neale, M. C., Thomis, M., Eynde, D. & Martin, N. A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Dinwiddie, S. B. V., Lysens, R., Simons, J. & H. Dunne, M. P. & Martin, N. G. Derom, R. _ 3:15 Structured interview rated Type A 11:00 Evocative genotype-environment Molecular genetics and schizophrenia: behavior: A twin study. Duffy, D. L., correlation throughout childhood. The current picture. McGuffin, P, & Manicavasagar, V., O'Connell, D. L. Hershberger, S. L. Owen, M. J. & Silove, D. 11:15 Comments on current problems and 1 Tea future issues in the linkage/molecular 3:30-4:00 genetic analysis of psychiatric disorders. Cloninger, C. R. & 4:00-5:30 il Business Meeting Kendler, K. Level 5 7:00-8:00 Reception Level 5 1 12:30-1:30 I Lunch 8:00 Annual Banquet & Awards Ceremony Presidential Address: The productive interface of genetics and psychobiology Thursday Afternoon, July 15 David Blizard, Pennsylvania State University Level 5 1:30-3:30 Symposium: Behavior genetics of Papers: Twin studies-Adults cholinergic function. Friday Morning, July 16 Chair: D. H. Overstreet Chair: J. Wilson 1 7:30 -8:30 U Executive Committee Meeting Level 5 Level 2 Level 5 II Board Room - 1:30 Rat strain differences in paradoxical Mood changes during a five hour - essimi: Twilg------iiEgtiLdies-ocial sleep: Relation to cholinergic system. period withdrawal. -7.7700 Paper Session: Animal studies Paper of cigarette 7:7 processes Overstreet, D. H. Long, T. & Wilson, J. Chair: N. Martin 1:45 Defining the phenotype for molecular Chair: R. M Murphey Cholinergic function and behavioral genetic research into psychotic illness: Level 5 depression in DBA and C57 mice & Problems and solutions. Level 2 in testing Social and political conservatism as their recombinant inbred strains. Farmer, A. & Williams, J. IF1-0 Microsatellite DNA analysis Nurnberger, J. I., Tarricone, relationships between kinship and heritable dimensions of personality: A B. J., A. Simon, J. R., Swanson, C. L. & communal nursing in Water Buffalo longitudinal perspective. Heath, Murphey, R. M., C., & Martin, N. G. 2:00 Hingtgen, J. N. Changes in the EEG as a function of a (Bubalus bubalis). Penedo, M. C. T., Paranhos da short-terni period of cigarette da Silva, R. Differential responses to cholinergic withdrawal. King, C. E. & Wilson, J. Costa, M. J. R., Gomes -2:15 agonists in psychiatric patients and The & de Souza, R. C. latent structure of self-reported between Social attitudes, social contact and--- normal controls. Janowsky, D. S. symptoms of panic: A twin study 7.45 -ocial behavior differences the Guppy, - twin similarity. Posner, S. F., Baker, perspective. Foley, D., Hay, D. A., XY- and YY-males of Poecilia reticulat Peters. Schrtider, H. L. A. & Martin, N. G. . Judd, F. & Bruce, A. 2:30 Genetic modulation of acute J. H. - Menstrual dysfunction, premenstrual two e genetics o voting: ustr. ian sensitivity to nicotine. Collins, A. C. syndrome :11 : ehavior. I "erences etween and postnatal depression: and twin-family study. Martin N. G. , & Marks, M. J. All expressions selection lines for attack latency of Neuroticism and Response Heath, A. C. & Treloar, S. A. Depression? A multivariate genetic their Fl reciprocal hybrids: F., Engel, R., analysis. Treloar, S. A. & Martin, N. to apomorfine. Sluyter, Muscarinic receptor sensitivity G. Meeter, F. & van Oortmerssen, G. 2:45 differences in Hinders line rats and Twin analyses of diet, other risk A. their genetic crosses. Daws, L. C. & factors Direct response to renewed selection -Genetic influence on drug use: A and health. van den Bree, M. -9:15 Vietnam Overstreet, D. H. B. M. for nest-building behavior and changes preliminary analysis of 2,674 in correlated responses. Bult, A. & era twin veterans. Goldberg, J. H., Lynch, C. B. Lyons, M. J., Eisen, S. A., True, W. R. & Tsuang, M.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 8 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 9 Bryan D Adams', Alison M Macdonald2. A Longitudinal Study of Cognitive Performance in a UK National Sample of Twins at ages 7, 11 and 16. 9:30 Statistical modeling of human twin A sample of twins drawn from the National Child Development Study (R and family data - What next? Davie, N Butler, and H Goldstein, 1972. From Birth to Seven. Longman, Hopper, J. L. UK.) were given group ability/achievement assessments at ages seven, eleven and sixteen. Tests of mental arithmetic and reading ability were given at seven, reading-comprehension, mathematics ability and general 10:00-10:30 I Coffee break ability at eleven and reading and mathematics ability at sixteen. The 51 full description of the sample is 25 MZM; 23 MZF; 35 DZM; 29 DZF; and DZOS pairs; zygosity was assessed by parental questionnaire at age 10:30-12:00 Paper Session: Kinship studies Symposium: Fragile X syndrome. fourteen. LISREL was used to fit a variety of univariate and hypotheses about the relative Chair: M. Carlier multivariate models to the data and test Co-Chairs: Loesch, D. & Hay D. A. their size of genetic and environmental components of variance and Level 2 consistency over time. Results with parameter estimates are presented. Level 5 in the The representativeness of this sample (all born in the same week makes this data set 10:30 Sibling resemblance in manual Introduction: The unique genetics same year) combined with longitudinal follow-up, of size relative to some performance. Carlier, M., Beau, J., & Fragile X. Loesch, D. unique in twin research, in spite of its small Marchaland, C. other twin studies. 10:45 _ London EC1V OHB. Correlations of handwriting Cognition and reading ability in 1. Dept. of Social Sciences, City University, characteristics London SE5 8AF. between family Fragile-X males: Is there a 2. Genetics Section, Institute of Psychiatry, members. Peeples, E. E., & Retzlaff, relationship? Ward, M. & Hay, D. A. P. D. 11:00 Rhythmicity of Parent-Child Genotype-phenotype relationships in interactions among the inhabitants of fragile X: A family study. Loesch, D., the village Tauwema, Trobriand Huggins, R. M., Hay, D. A. , Islands, Papua New Guinea. Godeon, A. K., Mulley, J. C. & Siegmund, R., Tittel, M. & Sutherland, G. R. Schiefenhovel, W. 11:15 Fertility (number of live births) in The use of robust statistical methods to Mike Anderson'. Simulations of a cognitive theory of intelligence: Implications for the Huntington's Disease with particular determine the effect of genotype on reference and to the effect of age of onset. phenotype in Fragile X. Huggins, R. behaviour genetics of general intelligence specific abilities'. Pridmore, S. A. M. 11:30 The likely success of the attempt by behaviour geneticists to 'understand the causes of Criteria for identifying behaviour individual differences in cognitive abilities will depend in part on adequate theories of the phenotypes in genetic syndromes. varies between Einfield, S. & Hall, W. structure of cognition and how this structure individuals. I have recently proposed a theory which describes the minimal cognitive architecture that can accommodate major phenomena of both individual differences in cognition and cognitive development (M. Anderson, 1992, Intelligence and Development: A cognitive Theory, Oxford: Blackwell). The essence of the theory is that the speed of a basic information processing mechanism constrains the complexity of information processing algorithms that can be implemented. Differences in speed of information processing are the source of psychometric g. Two specific processors . that generate problem solving algorithms in different representational formats are the basis of more specific cognitive abilities. One hypothesis generated by the theory is that differences in specific abilities will be more differentiated in individuals with faster speed of processing (higher IQs). Mathematical simulations of the structural relations of the mechanisms of this minimal cognitive architecture can be used to predict patterns of abilities. Different hypotheses concerning the heritability of different mechanisms could be tested against data gathered from behaviour genetics studies.

1. Department of Psychology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009.

2. Supported by ARC grant A79131012.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 10 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 11 Juko Ando' Twin study of intelligence and personality in Japanese high school students. K.Beekmansl, E. Thieryl, C. Derom3, P.A. Vernon, R. Vlietinck3, R. Derom3,. Relating type of placentation to later intellectual development in monozygotic (MZ) twins4. Non-verbal intelligence and 12 personality dimensions of Japanese twins were analysed. Prenatal biases do occur in MZ twins, mainly because of differences in The twins were students of the special high school which is attached placentation. Dichorionic (DC) twins are believed to split earlier (2-3 days to a national university, accepting a lot of twins selectively for the purpose after fertilization [a.f.]) than monochorionic-diamnionic (MC-DA) twins (4-7 of scientific investigation. days a.f.). Monochorionic-monoamnionic twins can only split after Among 1675 i.e. 7 or more days a.f. Biological differences are associated students who graduated from this school from 1975 to 1988, there. implantation, with type of placentation, e.g. birthweight, within-pair birthweight were 182 pairs of MZ, 25 pairs of same-sex DZ and 21 pairs of opposite-sex DZ. differences, sex proportion, type and frequency of congenital anomalies. Their non-verbal intelligence was measured twice ( at 12 and 15 yrs ) by Tanaka We assume that these prenatal inequalities can influence psychological B-type Intelligence Test, and The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the type their 12 personality dimensions ( Depression, development. of placentation and other prenatal factors are related to differences in Cyclic Tendency, Inferiority Feelings, Nervousness, Lack of Objectivity, Lack measures of intelligence. Fifty-two pairs of MZ twins, 9/11 years old, were of Cooperation, Lack of Agreeableness, General Activity, Rhathymia, Thinking selected at random from the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey and divided Extraversion, Ascendance, 12 female with DC placentation; 12 male and 15 and Social Extraversion ) were measured by Yatabe- into four groups: 13 male and standard test battery was Guilford Personality Inventory female with MC-DA placentation. A psychological when they were around 12 yrs old. Both these administered to evaluate several psychological functions (personality, tests are the most frequently used tests of their kind in Japan, and they are intelligence, neuro-psychological functions and learning abilities). The standardized nation-wide. assessment of intelligence was done on the basis of the Wechsler Intelligence analysis of the WISC-R data will In order to enter Scale for Children (WISC-R). The statistical the high school, students had to pass the entrance exam, be discussed during the presentation of the paper. therefore their intelligence was artificially of Gent, Belgium biased ( one SD upper sample ), 1. Dept. Med. Psychology and Neuropsychology, University and heritabilities of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada for intelligence were calculated to be very low, although 2. Dept. of Psychology, University Leuven, Belgium a slight increase 3. Centre for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit of h2 was found from 12 yrs to 15 yrs. 4. Supported by grants from the M,-M, Delacroix Foundation and the Pioneer Personality dimensions were not contaminated by such sampling bias. Four Fund, Inc. dimensions ( Lack of Cooperativeness, Lack of Agreeableness, Ascendance, and Social Extraversion ) were shown to be moderately heritable.

1. Faculty of Letters, Keio University, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108 D.I. Boomsma, C.E.M. Beijsterveldt, G.C.M. Van Baal and J.C.N. De Geus. A study of ERP's and cognitive ability in 5- and 16-year old twins.

We are currently measuring IQ, electroencephalogram (EEG) and event- related potentials (ERP) in two groups of Dutch monozygotic and Gavin Andrewsl . Lumping Versus Splitting in the Anxiety Disorders. dizygotic twins. The groups consist of 200 5-year old and 200 16-year old twin pairs. For cognitive ability as assessed by standard IQ tests, Co-morbidity, whether in clinic or population samples, challenges ideas about genetic factors the results for the first 150.twin pairs in each group show a being specific to a particular anxiety disorder. Given that personality traits such as Neuroticism, significant contribution of common environment in 5-year olds but not in Locus of Control and Defense Style account for most of the variance in anxiety and depressive 16-year olds. Genetic influences are of importance at both ages, but symptoms and in related disorders, surely the search: for specificity is misplaced, and the contribute less to IQ variation in 5-year than in 16-year olds. ERP's observed heritability associated with each disorder is just a reflection of the underlying are changes in the electrical activity of the brain that are related to heritability of these personality stimulus presentation. Endogenous components of the ERP such as the P3, factors. A new technique of co-morbidity analysis by life chart which is the third positive peak in the signal, reflect cognitive has shown that much co-morbidity may be a secondary reaction to the primary disorder. This stimulus evaluation. In our study ERP's are measured in finding could assist in the search for genetic a visual factors in each primary disorder, provided that the "oddball" task in which frequent and infrequent stimuli are alternated. relevance of the common trait measures was first controlled. The first results for P3-amplitude (3 parietal leads) indicate that both at age 5 and age 16 a genetic model that specifies additive 1. Clinical Research Unit for Anxiety Disorders, genetic and University of New South Wales at St specific environmental variances is sufficient to account Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia, for familial 2010. resemblances. 1. Department of Psychonomics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 12 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 13 Abel Buhl and Carol B. Lynch2. Direct Response to Renewed Selection for Nest-building

1 2 3 1,3 Behavior and Changes in Correlated Responses. F. Robert Brush ' ' , 1,2 Weihong Song , and Claire Gendron . Phenotypic Correlates of Alcohol Preferring (P) and Alcohol Non- Preferring (NP) Rats.

Animals of the Syracuse High Avoidance (SHA/Bru) strain voluntarily Replicate 1 (C1 x consume more 10% ethanol than high-selected (High x High 2), randomly bred control C2), and low- animals of the Syracuse Low Avoidance (SLA/Bru) strain (H. Iso and F. R. Brush, 1991, Alcohol, 8, 442-448). Given that the selected (L1 x L2) lines were crossed at generation 46 of bi-directional selection for Syracuse strains, which were selectively bred for differences in avoidance behavior and found to differ in ethanol preference, the question is whether or thermoregulatory All crosses showed significant heterosis for not animals of the P and NP strains, nest-building behavior. Fl which were selectively bred for differences in ethanol preference (r. -K. Li, L. Lumeng, W. J. McBride, J. M. Murphy, 1987, Alcohol Alcohol. estimates of 0.14±0.07 for the high, 0.21±0.08 for the control, and 0.08±0.08 for the low cross (Suppl. 1): 91-96), also differ in avoidance behavior. Animals of the Syracuse strains also differ in a number of other (A. Bult & C.B. revealing a potential to break the behavioral and physiological characteristics, Lynch, 1990, Behay. Gen. 20, 707-708), so animals of the P and NP strains were tested for those characteristics as well as avoidance behavior. selection limit, reached at about selection. Indeed, renewed selection resulted Results indicate that, whereas avoidance 20 generations of behavior and ethanol preference are genetically linked in the Syracuse strains, they appear not to be in the P and in a substantial response in the direction of nesting and a small but significant response in NP strains. Among the other phenotypic high correlates of the Syracuse strains some correlate with the P and NP phenotypes, whereas others do not. We conclude the low direction of nesting, yielding realized heritabilities of 0.20±0.02 and 0.17±0.002, that genetic selection is a chancy business! 1. Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, behavior IN 47907. respectively. In the original selection experiment an increase in nest-building was 2. Supported by NIMH Grant, MH-39230. correlated with increases in body weight, nest-building at 4°C, and litter size, and a decrease in 3. Supported by NIAAA Grant, AA-08553. food consumption after cold acclimation relative to the low-selected lines. Replicated renewed

selection, using the F3 generation as the base population, in the high direction of nesting

correlated with increases in nest-building at 4°C and litter size, no change in body weight, and

increased food consumption. The last is an opposite correlated response compared to the original

selection experiment. This indicates that the evolutionary potential of a population to adapt to a

changing environment depends not only on its current genetic variability in one adaptive trait, but

may be constrained by changing genetic correlation's.

1. Biology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA

2. Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, and Institute for

Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 14 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 15 Michele Car lierl, J. Beaus, and C. Marchalandl Sibling resemblance in manual performance. STACEY S. CHERNYI and D. W. FULKER.I Continuity and Change in Specific Cognitive Abilities from Ages 3 through 9 Years.' Two tests of simple manual performance were adapted for French children: a dot-filling test (M. Carlier, M. Duyme, C. Capron, Assessment of specific cognitive abilities in the Colorado Adoption Project involves the A. M. Dumont, and F. Perez-Diaz, 1992, Neuropsychologia) and a use of a test battery which consistently yields four ability factors: verbal, spatial, percep- tapping test (M. Carlier. A. M. Dumont, J. Beau, and F. Michel, to be tual speed, and memory. Longitudinal genetic analyses of each of these 4 ability domains, published). The reliability of the test scores were sufficiently high in nonadoptive and adoptive sibling pairs measured at ages 3, 4, 7, and 9, along with a to encourage the use of these tests in family design. A sample of 46 sample of twins tested at ages 3 and 4, were performed to investigate the genetic and en- pairs of siblings were assessed. Sibling correlation estimation was vironmental continuity and change in specific cognitive abilities. The individual subtests of simplified as the family size remained constant (2 sibs in each pair). the battery were used as indicators of the 4 specific cognitive ability latent factors, allowing The power of intra-class correlation was estimated by a procedure the estimation of influences after partialling out measurement error. Overall tests of the of Approximate Randomization Tests (E. W. Noreen Computer shared environmental influences indicated that these factors were not responsible for sibling Intensive Method for testing hypotheses, New York, J. Wiley, 1989). resemblance. Verbal, spatial, and memory abilities show significant genetic continuity. In In both 7 tests the sibling resemblance was significant (between 0.30 addition to the genetic continuity, new genetic variation appears at age for verbal ability and 0.40) other specific abilities and the resemblance was higher for performance of the (Xi = 16.498, p < .001), following the first year of schooling. The non-preferred at the age 3. Comprehensive hand than for the preferred hand. These results will appear not to show new genetic variation which was not present be explored to shed light on the be discussed in relation to the literature on familial studies of models of the four specific abilities measured over time will handedness. nature of the observed continuity in the four domains and the role general cognitive ability may play in producing this continuity. 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0447. 2. Supported in part by Grants HD-10333, HD-18426, and HD-19802 from NICHD, by Grant Michele Carlierl, R. Moutierl, P. Arecchil, P. L. Roubertouxl. from NIH. S. S. C. is supported Search for biobehavioral MH-43899 from NIMH, and by BRSG Grant RR-07013-25 correlates of polymorphism for mtDNA in part by NSERC of Canada. the laboratory mouse. in

In the mouse, the mtDNA makes up less than 0.2 % of DNA. It is almost entirely the total transmitted by the mother (U. Gyllesten, Allan C, Collinsl and Michael J. Marks 1. Genetic Modulation of Acute Sensitivity to D. Wharton, and A. C. Wilson, Nicotine'. Na ture 352, 255-257). Most of laboratory strains of inbred the mice are descended from a single strategies to dissect female (S. Ferris, R. In recent years we have used two different genetic influences on D. Sage, and A. C. Wilson, behavioral and physiological responses to nicotine. The first of these involved 163-165) but, Nature 1982, 295, assessing the it has been demonstrated that effect of acute injections of nicotine on six responses (respiratory rate, acoustic startle have mtDNA NZB and NZC strains similar to M. m. brevirostris response, Y-maze crossing and rearing activities, heart rate, body temperature, and seizure domesticus and not to M. m. as have the other strains sensitivity) using 19 inbred mouse strains. Principal component analyses suggested that these (H. Yonekawa, K. Moriwake, responses to nicotine could be grouped into two major classes: a set characterized Gotoh, N. Miyashita, S. Migita, 0. by Y-maze F. Bonhomme, P. Hjorth, crosses, rears, and body temperature and a set characterized by seizure sensitivity and Y. Tagashira, Differentiation M. L. Petras, and latency. 1982, 22, 222-226). Two The first set of measurp seemed to be highly correlated with the number of brain nicotinic strains for mtDNA were congenic set was developed by P. L. Roubertoux receptors that binijerH] nicotine, whereas the second significantly correlated with HmtDNA (NZB with : NZB- the number of a-(l'Il-bun,garotoxin binding sites. The second study measured mtDNA from CBA/H) and these same with mtDNA CBA/H_NmtDNA (CBA/H responses to nicotine in the 27 RI strains that were derived from the long-sleep (LS) and short- from NZB). Maternally inherited checked mtDNA will be sleep (SS) mouse lines. Complete dose-response curves were constructed for nicotine's effects. in these strains using either restriction The amplification patterns or PCR doses that produced standard effects (ED values) were calculated for each response in polymorphisms of mtDNA. each strain. The response pattern for the 27 strains was not bimodal, clearly indicating that development Sensori -motor and motor behavior in adulthood none of the responses to nicotine are regulated by a single gene. Some of the strains were two were assessed in the more sensitive to nicotine than were the LS, whereas others were less congenic and their parental strains. sensitive than the SS, but presented. Prelimary results are the sensitivity of most of the strains was between the two progenitor mouse lines. As was the case with the 19 inbred strain analysis, the Y-maze crosses, rears, and body temperature responses were significantly correlated. The other responses seemed to segregate 1. URA 1294 CNRS, Universite independently of these measures. Paris Rene Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Peres, 75270 Paris cedex 06, 1 Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. France. 2 Supported by NIAAA grant AA-06391 and NIDA grant DA-00116.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 Page - 16 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 17 of behavioral Yan Clement', Patrice Venault 1, Benoit Nlartin 1 and Georges Chapouthierl. van Abeelen2. Canalization Wim E. Crusiol and J.H.F. Implication of three autosomal loci in open-field behavior by the analysis of in mice. two inbred strains of mice and their segregating populations. development and heterozygosity that to confirm the prediction The analysis of the locomotor activity in open-field has often been used to provide Many investigators have attempted entail greater developmental information on reaction to novelty in mice. In the present study, we analysed open-field levels of heterozygosity behavior in two inbred strains of mice, ABP/Le and C57BL/6By, and their segregating increased decreased p henotypical variation. manifesting itself through populations. ABP/Le carries five recessive alleles, a, b, bt, p and se respectively on the stability, The predicted relationship so far is equivocal. 7 evidence presented others. We chromosomes 2, 4, 15, and 9, that are associated to easily identifiable phenotypes. The studies, but not in in some morphological In the F2 segregating populations (ABP.B6 Fl x ABP.B6 Fl and B6.ABP Fl x has been found be seen as different of a character should B6.ABP Fl) the comparison of the homozygous group for one given allele (z/z) to the ?/+ propose that the variability natu al (z/+ or +/+), led to evidence for a possible implication of three major loci in the variation of For most morphological from the character itself. behaviors recorded during the in both in the of development but, to open-field test: F2's, the subjects carrying, strong canalization homozygous state, the marker b show an in selection promotes needs tofacilitate increase locomotor activity only in the periphery changes, the organism of the open-field, whereas subjects carrying, in the homozygous state, se show an responses to environmental duresifferent the marker behavioral traits. These increase in grooming activity, two of physiological and behaviors often linked to emotionality in rodents. malleability genetic architect for Furthermore, close to the p locus, we found, in the only ABPB6.ABPB6 F2, a should lead to distinct types of selection diallel cross between possible association between one (or more) gene(s) situated in this region, when they are in the results of a phenotypes. We report on were the homozygous state, and an increase these genetic architectures in both peripheral and central activity. Since no such Qualitatively different effect was observed in inbred mouse strains. one-to-one relation B6ABP.B6ABP F2, this last result suggests the involvement of the that there exists n o genetic background. fact revealed. it follows in stability. 1. Genetique, and developmental Neurogenetique et Comportement, URA CNRS 1294, UFR Biomedicale, between heterozygosity URA 1294 CNRS, University Universite Paris V, Rene Descartes, 45 rue des Saints Peres, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. Neurogenetique et Comportement, 1. Genetique, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. des Saints-Peres, of Paris V, 45 rue Toernooiveld, University of Nijmegen. 2. Dept. of Animal Physiology, Wim E. The Netherlands. Crusiol 3 and Andrea Schmitt2 . A multivariate quantitative - 6525 ED Nijmegen, genetic analysis of behavioral development in mice.

On postnatal days 3, 5, 8, 10, 13, 17, and 22, 621 mouse pups from 120 litters (4-6 pups per litter) from a 4x replicated 5x5 complete diallel cross received a number of standard reflex tests. The first day on which an animal showed adult performance was taken Differences in H. Overstreet2. Muscarinic Receptor Sensitivity as its score on that test. MANOVA did not show any effects of the Lynette C. Dawsl and David Rats and their Genetic Crosses. pup's sex. Hayman's ANOVA indicated no or only weak additive-genetic Flinders Line counterparts, the effects. Dominance was absent in almost all cases, except for the Line (FSL) rats differ from their control The Flinders Sensitive to muscarinic agonists and brain auricular startle response, where weak directional dominance for fast Line (FRL) rats, with respect to responses Flinders Resistant Neurosci. Biobehav Rev 17, 51-78). The development was found. The results receptors (D.H. Overstreet, 1993, are in accordance with an muscarinic control of these muscarinic responses in the evolutionary paper reviews evidence for the genetic past of selection for well-canalized development. Factor present muscarinic responses can be seen at the earliest FSL and FRL rats. The differences in these D.H. analyses of phenotypic and additive-genetic correlations indicate throughout development (LC. Daws, G.D. Schiller, ages tested and are observed 4, 207-217). Cross-breeding that two factors are necessary to describe the behavioral variation. Orbach, 1991, Neuropsychopharmacolow Overstreet, and J. muscanmc responses (to physostigmine, 1. Genetique, Neurogenetique et Comportement, URA 1294 CNRS, Univ. of were conducted and it was found that studies FSL rats and least in FRL rats. For many of the Paris V, 45 rue des Saints-Peres, 75270 Paris 06, oxotremorine) were greatest in Cedex France. arecoline, intermediate between the two parental lines; for 2. (9 of 15) the genetic crosses were Institute of Human Genetics and Anthropology, Univ. of Heidelberg, responses to the FRL parents, indicating dominance as others (6 of 15) the crosses were more similar Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, W-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. involved. Estimates of the number of genetic factors well as additive genetic factors were involved. 3. Supported by a NATO Science Fellowship and an Alexander-von- responses indicated that multiple (>3) genes were involved in these muscarinic Adelaide, Australia Humboldt stipend. We thank Profs. F. Vogel and W. Buselmaier of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, 1 School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7175. (Heidelberg) for their hospitality. 2 Center for Alcohol Studies, UNC School

Genetics Association 1993 - Page 19 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 18 Behavior Linda K. Dixon. Molecular and Behavioral Characterization of Progenitors of a Recombinant the Inbred Set in Drosophila melanogaster

1 2 2 2 , and A.TobenA,a . The goal P.Driscoll , A.Fernandez-Teruel R.M.Escorihuela of our project is to create a recombinant set of lines in Drosophila inbred (RI) Behavioral effects of prenatal diazepam in adult Roman low- and melanogaster which will be identify quantitative trait used to high-avoidance (RHA/Verh and RLA/Verh) rats. loci involved in the aging process. From the twenty highly inbred lines chosen we have available, two will be As part of our continuing effort to unmask the role of the as progenitors for the RI set. of progenitors The criteria for the choice GABA/Benzodiazepine/C1 complex in emotionality differences seen is twofold: 1) they differ of molecular highly in a large number between RHA/Verh (H) and RLA/Verh (L) rats, pregnant females of markers randomly dispersed throughout 2) they the genome, and both lines (n= 7-8/group) were injected s.c. once daily between differ in longevity. In order the to examine the strains for with vehicle (VE), lmg/kg (D1) or 3mg/kg first criterion, DNA has been extracted days 15-20 of pregnancy lines from each of the 20 uninjected. In and the strains are being probed (D3) of diazepam. "True controls" (CO) remained These with roo, mdq-1 and copia. offspring probes identify stable, repeated-sequence the 2 studies described here (A,B), naive 5-7 mo-old of can be physically elements which 50 in a shuttle located within those dams were subjected to 1 session of runs a single band on the polytene salivary gland 1 chromosomes. The markers box (A- 12 males, 6 females of each line/condition) or session will be presented. and their localization For the second of 6 min in a hexagonal tunnel maze incorporating strategically- are being criterion, the 20 inbred lines measured on a series of tests, placed barriers and an illuminated central arena (B- 6-7 males of locomotor activity, including longevity and a biomarker of longevity. each line/condition). A: The freezing behavior of LD3 rats was show the individual inbred Preliminary data lines have mean longevities reduced vs LCO, but a) this behavior was converted more to es- 16 days to 35 ranging from days. Activity testing females, and b) VE may have conducted presently. at three ages is being capes in males and to avoidances in Results of the There were no will be presented. longevity and activity data played an important role in the latter effect. within-line differences in inter-trial responses seen, but pre- Center for session activity was significantly increased in female LVEs and Developmental & Health University, Genetics, Pennsylvania State LD1s, returning to control levels for LD3s. No differences of any University Park, PA 16802. kind existed among the H groups. B: As usual, H maze activity exceeded that of L, but no within-line differences among conditions were seen. HD3s entered the illuminated central arena signific- P.Driscoll 1 2 , P.Requintina and G.Oxenkrug 2 antly less than HCOs or HVEs did, however, indicating an in- clorgyline . Acute and chronic (C) and shuttle box fearfulness caused by the higher diazepam dose in H. An lines (SB) behavior in the creased of Roman high- and Swiss sub- was noted for LD1/LD3 vs LVE. low-avoidance (H,L) rats. (n.s.) trend in the same direction 8092-Zurich,Switzerland Earlier studies demonstrated 1. Animal Science Institute, Turnerstr.l, higher pineal Spain. H rats than L rats. melatonin levels in 2. Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, A selective MAO-A inhibitor, eliminated this difference, C (1mg /kg s.c.), prompting the question: treatment "convert" the behavior Would C pre- anxiolytic of Ls through anti-depressive D. Silove2. Structured Interview activity? In an or David L. Duffy', V. Manicavasagar2, D. L. O'Connell', rated acute study, 6 mo-old (n=5/group) were injected male Hs and Ls Type A behaviour: A twin study. with C (0,1,2 or 4mg/kg), being subjected to 50 90 min before SB-runs. LC2s and LC4s formed poorer than LCOs, subsequently per- previously found to be low, with a pattern a and both Hs and The heritability of Type A has been of dent reduction Ls showed a dose-depen- in pre-session activity monozygotic (MZ) twin correlation of 0.2-0.5 and a dizygotic (DZ) correlation often equal to significant (5 min in SB), at 2 (H) and which was 4 (H,L) mg/kg. These zero, findings that have been interpreted as evidence for twin competition. accompanied by reduced reductions were not inter-trial responses, We examined data from 106 MZ and 94 DZ like-sex Australian twin pairs (D.L. nic study, however. In a groups of 6 males and chro- jected 6 females of each line O'Connell et al., 1988, Genet Epidemiol , 5, 323-342) who were rated for the Type A with lmg/kg C for 11-12, were in- day 18-19 or 25-26 days, coronary prone behaviour pattern by the structured interview (SI) of Rosenman and Friedman after the and tested 1 last injection. As expected, SB counts (except Hs exceeded Ls on and a modification of the Bonner Activity Rating Scale (BARS). freezing) but only all for any 1 minor difference The SI rating gave four categories which were treated as ordinal. Type A individuals treatment period vs controls; was noted ity H-female pre-session increased at 19 days. Otherwise, activ- tended to be current smokers and to have exercised vigorously in the previous two weeks were seen only inter-sex differences (but not at 18-26 days). compared to Type Bs. MZ twins were more concordant than MZ twins (Polychoric others These results implying a minimal support those of correlation and standard error for MZ females: 0.74±0.06; MZ Males: 0.81±0.07; DZ role only for the nin in active avoidance pineal and/or melato- were more likely or exploratory activity Females: 0.34±0.11; DZ Males: 0.57±0.17), but also to have been rated as 1974, Physiol.Behay. 13, (Kovacs et al, 349-355; Catal5 et Type A. Threshold models fitted using the package MX gave rise to high estimates of hay. 34, 327-333). Indeed, al, 1985, Physiol.Be- due to the global heritability (h2=0.78). These are similar to the results of Fulker-DeFries regression of scores A in the whole effects of C on MAO- brain, the roles of even serotonin noradrenaline, dopamine (Type B=1, X=2, A2=3, A1=4), where the estimated h2=0.63, with 95% CI=0.49 to 0.77. on the behaviors observed and 1. Animal here may be questioned. These SI results give the highest prominence to genetic factors in Type A yet reported. Science Institute, Turnerstr.l, 2. Psychiatry Service 8092 -Zurich, Switzerland We discuss possible reasons, as well as bivariate analyses of BARS and SI. 116A, VAMC, Providence, R.I. 02908-4799,USA 1. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia. 2. Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2170. 3. Centre Clin. Epidem. and Biostat., Uni. of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 20 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 21 Douglas A. Farnham, M. J. Marks, S. R. Selvaag, E. Romm, S. F. Robinson, J. M. Wehner, and A. C. Collins. A Correlational Analysis of Responses of Long-Sleep (LS) and Short-Sleep (SS) Recombinant Inbred Mice to Nicotine and Oxotremorine. Jr.' Preliminary Results from a Twin Deborah Finkel', Diane Wile', and Adam P. Matheny Attachment.' The 27 recombinant inbred strains, derived from LS and SS mice which were Study of Infant-Caregiver selected for their differential sensitivity to ethanol-induced sleep time, were tested monozygotic (MZ) and Study, begun in 1957, is an ongoing study of for their responses to nicotine (NIC), a The Louisville Twin nicotinic cholineric agonist, and In 1977, the researchers began video-taping the oxotremorine (OXO), a muscarinic dizygotic (DZ) twins from birth to adolescence. agonist. Effects of NIC were measured using a and the interviewers. The interactions test battery (Marks et al., twins and their interactions with their twin, their parent, Pharmacol. Biochem Behay. 23:325-330, 1985) and by of the Strange Situation paradigm observing seizure sensitivity. video-taped at age 24 months provide an approximation Effects of OXO on locomotion and body temperature of Infant Behaviour, Vol. 4. London: (BT) were measured. Analysis (Ainsworth and Wittig, 1969, in B.M. Foss, ed., Review of the results indicated male and female mice classify the security of attachment between responded similarly to administration Meuthen), a structured interaction paradigm used to of either drug in most of the behavioral tests. were video-taped between the years The effects of NIC on Y-maze mother and child. Approximately 300 individual subjects crosses, rears and BT correlated with one another, twin pairs for which both attachment as did the effects of OXO on Y-maze 1977 and 1986, thus there are approximately 150 activity and BT. However, the effects of NIC age 6 are available. At this time, a pilot on seizure sensitivity were information and personality/temperament data up to unrelated to the effects of this drug on the test battery DZ) has been completed. The data responses. Significant study of about 20 twin pairs (half MZ and half same-sex correlations between the effects of OXO and NIC on was greater than DZ concordance, locomotor activity and BT showed that the MZ concordance for security of attachment suggests that these two drugs share some common In addition, MZ twins were more similar mechanisms of action. In suggesting a strong genetic influence on attachment. addition, hypothermia produced by administration of NIC contact-maintaining, contact-resisting, and ethanol (EtOH) modestly on the four traditional rating scales (proximity-seeking, correlated. However, no NIC or OXO effects seemed analysis of attachment and social behavior to be related to EtOH- and contact-avoiding) than were DZ twins. Bivariate induced sleep time or EtOH effects on locomotor activity. 24 months and social orientation These results the correlation between contact-maintaining at suggest some common mechanisms of action exist between NIC and suggested that EtOH. The seizure at 30 months was genetic in nature. responses observed after NIC administration were unrelated to New Albany, IN 47150 those observed of Social Sciences, Indiana University Southeast, after administration of drugs that affect GABAergic systems, 1. Division Louisville, KY 40292 indicating University of Louisville Medical School, that seizure-induced effects of these classes of drugs are unrelated. 2. Louisville Twin Study, 3. Supported by grant HD22637. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Univ. of Colorado, Supported Boulder, CO, 80309 by AA-06391, DA-00116, AA-03527 and AA-00141 latent 3 and A. Bruce 2 The Debra Foleyl, D.A. Hay 2, F. Judd of panic:A twin study structure of self-reported symptoms Anne perspective. Farmers and Julie Williams symptoms of DSM-III-R defined panic The latent structure in self-report attacks has been examined experienced during panic adult female sample, comprising 4115 Defining data collected from a twin NHMRC Twin The Phenotype for Molecular Genetic Research into Psychotic Illness: enrolled in the Australian twins (2542 MZ and 1573 DZ) anxiety and Problems and Solutions. collected on symptoms of Registry. Data were also patterns corresponds distribution of all symptom depression and the will focus on norms. The discussion The most closely to published 13 panic common molecular genetic strategy for investigating the functional psychoses (using LISREL) of the confirmatory factor analysis the covariance of such as manic depressive illness and schizophrenia has been to take a positional factors needed to define symptoms, the number of statistically defined cloning approach in which genes are first located by linkage studies which investigate and the relationship of these these symptoms of clinicians in a the co-segregation of genetic markers and the in families. to the empirical experience disorder multiply affected symptom clusters be considered for the Linkage techniques in clinic. Implications will particular require the clear definition of "cases" of the disorder panic disorder anxiety and panic disorder from non cases within such families. Defining has caused a conceptualization of self-report panic the phenotype in this way data for genetically oriented number of difficulties some of which have been use of modern and the significance of these overcome by the panic disorder. operational definitions of psychiatric disorder and adopting polydiagnostic approaches. investigations of These issues will be discussed. Future molecular genetic research will probably Unit, Mental Health Research 1 NHMRC Schizophrenia Research require a broader Victoria 3052, Australia. diagnostic approach with an emphasis on continuous measures of Institute of Victoria, Parkville, disease severity rather than the current above. University, Bundoora, Victoria dichotomy of case/non-case described 2 Department of Psychology, LaTrobe Overcoming these further diagnostic issues for different molecular genetic techniques 3083, Australia. will also be Austin Hospital, Heidelberg 3084, considered. 3 Department of Psychiatry,

Victoria , Australia. 1. Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine Heath Park, Cardiff, CF4 4XN, U.K.

Page 23 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 22 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - JW Gilgerl, CD Mellon2, M Hanson3, & HS Brachal. Segregation Analysis of Verbal J Phillipsl, J Caboche2, M PV Guillotl, PL Roubertouxl, M Carlierl, Dysfluency in a Large Extended Pedigree From the Utah-Idaho Area. Chromosome, GAD Activity in the Rogard2 and G Chapouthierl. Y and intermale Aggression in Mice. We examined specific genetic hypotheses about the mode of transmission of verbal Olfactory Bulbs, dysfluency (stuttering) by performing complex segregation analyses on a in the regulation of intermale The olfactory bulb (OB) is involved large,multi-generational pedigree (N > 200) ascertained from the Utah-Idaho area. The in the OB of rodents with a (IA) and a higher GABA level family was originally identified through an affected male, and is part of an ongoing aggression adult suggested. Thus, we tested same- lower attacking frequency has been linkage study (CD Mellon, et al., 1991, 8th Int Cong Hum Gen, WA, DC; WB MacFarlane, strains (CBA/H and mice from two inbred parental et al., 1991, J Fluency Dis, 16, 117-123). A qualitative diagnosis of stuttering was made aged 13-day-isolated (N.H-YNPAR and H.N-YNPAR) for the by direct audiotape assessments for most of the subjects, or else by self or other report. NZB) and their two congenic strains (NPAR) in a resident-intruder Conclusions about transmission were dependent to some extent on whether or not non-pairing region of the Y chromosome a passive A/J standard opponent. questionable cases were included in the analyses. However, at this time, the data suggest intermale aggression (IA) test with synthethizing enzyme: Glutamic the presence of sex-influenced, additive independently measured GAD (GABA or dominant transmission of a major gene, with We RIA, each sample activity (GA) by indirect a polygenic background. Although the best fitting genetic model may be unique to this Acid Decarboxylase) The two males of the same strain. family, these results support the pursuit of potential major loci with linkage techniques in consisting of the pooled OB of levels of NZB and N.H-YNPAR, large pedigrees where genetic heterogeneity may be controlled. results confirmed the higher aggression the less aggressive CBA/H and 1. Psychiatry, U of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72114 showed lower GA (lImax) than which also IA or GA 2. Psychiatry & Medical Genetics, no effect of NPAR on either U of Utah School of Medicine, H.N-YNPAR. We conclude: there is with low GA in these strains. Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 levels of IA are associated and high URA 1294 CNRS, Univ. 3. Behavioral Sciences, U of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112 Neurogenetique et Comportement, 1. Genetique, 2. IDN- 4. Work supported in part by a Research Scientist 75006 Paris, France. Award to CDM Paris V, 45 rue des Sts-Peres, (MH 00869MH00419) VI, 9 quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, Neurochimie-Anatomie, Univ. Paris France.

Jack Goldberg", M.J. Lyons3, S.A. Eisen4, W.R. Trues, M. Tsuang6. Genetic Influence M Carlier", J Phillips' and S on Drug Use: A Preliminary Analysis of 2,674 Vietnam Era Veteran PV Guillotl, PL Roubertcux", H Degrellel, Twins.7 Testosterone Levels in Mice.-. MOxson2. Y Chromosome and Adult Plasma

Lifetime history of drug use has been obtained by structured telephone that recombines consists of a pairing region (PAR) interview from members of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Twins are asked whether The Y Chromosome region (NPAR) which does not. A Y they used marijuana, stimulants, sedatives, cocaine/crack, heroin, and PCP/LSD with the X chromosome and a non-pairing level (T) has been suggested. five or more times. To date, responses have been obtained from 1,523 MZ pairs and Chromosome effect on plasma testosterone 1,151 DZ pairs. Univariate analysis indicates that in 66-day-old mice fran 2 sets of inbred an additive genetic model fits Thus, we measured T by direct RIA best for: stimulants (h2-0.40), sedatives NPAR congenics: DBA/1 (h2-0.56), cocaine/crack (h2-0.38), of two parentals with their heroin (h2-0.62) and PCP/LSD (h2-0.60). strains, each consisting Only for marijuana is there evidence of CBA/H (H), N.H-Y" /?, B.D-Y" m', and NZB/B1N (N), both significant genetic (h2-0.39) and common environmental (D), C57BL/10 (B), D.B-Ym3v, (c2-0.33) effects. and NXH.N-Y" Fm were also used. We None of the drugs are influenced solely by common environmental effects. The H.N-Y". Four Fis, HN, NH, HXN.H-Y"R effect Given the pulsatile secretion of of combat exposure on lifetime drug use is also examined. A monotonicly first assayed 48h-isolated males. increasing prevalence of using heroin five or more with animals with 2 UI of human chorionic times is associated testosterone, we also injected grouped increasing levels of combat exposure. All of the remaining drugs display a them after 0, 30, 60, 120 or 180 min gonadotrophin hormone and sacrificed peculiar U-shaped pattern of association with combat exposure; the highest rendered compatible T response. Both experiments prevalences are observed among non-Southeast veterans and veterans exposed to to evaluate the maximum of both PAR and NPAR on T, interacting high combat. results, being significant effects background in the N vs H but 1. Epidemiology, U. of Ill. and VET Registry, Chicago, IL 60612. with the mother's genotype and the autosomal 3. Psychology, Boston U. and Brockton suggests the involvement of at least 2 VAMC, Boston, MA 02401. not in the B vs D strain sets. This 4. St. Louis VAMC and Dep. of Med., Wash. U., St. MO 63130. effect and call into question Louis, loci with possibly a maternal 5. St. Louis VAMC and Sch. of Public Y-chromosomal Health, St. Louis U. , St. Louis, MO aggression. 63108. the presumed link between T and intermale URA 1294 CNRS, Univ. Paris V, 6. Psychiatry Depart., Harvard Med. Sch. Genetique, Neurogenetique et Camportement, and Brockton VAMC, Boston, MA 02401. 1. Dept. 7. France. 2. Bidbehavioral Sciences, Supported by NIDA grant DA-04604 and the Department of Veteran Affairs 45 rue des Sts-Peres, 75006 Paris, Medical Research Service (CSP 993). Storrs, CT 06269-4154, USA. of Psychology, Univ. of Connecticut,

1993 Page 25 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 24 Behavior Genetics Association - Jack Goldberg", T.P. Miles', S.E. Furnerl, J.M. Meyer3. Twins Study (HOOTS): The Health Of Older Methods of Cohort Identification.`' We present an efficient method for identifying Lynn Gyntherl, John K. Hewitt', Andrew C. Heath2, and Lindon J. Eaves3. Genetic and cohort of twins a large population-based 65 and older in the United States. Environmental Influences on Smoking and Motives for Smoking4. individuals Using data from the 35 million contained in the enrollment Administration files of the Health Care Financing we developed a computer record Previous studies have demonstrated a genetic contribution to individual differences in pairs linkage algorithm that identifies of records that have a high cigarette smoking. Analyses of a sample of 4,119 volunteer twins, ranging in age from 50 to 96, probability of being twins. Male-male matched on the same race, pairs are support the finding smoking has a genetic basis. However, in this sample, same last name, same date that habitual cigarette issue of the Social of birth and same State of Security number. This methodology shared family environmental variation was an important determinant of whether a person reported and 9,408 identified 154,014 white black male pairs. Since any tobacco use. A modified version of Russell's Motives for Smoking Questionnaire was filled older married females are changed their last name, likely to have out by 1,473 smokers. When these motives for smoking were subjected to factor analysis, a strong a slightly different algorithm female-female and male-female is used to identify psychopharmacological dimension emerged. This factor, which showed a heritability of .48 twins. This algorithm matched date of birth and on: same race, same of the variation in tobacco use. the same first 7 digits among smokers, accounted for a significant percent After total, 40,165 of the Social Security number. In white and 610 black female-female partialling out the effect of this first factor, the association between the other factors and tobacco black pairs and 45,149 white male-female pairs are and 400 use was minimal. There were no differences between men and women in either factor structure identified. A short mailed questionnaire used to confirm twinship is being or genetic analyses of this factor. These results appear to indicate that a biological predisposition and obtain zygosity. We are investigating and non-genetic contributions the genetic toward tobacco addiction exists that is distinct from tobacco experimentation. to physical functioning in cohort of older late life among this 1. Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. black and white twin pairs. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of 1 Epidemiology-Biostatistics 2. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110. Program, U. of Illinois, Chicago, 2. Vietnam Era Twin IL 60612. 3. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA, 23298. Registry, Hines, IL 60141. 3. Depart, of 4. Supported by PHS Grant AA08672. Human Genetics, Med. College 4. Supported of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298. by NIH Grant AG-10430.

Jack David A. Hay', F. Levy land D. Foley3 Attention Deficit Goldberg", V. Ramakrishnanl, J.M. Meyer3, and their siblings. Trues. The W.G. Henderson2, S.A. Eisen4, W.R. Hyperactivity Disorder in twins Analysis of Ordinal Outcomes Proportional in Twin Studies: A Comparison Odds Logistic Regression of among 4-12 year and Structural Equation Modeling.6 The present study has examined psychopathology old twins and their siblings in over 2000 families enrolled with We compared the proportional odds (P0) logistic regression the Australian NHMRC Twin Registry with a (predominantly mother McCullagh, 1980, J. Royal model (P. Stat. Soc. ) ordinal Series B. 42, 109-142) on DSM-III-R (plus likely DSM IV twin data with structural for the analysis of completed) questionnaire equation modeling (SEM). of ADHD, oppositional disorder, conduct disorder and regression model is an The ordinal logistic symptoms extension of the DeFries-Fulker This questionnaire has been validated with Fulker, 1985, Behay. Genet. (J.C. DeFries and D.W. separation anxiety. 15, 467-473) approach for differed from the other disorders in being outcomes in twin studies. the analysis of continuous clinical samples. ADHD Three sets of 200 MZ as in their siblings and in under a bivariate and DZ, 3 X 3 tables are simulated at least twice as common in twins normal model with known low (pmz=0.2 correlations and equal having a very high concordance rate (80% +) in MZ twins. The , ppe=0.1), thresholds for medium (pmz-0.4 ppf-0.2), difference in ADHD is due heritabilities. These and high (pmz=0.8, ppf-0.4) question of whether this twin singleton data are used to test using SEM for the presence of genetic predominantly to obstetric complications is considered, along with and P0. In the medium and effects PO high heritability simulations the reading problems and remedial intervention perform equally well, with both SEM and the relationship to the genetic effect identified in the twins than the singleton siblings However, for the low heritability 95% of the time. which are much more common simulations PO uniformly such a high apparent genetic presence of genetic effects fails to detect the in this sample. With ADHD having while analysis using SEM with other childhood of the time. The importance identifies these effects 95% component, the extent of comorbidity of the bivariate normality along with the issue of with ordinal data is discussed. assumption for using SEM psychiatric conditions is considered, 1. Epidemiology-Biostatistics whether the reading problems are causal or consequential to the Program, U. of Illinois, 2. Vietnam Era Twin Registry, Chicago, IL 60612. ADHD reported symptoms. Hines, IL 60141. 3. Depart. of LaTrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria Human Genetics, Med. College 1 Department of Psychology, 4. St. Louis of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298. VAMC and Depart. of Medicine, 3083, Australia. 5. St. Louis Washington U. St. Louis, MO VAMC and Sch. of Public 63130. 2 Avoca Clinic, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Health, St. Louis 63108. U., St. Louis, MO Australia.' 6. Supported by a grant from the Department 3 NHMRC Schizophrenia Research Unit, Mental Health Research Research of Veteran Affairs Medical Service (CSP 256). Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 26 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 27 Evocative Genotype-Environment A. HEATH1, K. BUCHOLZ1, S. DINWIDDIE1, P. MADDEN1, M. DUNNE2, D. SCOTT L. HER.SIIRERCERI. STATHAM3 and N. MARTINS. The contribution of genetic factors to risk of alcohol Correlation Throughout Childhood'. problems in women. Evocative genotype-environment correlation may be assessed by While there is broadly consistent evidence for an important genetic contribution to between a. set of measures obtained from alcoholism risk in men, findings for risk of the canonical correlation alcohol problems in women have been much mea- less consistent. We are reexamining the importance of genotype x sex interaction in biological mothers and a. set of adoptive home environmental alcoholism using data from the 1980/1 cohort twins from the Australian National Health sures reactive to the behavior of adopted-away children. The scores and Medical Research Council Twin Panel. Self-report questionnaire assessments have an index for the genotype of the child, been obtained from this panel in 1980/1 of a. biological mother serve as and 1989 - including measures of personality, home indicate the in- drinking style, and (in 1989 only) self-report alcohol problems - and structured while environmental measures of the adoptive psychiatric interviews are now being conducted with these twins by telephone (N=4750 fluence of the child on the environment.. Using longitudinal data. interviews completed). Self-report questionnaire data suggest a modest genetic from the Colorado Adoption Project, canonical correlations were contribution to risk of alcohol problems, which is at least as strong in women as in men, at ages 1 through I I. An increase accounting for as much as 40% of the variance in risk. Data from a new cohort of twins computed for adopted children ('1989 cohort'), assessed by questionnaire in 1989- 1992 at ages 18-25, suggest that the in the canonical correlation was observed throughout this period, genetic influence on risk is stronger in this age group, accounting for as much as 60% of at age I I, suggesting that the the variance with the largest correlation occurring in risk. Unexpectedly, there was a trend in both cohorts for genetic factors to correlation to indi- be more important in females than in males. We will examine whether this trend persists contribution of evocative genotype-environment in the interview data from the 1981 cohort. vidual differences in development increases with age. I. Center for Developmental and Health Genetics, The Pennsylva- 1. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO nia, State University, University Park, PA 16802. 63130. 2. Supported in part by NICII I) grants 111)-10333 and 111)-18426, 2. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 3. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. and NIA grant A000110-06. Supported by NIAAA grants AA07728 and AA07535.

J.K. Hewitt', L.J. Eaves', J.L. Silberg2, M. Rutter', E. Simonoff3, J.M. Meyer', M.C. Neale' ANDREW C. HEATH' and NICHOLAS G. MARTINI. Social and political conservatism Environmental stress and the development of human behavior.' as heritable dimensions of personality: a longitudinal perspective. Eight-year follow-up data have been obtained, by mailed questionnaire, from some of laboratory stressors on short term behavioral and physio- 3000 adult twin pairs from the Australian Studies of the impact twin panel (79% pairwise response rate). Factor there are marked individual differences in response to analyses of social attitude items have identified orthogonal social conservatism logical changes have suggested that and political The study of the longer term impact of real conservatism factors, the former being highly correlated with religious practices, the latter stressors and that these differences are heritable. with educational level and political affiliation. Social and political conservatism scores world stressors is complicated by the demonstration that exposure to stressful events is non- exhibited substantial longitudinal stability (8-year test-retest correlations of 0.71-0.78 and been found to be under genetic control to some extent. In this paper 0.62-0.74, random and has itself respectively, for those aged 25 and older at initial assessment). In cross-sectional the impact of environmental stressors comparisons, we discuss the implications of this for understanding older birth cohorts were more likely to endorse conservative attitudes; but we We present data on the genetic and environmental determinants of found little evidence for a longitudinal increase in conservatism. Bivariate genetic models on behavioral outcomes. were fitted to two-wave correlates of that exposure, from a representative the conserv:-ism scores of twin pairs. For social conservatism, we exposure to life events, and the behavioral obtained a heritability estimate of 30% (uncorrected for measurement error or assortative sample of 1300 pairs of child and adolescent twins. These data lead naturally to a consid- mating), but with a significant genotype x occasion interaction (longitudinal genetic protective factors. In the context of this symposium, it may be correlation =0.82). eration of vulnerability and For political conservatism, heritability was higher in women (40%), but very modest instructive to consider whether an evolutionary perspective can add to our understanding of in men (5-15% under different models). With the exception of political conservatism in women (10%), shared environmental factors (and/or the genetic these phenomena. consequences of assortative mating) accounted for 27-43% of the variance in conservatism scores (longitudinal correlation =1.0). Social attitudes remain a useful model system for 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. exploring the interaction between genetic differences and changing social environment. 2. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298. 1. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis MO 63130. 3. MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London. and AA08762. 2. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. 4. Supported by PHS Grants MH45268

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 28 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 29 J.K. Hewitt', E. Simonoff2, L.J. Eaves3, M. Rutter2, J.L. Silberg3, J.M. Meyer3 The naturual history of anxiety in childhood and adolescence.' John L. Hopper'. Statistical Modelling of Human Twin and Family Data - What Next?2

Children's symptoms of anxiety The popularity of statistical modelling in the analysis of human pedigree data has were assessed through interview, and trait manifest anxiety through questionnaire report, in grown since the late 1970s, strongly infuenced by the existence of a widely available a community sample of 1346 pairs of twins aged through 16 years. Factor analyses indicate 8 statistical package and technique, and by a "school" of researchers. The historical approach that children as young as 8 years can describe their anxiety symptoms, although there is some of grouping and "normalising" the data prior to modelling has become entrenched with the deterioration of the psychometric properties of manifest anxiety scale at this youngest the advent of LISREL. Path diagrams have strengthened their place despite attacks by eminent age. There are higher anxiety levels in girls than throughout the age range, with boys statisticians. The classic model due to Calton and Fisher survives despite criticisms. increasing symptomatology for girls in adolescence. specific syndromes of anxiety, However, The model fitting biometrical approach should be seen a tentative step in trying to e.g. separation anxiety, decline with age. Preliminary of twins' resemblance for analyses tease apart the effects of genes and environment. There has always been the danger that the anxious symptomatology reported by the children gave, for those pairs during interview analysis of observational data will be over-interpreted. Newer statistical methods allow fitting of known zygosity, age corrected overall correlations MZ male (N=166) of 0.28 and 0.30 for more complex models, but cannot overcome the inherent weakness of measures, nor the lack and female (N=211) pairs and 0.08, female (N=107) 0.03 and 0.19 for DZ male (N=109), of identifiability through inadequate design. A greater contribution to resolving issues of and opposite sex (N=194) pairs manifest respectively. Questionnaire self reports of causation could come from a Popperian approach. Specific hypotheses could be subjected to anxiety gave corresponding correlations genetic of 0.37, 0.47, 0.24, 0.24 and 0.10. Bivariate critical testing by designs which address the natural confounding between genetic and analyses based on these two instruments variance indicated that their commonly assessed environmental factors, such as twin families and migrant families, and complementing these was largely genetic and that variance specific to either instrument has its origins with measurements of lifestyle and risk factors in family members, and if the unique environmental experiences in on aspects of individual children. possible, genetic markers. Modelling could still be used for analysis. Rather than 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. "heritabilities", however, conclusions could emphasise strengths and limitations of the 2. MRC Child Psychiatry Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, University of London. design, and the statistical precision and power to resolve issues. 3. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, 1. The University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medicine Epidemiology Unit, 151 Barry 4. Supported by PHS Grant VA 23298. MH45268. Street, Carlton South, Victoria 3053, Australia. 2. Supported by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.

Hans-Jurgen Hoffmann', Regine Schneider', Horst Schicknickl, and Wim E. Crusio2. Postnatal Environmental Influences on Isolation- Induced Aggression in AB Mice.

The two closely-related the effect of genotype on phenotype inbred mouse strains, ABG and AB//Halle, The use of robust statistical methods to determine in display extreme differences in isolation-induced intermale aggression. As a first step towards Fragile X.. an in-depth genetic analysis, we investigated the influences of both maternal and social postnatal Richard M. Huggins. Department of Statistics, La Trobe University. environmental variations. No effects were found of the postnatal maternal environment. Likewise, whether animals after weaning were housed together in same-strain or mixed-strain groups did not influence their subsequent aggressive The relationship between genotype and phenotype may be examined using maximum behavior. We conclude that the level of aggressive behavior of ABG and AB//Halle is rather robust likelihood estimation. However, maximum likelihood estimators are sensitive to the presence of with regard to postnatal environmental modification. Therefore, given the common breeding history of the two strains, the differences outliers and other violations of model assumptions which often makes them unsuitable for data between them are most likely due to only few genetic factors. 1. Institute of Brain Research, screening and model building. Here a robustified likelihood, which helpS overcome these Brenneckestrage 6, D-0-3090 Magdeburg, Germany. problems, is discussed and its use illustrated on data from Fragile X pedigrees. 2. Genetique, Neurogenetique et Comportement, URA 1294 CNRS, Univ. of Paris V, 45 rue des Saints-Peres, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 30 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 31 Byron C. Jones1 , Cheryl L. Reed1, Debra A. Hellerl and V. Gene Erwin2. Pharmacogenetic David analysis of low-dose ethanol effects on activity in LSxSS recombinant inbred mice3. S. Janowskyl. Differential Responses to Cholinergic Agonists in Psychiatric Patients and Normal Controls. The effects of ethanol at doses of 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2.0 g/kg on activity measures Earlier studies reported that individuals with affective disorder were assessed in male and female mice from the LSxSS recombinant inbred strain panel. behavioral exhibited larger and hormonal responses to cholinergic agonists than did normal (Erwin, V. G., Jones, B. C., and Radcliffe, R. A., 1990, Alcoholism Clin. Exp. Res. 14:200-204). psychiatric controls or other patients (D.S. Janowsky and S.C. Risch, 1984, Drug Devel. Res. 4, 125-142). The Behaviors measured included total distance traveled, rearings, stereotypy and time spent near present paper will summarize more recent findings in this field. The most commonly the margin of the apparatus. Analysis of the four behaviors at all doses revealed significant employed procedure to detect differences has been the cholinergic REM (Rapid Eye effects of strain and beginning at 1.25 g/kg there were also significant effects of sex on Movement) Sleep Induction Test. Investigators 1 employing this test have routinely observed locomotion, with females showing higher locomotion than did males. Inspection of mean that depressed inviduals exhibit more rapid onset of REM sleep than J.C. Gil lin, do normal controls (e.g., locomotion scores across doses revealed that all strains were activated at all doses and most L. Sutton, C. Ruiz, J. Kelsoe, R.M. Dupont, D. Darko, S.C. D.S. Risch, S. Golshan, and strains showed dose-related increments in this behavior. Proportion of variance accounted for Janowsky, 1991, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48, 264-270). Patients with generalized obsessive anxiety, RI in all to increase with increasing doses of ethanol and for locomotion at compulsive disorder, or borderline personality have shown normal by measures tended responses after REM sleep for approximately 40% of total variance. Genetic and genetic cholinergic challenges. On the other hand, nearly 50% of schizophrenics tested 1.25 g/kg to 2.00 g/kg accounted exibited a rapid onset of REM sleep after cholinergic correlational analysis within doses, of the strain means of the four ethanol-related behaviors that challenges and it has been postulated cholinergic overactivity may be associated with the indicated that each is under separate, polygenic influence. Genetic correlational analysis of the (R. Tandon negative symptoms of schizophrenia and J.F. Greden, 1989, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 46, 747-758). same behaviors across doses revealed high associations, especially at adjacent doses, supersensitive responses It is concluded that to cholinergic agents is observed predominantly in individuals with indicating high reliability of the measures. affective disorders. It is not clear whether the supersensitive responses seen in some 1. Program in Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, schizophrenic patients are related specifically to this disorder or to secondary affective PA 16802-6508 symptoms that many such patients exhibit. 2. Alcohol Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Campus Box C-238 The University of 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160. Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80220-0238. 3. This research was supported by USPHS Grants no. AA08454, AA08125, AA00079, DA07171 and DA07277. Byron C. Jonesl, A.C. Morsel and V.G. Erwin2. Pharmacogenetic analysis of sensitization to locomotor the activating effects of cocaine in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice3.

Male and female C57BL/6J Kenneth S. Kendlerl, Michael C. Nealel, Ronald C. Kessler2, Andrew C. Heath3, Lindon J. and DBA/2J mice were used in a series of four experiments that examined the effects of exposure to novelty, Eaves'. A Population Based Twin Study of Major Depression Utilizing Two Occasions and sensitization to the behavioral effects of cocaine on locomotor activity, of including possible inhibition Measurement.4 of locomotor activity at a low dose (.1 mg/kg) of cocaine (George, F.R., 1989, Psychopharmacologv 99, 147-150). Measures of total distance, vertical movements, stereotypy, and margin time were recorded on six consecutive days, under each treatment regimen in automated activity Traditional twin studies of psychiatric illness usually use a single assessment of lifetime monitors. Experiment one examined the effects of repeated exposure to the test apparatus on the prevalence. In a population based sample of 1,033 pairs of female-female twins, we behavioral effects of .1mg/kg cocaine. Experiment two investigated the effects of repeated doses of completed multiple assessment of lifetime and one-year prevalence of major depression 15mg/kg cocaine on the behavioral effects of . 1mg/kg. Experiment three was designed to determine if a (MD), by DSM-III-R criteria. We present two different analyses of measures taken on two single treatment with 15mg/kg of cocaine would alter the behavioral effects of .1mg/kg cocaine. occasions. First, we examined two waves of assessment of one-year prevalence (1-YP). For Experiment four was identical to experiment three, but with saline substituted for .1mg/kg as a control. diagnoses based on time 1 data only, time 2 data only or either time 1 or time 2 data, the The results for all experiments showed overall that DBAs were more highly activated, measured by heritability of 1-YP of MD was estimated at 41-46%. The best-fitting longitudinal twin model locomotion, at both doses of cocaine than were C57s, with no significant sex differences observed. of both assessments suggested that all genetic effects on liability to 1YP -MD were stable Furthermore, with repeated administration of 15 mg/kg cocaine, both strains evinced sensitization to the over time while all the environmental effects were occasion-specific. Second, we examined locomotor activating effects, with C57s showing greater sensitization than DBAs; male C57s appeared lifetime prevalence (LTP) of MD assessed twice, once by questionnaire more affected than females but no sex and once by differences were observed in the DBAs. Finally, in none of the experiments, personal interview. Analyzed as separate occasions, heritability of liability to LTP of MD was did we observe cocaine to inhibit locomotor activity which may indicate an interaction I error of measurement into a between prior treatment and pharmacological actions estimated at 35-45%. Incorporating model including both on this behavior. increased 1. Biobehavioral Health Program, Penn State occasions of measurement, substantially the estimate of heritability (2:: 70%). LTP University, University Park, PA 16802-6508 4 2. Alcohol Research of MD seems to be a highly heritable disorder of moderate reliability rather than a Center, Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262 3. moderately of high reliability. This research was supported by USPH grants DA07171 and DA07277. heritable disorder 1. Medical College of Virginia, Richmond VA 23298 2. Institute for Social Research, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48106 3. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis MO 63110 4. Supported by NIH grant MH-40828.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 32 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 33 J.R. WILSON.' Changes in the EEG as a Function of a CARLETTA KING' and X: A family study. Short-Term Period of Cigarette Withdrawal.' Genotype-phenotype relationships in fragile D.Z. Loesch*, R. Huggins*, D.A. Hay*, A.K. Godeon++, J.C. Mulley++, G.R. Sutherland++. Computer analyses of EEG data, recorded under conditions of relaxation for smokers, were compared to those of non-smokers under the same conditions. The purpose of this *Department of Psychology and +Statistics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, investigation was to examine cigarette withdrawal symptomatology in order to identify changes in components of the withdrawal syndrome. Acquisition of the EEG data and Australia. Fourier transforms was accomplished by a Grass electroencephalograph, model #RPS 107E, controlled by the "Experimenter Workbench" software program from Brain Wave Systems ++Centre for Medical Genetics, Department of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Corp. running on a Tandy 3000 HL PC. Previously reported results indicated that the EEG Adelaide, 5006 Australia. patterns of smokers were different from those of non-smokers such that smokers tended to Women's and Children's Hospital, have less total EEG power and a lower frequency with maximum power (probably due to less alpha) than non-smokers. After 5 hours of withdrawal, the smokers' total EEG power scores had increased and were more similar to the total power scores of the non-smokers tested at SUMMARY a similar wait-interval. It appears, therefore, that even this short time period of withdrawal from cigarettes is sufficient to allow wave patterns to begin to normalize. We expect that Relationships between the measures of intellectual and physical status in the fragile X additional analysis of these data, which now includes an extended withdrawal period (approx. 30 hrs.) will yield similar results. syndrome and the size of amplification of the fragile X specific fragment, equivalent to the 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics and Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309 USA number of CCG repeats within the FMR1 focus was studied by a maximum-likelihood scoring 2. The partial support of NIDA Center Grant DA-05131 and of NIMH Training Grant allows for estimation of random effects (genetic MH-16880 for Carletta King is gratefully acknowledged, as is the assistance of Dr. technique for analysis of pedigree data. This Betty Laffan, Mike Roberts, and project coordinator, Kris Watson. and environmental variance) concurrently with other (fixed) effects in a quantitative trait. FMR1

expression is usually shut down in males penetrant for the fragile X syndrome who have J.R. KOOPMANS, D.I. BOOMSMA, L.J.P. VAN DOORNEN, J.F. ORLEBEKE. 000 amplifications of 0.6 kb or greater. The assumption of the step versus linear Alcohol use, smoking and personality in adolescent twins. hypermallylated function representing this relationship was tested by the likelihood ratio criterion, and the In the Dutch Twin/Family Study on Health-Related Behavior information was collected by questionnaire regarding alcohol use, smoking and personality maximum likelihood parameters were based on the most appropriate model for each measure. from over 1600 twin pairs aged 13-22 years. Personality measures included the indicative of the presence of a curvilinear relationship between the Dutch translations of Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale, Jenkins Activity The results were Survey, the Spielberger Trait Anxiety and Anger Inventories and a Dutch amplification size and the two Intellectual scores (PPVT and BDT) measuring verbal and spatial questionnaire (ABV) covering neuroticism and extraversion. Twin correlations for alcohol use (yes/no) did not differ between MZ and DZ males (r=.84). For abilities, respectively. Reasons for the unexpected curvilinear regression between the females the MZ correlation (r=.89) was slightly larger than the DZ correlation scores were explained further by methylation analysis of (r=.77). The DZ opposite-sex correlation was .55. For number of alcoholic amplification size and intellectual beverages consumed in one week MZ correlations (r=.81 for both males and for fragile X males with amplifications between 0.6 and 1.2 kb who appeared to be responsible females) were larger than DZ correlations (r=.74 in males and .63 in females). DZ opposite sex correlations (.45) were lower than DZ same-sex correlations. Twin the curvilinearity of the relationship. Three of these showed unmethylated status of the ampled correlations for smoking behavior (ever smoked) also showed high MZ (r=.87 in males and r=.92 in females) and DZ same-sex correlations (r=.73 in males and bands in lymphocytes, which were presumably transcriptionally active. Removal of the aberrant r=.77 in females). As for alcohol use DZ opposite-sex correlations (r=.54) were anticipated step function between amplification and Intellectual scores. significantly lower than DZ same-sex correlations. For almost all personality individuals led to the measures MZ twin correlations were twice or more than twice as large as the DZ twin correlations. Use of alcohol correlated with smoking behavior (.55). Both alcohol use and smoking correlated with age, boredom susceptibility, disinhibition and extraversion (phenotypic correlations between .21 and .50). In addition, smoking behavior was also associated with neuroticism, anxiety and anger measures (phenotypic correlations between .15 and .18). Univariate and multivariate model fitting results will be presented.

Dept of Psychonomics, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 34 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 35 TRACY Y. LONG' and J.R. WILSON'. Mood Changes During a Five-Hour Period of Cigarette Withdrawal2.

The present study is part of a larger study on behavior genetic analysis of cigarette withdrawal symptomology. This study evaluates the short-term withdrawal effects on mood, Andrew Mackinnon', A Multivariate Behaviour-Genetic Analysis of the Relationship including mood components, such as confusion, hostility, depression, friendliness, tension, stress, between Clinical Diagnoses of Depression and Symptom Inventory Scores anxiety, energy, indirect aggression, and complaints. The mood data of smokers and nonsmokers, including MZ pairs, DZ pairs, and control subjects, were obtained using a battery of mood tests Lifetime diagnoses of major depressive episode and dysthymia together with that were administered several times during a 10-hour testing day (two times while smoking, questionnaire measures of depression and anxiety were obtained from 273 same-sex twin three times during a 5-hour withdrawal period, and once again after resumption of smoking). pairs. Multivariate behaviour genetic techniques were employed to determine the relative The results of this study indicate that nonsmokers do not exhibit similar mood changes as contribution of genetic and environmental sources to the observed correlations between smokers during a short period of cigarette withdrawal. The results also demonstrate that other the clinical diagnoses and scaled symptom scores. Models with sepafate genetic and preabstinence differences between smokers and nonsmokers are exaggerated by withdrawal. environmental pathways for each variable are contrasted to models with shared pathways. Further analyses of the mood data of MZ and DZ pairs were performed in order to partition the Although the same genes could be implicated in liability to depressive disorders and variance into genetic and environmental components. The genetic analyses of the mood data symptom inventory responses, different environmental factors appear to associated with failed to yield significant results, which may be due to the small sample sizes available to date, the diagnoses and the self-report inventories. The role of neuroticism in underpinning or which may indicate that the genetic contribution to the cigarette withdrawal symptomology these relationships is explored and the etiological ramifications of these models are is low. discussed. 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, and Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0447 USA. 1. NH&MRC Social Psychiatry Research Unit, The Australian 2. Supported by NIDA Grant DA-05131, and a Patricia Harris Fellowship to TYL. National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200.

Carol B. Lynchl and Abel Bult2. Behavioral Adaptation to Cold in Mice:

A General Adaptive Strategy.

In genetic analyses of laboratory populations, nest-building, measured as weight of cotton pulled Pamela A. Madden', A.C. Heath', K.K. Bucholz', S.H. Dinwiddiel, M.P. Dunne2, and into the cage, was sufficiently heritable to respond to artificial selection, although crosses N.G. Martine. Novelty Seeking and the Genetic Determinants of Smoking Initiation and between inbred strains as well as between selected populations exhibited a substantial amount of Problems Related to Alcohol Use in Female Twins3. heterosis. Wild populations representing a dine along the east coast of the U.S. showed the We studied the relationship between vulnerability to the developthent of problems predicted increase in nest-building from north to south, and crosses between the populations also related to alcohol use and to risk of becoming a smoker in women in the presence of personality traits measured by Cloninger's Tridimensional Questionnaire (Novelty exhibited heterosis. Analysis of genetic correlation's showed that nesting was part of a complex Seeking, Reward Dependence and Harm Avoidance: NS, RD and HA). Self-report data of traits contributing to cold adaptation, where mice which built large nests were heavier had was obtained by mailed questionnaire from two cohorts of Australian twins (N=2458 and N=4128, including 1274 and 2691 female twins respectively) which differed by age (18-25 larger litters. Recently we have found that behaviors not related to cold adaptation are vs. 25-89 years). An inspection of the phenotypic correlations revealed a surprisingly genetically correlated with nesting. Selection for differences in nesting has resulted in large weak association between problems related to alcohol use and RD or HA (.006 to .075). Multivariate genetic analyses were performed separately by cohort. The results suggest differences in wheel-running activity, where high-nesting mice are less active and differ from (i) significant genetic contributions to risk of developing alcohol problems, to risk of low-nesting mice and control lines in several circadian-rhythm parameters. In addition, wild becoming a smoker and NS; (ii) significant genetic covariance between smoking initiation and alcohol problems, as well as between each of these two measures and NS; and (iii) a mice selected for differences in attack latency differ in their nesting behavior (short attack less important role for unique environmental factors in the covariation of these substance latency mice build larger nests) and, similarly, our high-nesting mice have shorter attack related behaviors in females, than in males. Further, we found (iv) estimates of the genetic covariation between NS, smoking initiation and history of drinking problems to latencies. It is possible that the generality of these behavioral differences is mediated by be higher in the cohort comprised of older aged females, as compared with the younger. differences in the amount of arginine vasopressin in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the 1. Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110. 2. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia. hypothalamus, which differs significantly between the high and low-nesting mice. 3. Supported by ADAMHA grants AA07535, AA07728 and DA07261, and by a grant 1. Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, and the Institute for from the Australian NH&MRC.

Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309.

2. Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459. Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 36 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 37 Peter McGuffinl and Michael J Owen'

Molecular Genetics and Schizophrenia: The current picture

Hermine H.M. Maesl, Gaston Beunen2, Robert Vlietinck3, Michael C. Neale", Martine on Thomis2, Bavo Vanden Eynde2, Roeland Lysens2, Jan Simons2, Robert Derom3. So far linkage studies in schizophrenia have focused Multivariate genetic analysis of health-related fitness characteristics in 10- 'candidate' genes coding for proteins that might plausibly be year -old twins and their parents. involved in the pathogenesis of the disorder or on 'favoured' thought regions pointed to, for example, by chromosome anomalies have The concept of health-related fitness is based upon the observed covariance to be associated with schizophrenia. However the results between aspects of fitness, body components and health. Among these, endurance been disappointingly negative and currently two collaborative and body fatness are good predictors of health. The aim of this study is to programmes, one in Europe and the other in the United States, as to explore whether the covariation between these traits is due to common genetic or well as several individual research groups are attempting genome. This is common environmental factors or both. Data were collected on 105 10-year old male a systematic search throughout the entire conduct maps and female twinpairs and their parents, as part of the Leuven Longitudinal Twin now feasible because of the existence of 'second generation' Study. The 5 physical characteristics included in the study are local muscle provided by highly informative simple sequence repeat as endurance, cardiovascular endurance, flexibility and the sum of skinfolds. polymorphisms. Therefore if genes of major effect exist are almost Univariate genetic analyses of the twin-parent data, using Mx, revealed that comparatively common causes of schizophrenia they Meanwhile, genes explain 55 to 85% of the variation. Gender heterogeneity was observed for certain to be detected within the next few years. be important some characteristics. Fitting multivariate genetic models showed that both whether or not major genes can be detected, it will genetic and environmental common factors were needed to explain the covariation. small effect to devise strategies to detect loci of comparatively The most parsimonious model included both a general genetic common factor, a loci are likely since several (perhaps many) such susceptibility specific genetic common factor for flexibility and trunk strength, a general schizophrenia. also to play a part in the pathogenesis of unique environmental common factor, and specific genetic and environmental of detecting Association studies have been shown to be capable factors for each variable. Although genes contribute to the covariation between of variance in which contribute only a small proportion specific health-related fitness items, environmental factors as training and genes showing variations to a disorder and candidate genes nutrition might explain a significant part of the covariation. liability are of affect protein structure or expression (VAPSE) 1. Department of Human Genetics, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA which Results of recent association studies using 2. Institute of Physical Education, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium particular interest. be presented and their significance 3. Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium candidate genes will 4. Department of Psychiatry, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, USA discussed.

of Wales 1 of Psychological Medicine, University Department CF4 4XN, UK College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff

N.G. MARTIN', A.C. HEATH'. The genetics of voting: an Australian twin-family study. 1 Genetics of Antisocial Donna Milesl, Gregory Carey . The Personality Disorder: A Psychiatric Sample.2 Previously we have found evidence of genetic influences on social attitudes. It is (ASP), as assessed therefore not unreasonable to ask whether of DSM-III antisocial personality these translate into how people vote. In a mailed Symptoms were analyzed for the by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, questionnaire survey of 5,000 pairs of adult twins and 12,000 of their relatives (parents, a sample of almost 170 Washington University Twin Series, adult children), we (DZ) consecutive twin admissions spouses, sibs and asked how subjects usually voted in federal elections. monozygotic (MZ) and 382 dizygotic greater St. Louis, Missouri, USA We also asked twins to crossreport on their cotwin, parents to psychiatric facilities in the and partner; parents to crossreport ASP symptoms proved to be a A simple count of the number of on the twins, their own parents, and their spouse; and other relatives to crossreport on their area. of ASP as judged against reliable and valid quantitative index parents and their partner. All subjects also completed a modified 50-item version of the for mean ASP symptoms were found for sex and diagnoses. Differences mean symptom zygosity. Males and nonwhites had higher Wilson-Patterson Attitudes scale. With two major and several minor party affiliations race but not was too small females and whites. Because the sample possible, the most appropriate scale for analysis counts than for gender and is problematic. Initially we have simply by gender, ASP symptom count was z-scored to analyze Results computed two sets of tetrachoric correlations for 2500 older twin pairs - one for Liberal (right subjected to model fitting techniques. the correlations was required to that some source of familial coaggregation wing) versus other and one for Labor (left wing) versus other. Both sets are compatible with suggest and nonwhite twins. explain the correlations for both white strong shared environmental influences, moderate genetic effects - of this coaggregation in females but not in males, Because of small sample size, the resolution and partly different familial effects in males and females. The and common environment could not be resolved for analysis will be extended to into heritability evidence for twins. For whites, however, there was younger twins and to relatives, the relationship between voting and social attitudes will be nonwhite not heritable effects. significant common environmental effects but explored, and the issue of appropiiate scaling will be addressed. Genetics, University of Colorado, 1. Institute for Behavioral 1. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia Boulder, Colorado 80309 by grant DA-05131. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University Medical School, St Louis MO, USA 2. Supported in part

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 39 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 38 P.C.M. Molenaarl & C.V. Dolan'. Level-dependent biometrical modeling of developmental processes.

Nonlinear developmental processes are capable of generating substantial within-subject R.M. Murphey', M.C.T. Penedo', M.J.R. Paranhos da Costa', R. Gomes da Silva', and variation under constant genetic and environmental conditions. In particular, such R.C. de Souza'. Microsatellite DNA Analysis in Testing Relationships between processes will give rise to differences in the structure of neural networks underlying Kinship and Communal Nursing in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) behavioral phenotypes. The problem then arises that a behavior genetical analysis of the latter phenotypes is uninformative about the degree of genetic control of the Microsatellites are short sequences of tandemly repeated DNA found throughout the developmental processes themselves. Stated in somewhat more general modeling terms: genome. They tend to be polymorphic and relatively easy to assay using a to which degree the parameter in a process model are under genetic control cannot be polymerase chain reaction procedure to amplify repeat sequences in an area determined in an analysis carried out at the level of the time-dependent realizations delimited by a set of synthetic primers that are complementary to adjacent DNA (output) of this process. Standard biometrical models of longitudinal phenotypes such as sequences. Nine bovine (genus Bos) primers were used to estimate the relative the genetic simplex model only pertain to the level of realizations. It will be shown that kinship among 21 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) cows, 6 of which comprised a with particular human phenotypes like the EEG it is possible to carry out separate genetic group of half-sisters as indicated by pedigree records. Some of the cows in the analyses at the level of process parameters and at the level of realizations. Results of a entire sample nursed one another's calves to varying extents. Seven of the 9 simple simulation study will be presented and some implications of level-dependent primers were found to be polymorphic. Taken together, they discriminated between biometrical modeling for behavior genetics in general will be discussed. the group of half-sisters and the other cows on the basis of the number of shared alleles. No specific alleles or allelic combinations were unique to the half- 1. University of Amsterdam sister group. There was no relationship between the number of shared alleles and nursing another cow's calf in the paired comparisons among all 21 cows (r = -.012) or in only the combinations in which allonursing occurred (r = .084). Similarly, communal nursing was not related to kinship as determined by pedigree data, nor was it even reciprocal as should have been the case if the behavior had resulted from kin selection. Davis, I Department of Psychology, University of California, California 95616. 2 Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Univef'sity of Andrew C. Morsel, V.G. Erwin2, and B.C. Jones'. Low doses of cocaine fail to differentially inhibit California, Davis, California 95616. locomotor activity in C57BL/6J and DBAJ2J mice.3 Departamento de Melhoramento Genetic° Animal, Faculdade de Ciencias Agrarias e Veterindrias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 14870 Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, We recently conducted a set of experiments to investigate the possible co-operation between genetic Brasil. makeup and exposure to novelty on the putative locomotor inactivating effects of low doses of cocaine in male and female C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. Experiment one examined the effects of three doses (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0mg/kg) on open field behaviors in male and female C57 and DBA mice. Testing occurred on T. Nettelbeckl. Inspection time and intelligence. two consecutive days, with subjects receiving an IP injection of saline on day one, and one of three low dose injections on day 2 (S-C). Immediately following injection, subjects were placed into automated This paper will overview the inspection time (IT) measure and its activity monitors, where four behaviors were recorded; total distance, vertical movements, stereotypy and relationship to IQ. Having dealt with operational definition and margin time. Using this injection regimen, we found significant decreases in measures of total distance measurement, I will briefly outline a number of methodological and stereotypy in both male and female C57 mice. Experiment two was designed to determine if the considerations, give an account of what has been achieved and draw observed decrease in locomotor activity was the result of low-dose cocaine or adaptation to the implications from this research for a theory of intelligence. The experimental procedures. All conditions and procedures were identical to those in experiment one, with "take-home" message is that a correlation of about -0.5 between IT the exception of the cocaine injection. Using the most effective dose in experiment one, subjects received and IQ holds for a very wide range of ages, from childhood to old consequence of time an IP injection of cocaine on day one, followed by an IP injection of saline on day two (C-S). Following age, and that this is not the trivial all tasks. But, while plausibly a necessary the previous observations of Jones et al (B.C. Jones, A.D. Campbell, R.A. Radcliffe, and V.G. Erwin, constraints within condition for at least average intelligence, mental speed does not 1991, Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40, 941-948), the results show that the C-S injection regimen produced provide a sufficient explanation for intelligence. a similar pattern of relative locomotor inactivation on day two for total distance and stereotypy, regardless of treatment. Significant sex and strain differences were found in both experiments one and two. The 1. Department of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, results of our experiments suggest that adaptation to the experimental procedures, not low-doses of South Australia, 5001. cocaine, is responsible for the observed decrease in open-field activation. 1. Biobehavioral Health Program, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802-6508 2. Alcohol Research Ctr., Univ. of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262 3. This research was supported by USPH grants DA07171 and DA07277.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 40 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 41 David H. Overstreet) and Ruth M. Benca2. Rat Strain Differences in Paradoxical Sleep: Relation to Cholinergic System'. The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats have increased basal amounts of paradoxical JI Nurnberger, Jr1, BJ Tarriconel, JR Simon), CL Swanson) and JN Hingtgenl. Cholinergic sleep (PS) compared to their control counterparts, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats function and behavioral depression in DBA and C57 mice & their recombinant inbred strains. (P.C. Shiromani, D.H. Overstreet, D. Levy, C.A. Goodrich, S. S. Campbell and J.C. Gillin, 1991, Neuropsychopharmacolow 1, 127-133). Other literature indicates that albino strains of Effects of cholinergic manipulation on open field activity were studied in C57BL/6J rats exhibit dramatic increases in PS (trigger) when exposed to a dark pulse of 5 minutes, while (C57) and DBA/2J (DBA) mice. Baseline observations indicated that the C57 strain had pigmented strains do not (R.M. Benca, B.M. Bergmann, C. Leung, D. Nummy and A. more total crossings and center crossings than the DBA strain. The cholinergic antagonist will demonstrate scopolamine decreased center crossings and rearings in C57 but not DBA. High-affinity Rechtschaffen, 1991, Physiol, Behay. 49, 83-87). The present piper that while choline uptake (HACU) and choline acetyltransferaqse activity (ChAT) were determined in the increases in basal PS in the FSL rats may be related to increased cholinergic function, the three brain regions. No significant difference was found between strains for HACU or ChAT dark-pulse triggering of PS is not. Both FSL and FRL rats, which are albinos but differ in in cerebral cortical tissue, but HACU was significantly greater in striatal and hippocampal basal PS and cholinergic function, exhibit equivalent amounts of dark pulse triggering of PS. tissue from C57s than from DBAs. The effects of the restraint stress technique on open field In contrast, all pigmented strains tested to date (Brown Norway, Dark Agouti, Long-Evans), as activity and of the forced swim test on immobility and subsequent open field activity of C57 x albino crosses, fail to trigger. and DBA mice were also examined. well as pigmented F2 progeny between pigmented These Restrained C57 mice entered significantly fewer squares pathway, which is present in albino and made significantly fewer center crossings than control C57 mice. During the forced swim findings suggest that some noncholinergic neural rats but test, experimental C57 mice exhibited significantly greater immobility during the second not in pigmented rats, must underlie the dark pulse triggering of PS. swimming session than the first. An analysis of open field activity 24 hours after the second 1. Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7175. swim revealed that the experimental C57 mice entered significantly fewer squares in the open 2. Sleep Research Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637. field than the control C57 mice. No significant differences were seen between the 3. Supported by NIH grant NS27730 and NIMH grant MH4151. experimental and control DBA mice for any of these measures. Thus, the C57 mice, which show increased uptake of the acetylcholine precursor and increased behavioral sensitivity to scopolamine, are also more vulnerable to behavioral depression as measured in several paradigms. Strain differences in cholinergic neurochemistry and depression-related behavior appear sufficient to warrant further studies with recombinant inbred strains to identify quantitative trait loci; these studies are in progress and an update will be presented. 1 Institute of Psychiatric Research, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202-4887 David H. Overstreet), D.S. Janowslcy 1, A.H. Rezvani 1, and 0. Pucilowskil Rapid Selection for SerotoniniA- induced Hypothermia in NIH Heterogeneous Stock Rats. Syuichi Ooki and Akio Asaka.I Genetic Analysis of Motor Development, Language Development and Some Behavior Characteristics in Infancy. Previous pharmacolosical studies have implicated serotonergic abnormalities in diseases such as depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and alcoholism. Several promising As was already pointed clinical compounds interact with serotomniA receptors and there are other studies out (K.Abe,1978,Acta paedopsychiat.44,9- I 6), many subtypes in clinical behavior characteristics are genetically controlled. Genetic analysis was suggesting abnormalities in these receptor conditions. Consequently, made as to this point in more detail. Subjects were 540 pairs of same-sexed we have initiated a selective breeding program for hypothermic responses to the specific twins, Thirty male and thirty consisting of 427 MZ pairs and 113 DZ pairs, who were the applicants at serotoniniA agonist, 8 -OH -DPAT. female rats were obtained from the High and were injected School affiliated with Tokyo University, Japan. Their motor and the NIH Heterogeneous Stock colony with 0.5 mg/kg 8 -OH -DPAT. language development and some behabior characteristics (sleep-talking, night Temperature response was recorded 45 min later. Selection involved first randomly terror, nail-biting, stuttering, tics) were analyzed. The results were as follows: selecting 10 mating pairs for breeding of future controls, then selecting 10 matins pairs with (1) As to motor development, intraclass correlation coefficients of the beginning the largest decreases in temperature for establishing the Hi (Sensitivity) Line and 10 age of 6 items in temperature (for example, the month of starting walking) of MZ pairs were all mating pairs with the smallest decreases for establishing the Lo Line. higher than were tested for hypothermic those of DZ pairs. Moreover 67% of MZ pairs started all 6 items at Progeny from the Si generation responses to DPAT at the same month, while 33% of DZ pairs did. (2) As to language development, weaning in a like manner. The progeny of the Hi Line exhibited significantly lower MZ than the progeny of the Lo pairs showed higher intraclass correlation coefficient of beginning age to talk temperatures (greater sensitivity) Line. This apparently rapid than DZ pairs. (3) As to behabior characteristics, the following difference response to selection is consistent with other preliminary evidence suggesting only a small between MZ and DZ pai!-s in concordance rate were observed. 1)sleep-talking, number of genes (1-3) controlling the hypothermic response to DPAT. Further, these data lines may occur 2)night terror, 3)nail-biting, 4)tics. Concordance rate was nearly the same suggest that separation of the two fairly rapidly and that we may soon be as to involvement in stuttering. It was suggested that many behabior characteristics in infancy were able to test hypotheses about serotonergic behavioral states with genetically genetically controlled. selected lines of rats. The results for the S2 generation will be presented at the meeting. Alcohol 1. Department of Health Sciences, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, 1. Skipper Bowles Center for Studies and Department of Psychiatry, Yamanashi, Japan 409-38. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7175.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 42 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 43 1 and KAY PHILLPS1 and ADAM P. MATHENY, Injury liability in infants David H. Overstreetl, 0. Pucilowsldl, A.H. Rezvanil, and D.S. Janowskyl. Differential toddlers. Segregation of Cholinergic and Serotonergic Sensitivity in Cross Breeds of Flinders Line total counts of Rats. A threshold model of latent liability was applied to medically-attended injuries sustained during the interval from birth to 36 Twin Study. months of age for 314 twin pairs participating in the Louisville The Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats differ from the Flinders Resistant Line liability Quantitative genetic analyses of estimated twin correlations in injury (FRL) rats not only in their responses to cholinergic agonists, for which they were initially accounting for approximately half the selectively bred, but also in their responses to serotonergic agonists and several behaviors, indicated strong genetic dominance effects variance, but no additive genetic variance was detected. Interpretations including immobility in the forced swim test (D.H. Overstreet, 1991, Behay. Genet. 21:67- results may be due involving overdominance have little research support, and the 74). The present study sought to determine whether the serotonergic and immobility shared family to low order epistasis or other interaction effects. Neither differences paralleled the cholinergic differences in cross-breeds derived from the parental Boys had more environment nor twin interaction effects were significant. FSL and FRL rats. The following genetic groups were created: Pl-FSL parent, Bl- groups whose parents injuries than girls, but this effect was found only for Backcross of Fl to FSL parent, Fl-Cross between FSL and FRL, F2-Cross between Fl and injuries. were prompted and questioned in detail about their children's Fl, B2-Backcross of Fl to FRL parent, and P2-FRL parent. Cholinergic sensitivity was injury, and Activity and impulsivity are two behavioral predictors of childhood estimated by measuring hypothermic responses to the muscarinic agonist, oxotremorine on infant and adult the results are viewed in the context of animal research (0.2 mg/4) at 30 days of age. Serotonergic sensitivity was estimated by measuring humans. hypothermic responses activity levels and impulsivity in adult to the serotoniniA agonist 8- OH -DPAT (0.2 mg/kg) at 35 days of Child Development Unit, Department of Pediatrics, age. Immobility in the swim 1. The Louisville Twin Study, test (time immobile in a 5-min test) was recorded at 70 days of School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292. age. Cholinergic sensitivity in University of Louisville the Flinders rats was different in the two sexes, with a large HD21395, HD22637, and NSF grant EHR9108764. dominance component being evident in the male rats (Crosses resemble the FRL parent) 2. Supported by NIH grants but not in the females rats (Crosses midway between FSL and FRL parents). In contrast, both serotonergic sensitivity as estimated by hypothermic responses to 8 -OH -DPAT and immobility were influenced predominantly by additive genetic factors in the male Flinders rats. These data suggest that the immobility in the Flinders rats may be more related to serotonergic sensitivity than to cholinergic. 1. Skipper Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies and Department of Psychiatry, of low and high University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7175. Robert Plomin.1 Molecular genetic investigation cognitive ability in children.2

is being used in an A candidate-gene allelic association approach genes responsible for genetic E. Edward Peeplesl and Paul D. Retzlaff2. Correlations of attempt to identify some of the many Three groups Of Caucasian Handwriting Characteristics Between Family Members. influence on general cognitive ability. Reserve Twin Project children were selected from the Western old children tested on a Seventy-two sophomore college students contributed samples of sample of more than 500 5- to 13-year children with the highest their own handwritings and the handwritings of their mothers, two-day battery of cognitive tests: 24 average IQ scores (mean 104), and fathers, sisters, and/or brothers--281 samples in all. Ball point IQ scores (mean IQ-130), 21 with - 80). Even more extreme high- pens were used in writing the samples, written in cursive writing 18 with the lowest IQ scores (mean been obtained in order to on unlined paper. Fifteen highly reliable handwriting and low-IQ replication samples have that emerge in the original characteristics were measured in each sample of free writing. replicate any allelic associations been established for all Height, widths, areas, and angular measurements were made in each sample. Permanent cell lines have for more than 25 DNA markers sample using a Jandell digitizing tablet. There were 16 strongly subjects and DNA has been genotyped neuroreceptors. Results of positive correlations when the various paired relationships were for neurally relevant genes such as compared. The strongest relationships in handwriting were found allelic association analyses are presented. Health Genetics, The Pdnnsylvania between sisters; weakest were found between daughters and fathers. 1. Center for Developmental and PA 16802 Genetic and environmental factors play a part in these State University, University Park, project' (with M. Chorney, D. K. correlations. 2. A report.of a collaborative M. Owen, and L. A. 1. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Detterman, G. E. McClearn, P. McGuffin, Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639. Thompson) supported by NICHD grant HD-27694. 2. Department of Psychology, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado 80639.

Page 45 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 44 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Debra A. Hellerl and Byron C. Jones1. Genetic Cheryl L. Reedl , V. Gene Erwin2, Inbred Mice3. Correlational Analysis of Activity Measures in LSxSS Recombinant strains (RI) derived from Long-Sleep Male and female mice from 26 recombinant inbred Erwin, V. G. and Petersen, D. R., Samuel F. Posner, Laura A. Baker', and N.G. Manin2. Social contact, social attitudes and twin and Short-Sleep selected lines (DeFries, J. C., Wilson, J. R., 13:196=200), were tested for activity similarity. 1989, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, Columbus, OH) for 30 min following measures in an automated activity monitor (Omnitech, Inc., The effect of social contact betwen twins on their similarity for social attitudes was distance traveled, rearings, stereotyped ip saline injection. Behaviors measured included, total investigated in a sample of 3598 Australian twin pairs. Responses to the Wilson-Patterson as expressed by the and within-session habituation to the apparatus, Conservatism items yielded factorial subscales of Religious Fundamentalism, Political movements, thigmotaxis wide Using RI strain means as the unit of analysis, Conservatism, Racism, and General Conservatism. Multivariate biometrical models were fit to regression coefficient of distance vs time. with similar patterns of differences seen twin covariances among the subscales, computed separately by sex and zygosity, as well as by genetic-based variation in all behaviors were observed of these behaviors revealed significant frequency of contact (hi = see or contact each other at least weekly; lo = see or contact each in males and females. Genetic correlational analysis inversely related to within-session other monthly or less). Results suggested the importance of both genetic and environmental patterns in male and female mice with total distance traveled both sexes were combined, the genetic effects in social attitudes, with non-specific sex-limitation apparent (i.e., common effects but of habituation and thigmotaxis. When mean values for were not sigficantly different from zero, differential importance for males and females). Moreover, environments of low-contact pairs correlational patterns among the other behaviors demonstrated significantly lower correlations (estimated as four "k" parameters in these groups) indicating probable orthogonality among them. than for high-contact twins (where correlations between twins' environments were fixed at methods in determining, heritability, and results indicate the value of multiple-measure classical model values of unity), suggesting some relationship between social contact on attitude The activity and reactivity indices. similarity of co-twins. However, the best-fitting model required separate variance component association among University Park, Health, The Pennsylvania State University, estimates for high and low-contact twins, due primarily to a greater decrement in DZ resemblance 1. Program in Biobehavioral across contact groups than for MZ pairs. Although small effects of social contact may be present PA 16802-6508 Pharmacy, Campus Box C-238 The University of for social attitudes, at least some genetic effect in contact itself is also apparent in DZ twin pairs. 2. Alcohol Research Center, School of CO 80220-0238. 1. Psychology Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061 Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Grants no. AA08454, AA08125, 2. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 3. This research was supported by USPHS AUSTRALIA 4029 AA00079, DA07171 and DA07277. 3. Predoctoral fellow supported by NIA Training Grant (#T32-AG00156-04)

Time and Brain Nerve R. Jensen2. Choice Reaction Saxby A. Pridmore (1). Fertility (number of live births) in Huntington's Disease (HD) T. Edward Reed.' and Arthur but Appear Not to Correlate with Velocity (NCV) Correlate with Intelligence with Particular Reference to the Effect of Age of Onset. Conduction Processing.3 Each Other: Implications for Information In earlier work (S. Pridmore and G. Adams, 1991, Australian and New Zealand 16, 259-272) reported a significant positive Reed and Jensen, 1992 (Irgsiligli_lic Journal of Psychiatry, 25, 262-4) we reviewed the literature and added original work visual pathway NCV and non-verbal 10 in 147 correlation (+.26, a = .002) between which showed the HD affected population to be more fertile than the general simple and choice reaction times (RTs), and their normal young adults. Subsequently, RT population. We have also demonstrated (S. Pridmore, H. Pridmore and G. examined. A difference, choice (Oddman) differences, in the same subjects were Adams,1990, Medical Journal of Australia,153, 589-92) that individuals with late-onset highest with IQ: r = -.23, g = .005. Choice minus simple RT [(OD - S)RT], correlated disease were significantly more fertile than their unaffected siblings and an-estimated of information processing and so this RT and like brain NCV, is a measure of speed general population. RT, with each other. But they are not: r = +.044, NCV might be expected to be correlated The presentation is a review of the literature and presents evidence that increased with 95% probability. This suggests that (1) there = .60; absolute true value <.20 fertility is not limited to a discrete phase of the disease. It is also argued that the processes affecting normal two largely independent neurophysiological contradictory findings regarding the fertility of the sexes is the are normal subjects in choice RT are not result of the effect of the and (2) the differences among intelligence NCV. age of onset of disease. Where the average age of onset is less than 40 years of age, entirely due to differences in mean cortical females are found to be more fertile than males, and where the average age of onset is Clin. Neurophysiol. 74, 147-160) after 40 years of age, males are found to be the more fertile. Recent data, (Gevins et al., 1989, Electroence.ph. can have different patterns of cortical connectivity, The early-onset female may not reject advances as before, while the early-onset that normal persons - indicating the RT-IQ correlation and also for the great [(OD male, who will be relatively older (and thus more impaired) will be less able to make suggest a simple interpretation for RT Ss have shorter total cortical pathways In the advances. This may result in higher fertility in early-onset female. Both will have S)RT] variability: more intelligent also explain and vice versa. This interpretation could difficulty with prophylaxis. In older-onset disease the female will hit a 'ceiling' than less intelligent Ss, a tasks requirement of more intelligent persons for imposed by the menopause, which may result in higher fertility in late-onset males. the reported lower brain energy al., 1988, Intelligence 12, 199-217). 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Tasmania, 43 Collins Street, Hobart, specified task (Haler et Tasmania, 7000, Australia. of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. M5S 1A1, Canada Department of Zoology, University 1. of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 2. School of Education, University Fund and the NSERC of Canada. 3. Supported by the Pioneer

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 47 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 46 Reynolds, C.A.1, Baker, L.B.1, & Pedersen, N.L.2 Perceived environments as measures of shared environments and their relationship with fluid ability.

Prior research has suggested the importance of shared environmental influences for intelligence at least through childhood (Bouchard and McGue, 1981; Cardon, L.R., Fulker, D.W., De Fries, J.C., & Plomin, R.. 1992; Chipeur, Rovine, & Plomin, 1990; ). Finding specific measures of shared environments has proved elusive thus far as genetic influences have been found for some environmental measures (Plomin, R., McClean], G.E., Pedersen, N.L., & for studying the behavioral effects of Nesselroade, J.R., Bergeman, C.S., 1988; Rowe, 1981, 1983). Measures of specific 'shared R. C. Richmond' Drosophila as a model system environmental' measures and fluidintelligence using data from a Swedish study of MZ and DZ psychoactive drugs. twin kinships (Crumpacker, et al., 1979) were examined in twins reared together. A shortened version of the Raven's a largely in mammalian systems that Progressive Matrices (RPM) and retrospective questionnaire of perceived The effects of psychoactive drugs have been studied environments during the teenage years was given to 137 twin kinships. Preliminary analyses genetic analysis. Drosophila is a species in are sometimes not amenable to exhaustive focused in suggested significant phenotypic correlations between RPM, Financial Status, and Parental biochemical and molecular techniques can be which the full power of genetic, and Encouragement of Achievement across generations though correlations within generations were basis of drug action. The effects of cocaine order to understand the biological in several generally smaller. Biometrical analyses of twin similarity suggested significant genetic variance in behavior of Drosophila have been explored amphetamine on the locomotor and may provide the both environmental measures, but these effects appeared to vary by sex of the twins. Mediation of paradigms. These drugs effect t locomotor behavior the relationships between experimental of these agents. The these environmental measures and RPM will be explored using system for exploring the locus of action conventional and more robust measures of similarity. basis for a selective will be explored. evolutionary basis for the behavioral effects of cocaine 1 Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, SGM 501 MC-1061, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061 FL 33620 USA Biology, University of south Florida, Tampa, 2 Department of Environmental Medicine, Section for Genetic Epidemiology, The Karolinska 1. Department of Institute, Box 60208, S-104 01 Stockholm, Sweden.

P.A.Vernon2, A twin study of nerve F.V. Rijsdijkl, D.I. Boomsmal, and and IQ. conduction velocity, reaction times times and IQ are currently assessed Nerve conduction velocity, reaction Sally-Ann Rhea', Robin Corley', and David W. Fulkerl. Familial Resemblance for Dutch twin pairs. Nerve conduction in a sample of 200 16-year old Cognitive Abilities in Twin and Colorado Adoption Project Control Families.2 of the speed with which velocity (NCV) is a peripheral measure along nerve fibers and across electrical impulses are transmitted Colorado Adoption Project (CAP) control families (N =245) were matched to for NCV measured in a sample synapses. One week test-retest reliability adoptive families on the basis of gender of proband, family structure, and (n-14). Twin correlations for NCV for of unrelated individuals was 0.80 education, occupation and age of father (R. Plomin & J.C. DeFries, 1985, Origins 0.72 and 0.36, respectively, suggesting 43 MZ pairs and 77 DZ pairs were of Individual Differences in Infancy, Academic Press, Orlando, FL). Comparisons in NCV consists of genetic variance. that nearly all reliable variance between this group and a population-based sample of twin families (N-396)(L. under 5 different task conditions: a Reaction (RT) times were assessed DiLalla, L. Thompson, R. Plomin, K. Phillips, J. Fagan, M. Haith, L. Cyphers & task, a Sternberg memory retrieval task simple RT task, a two-choice RT D. Fulker, 1990, Developmental Psychology, 26, 759-769) recruited on the basis tasks. Twin correlations for RT were and two Posner letter-matching of shared twin gender, healthy twin birth, and geographical proximity enable us twins and between 0.15 and 0.30 for 96 between 0.40 and 0.52 for 56 MZ to compare familial resemblance for cognitive abilities in the two samples. estimates of around 50% in all DZ twins, leading to heritability For the parents, our measures are WAIS-R IQ scores, a first principal between RT and NCV were around -0.15 conditions. Phenotypic correlations component cognitive score, and years of education. Measures for the children are between RT and IQ as measured by the Raven and phenotypic correlations the Bayley Mental Scale at ages 1 and 2 and Stanford-Binet IQ at ages 3 and 4. no association between Raven-IQ and were around -0.20, but there was Parameter estimates for assortative mating, mother-child and father-child models of NCV and RT will be reported for NCV. Univariate and bivariate resemblance are obtained for the two samples and tested for equality. The CAP pairs. the complete sample of 200 twin sample shows reduced variance relative to the twin sample for 4 of 6 IQ measures Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The 1. Department of Psychonomics, and elevated means for 5 of the 6 measures. Assortment for IQ in the twin sample Netherlands. is significantly higher (0.38) as compared with the CAP control parents (0.15). University of Western Ontario, London, 2. Department of Psychology, Parent-offspring resemblande is comparable at all four ages, with the exception Ontario, Canada. of mother-child resemblance at age 4 (0.38 vs. 0.16).

1 Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309. 2 Supported by NICHD grants 10333, 18426, and 19802, NIMH 43899, and DA05131.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 49 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 48 in F. Robinson' , Michael J. Marks' and Allan C. Collins'. An Inbred Strain and motor responses Scott P.L. Roubertoux 1 Preweaning sensorial Comparison of Oral Nicotine Self-Selection2. analyses for the study of laboratory mice : the lesson of genetic Inbred mouse strain differ in their avidity for ethanol-containing solutions, but development. little is known about the preference of mouse strains for other substances of abuse. Consequently, we assessed the relative avidity of six inbred mouse strains analyses dealing for nicotine-containing solutions. In the first experiment animals were provided a The conclusions from genetic and environmental choice between water (W) and a nicotine (0-0.2 mg/ml) in water (WN) solution and that there is with measures of sensorial or motor development show in the second experiment the choice offered was 0.2% saccharin (S) vs nicotine- general factor of saccharin (SN). The results obtained with these two experiments were virtually neither a genetic nor an environmental identical p<.01). The nicotine with the (r2=0.95, rank order for intake for the strains was development. However these findings are not compatible similar at all of the test concentrations (C57BL/6> DBA >ST/b > A> BUB> C3H). In development insuring the a third experiment the mice were provided simultaneously with four SN solutions observation of a functional and coordinated in patterns (0-0.2 mg/ml). This measure was significantly correlated with the other two adaptation of the individual. Discrepancies are observed measures (r2= 0.79, p <.05 with the WN preference and 12=0.89, p < .01 with the and the consequences of SN preference). Thus, avidity for nicotine is clearly regulated by genetic factors. of development. What are the meaning These points will Correlations between these avidity measures and sensitivity of these inbred mouse differences in magnitude of these discrepancies. strains to nicotine multiple effects of nicotine were also calculated. Highly developmental conceptions. significant correlations were seen between WN intake and nicotine-induced seizures be considered in the perspective of (12=0.89, p<.01), and SN intake and seizures (r2 =0.73, p < .05). This finding suggests that an aversive response to nicotine serves to limit intake. V, Rene Descartes, 45 rue 1. U.R.A. 1294 C.N.R.S., Universite Paris France. 'Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, des Saints-Peres, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, 80309 U.S.A. 2Supported by DA-03194 and DA-00116. L. P. McGann', M. Owen', D. Detterman4, K. Saudino', M. Chorney'", G. McClearn', a QTL Association Approach to D. Smith', and R. Plomin'. Applying Lawrence A. Rodriguez', and J. R. Wilson'. Factors Influencing Blood Pressure Before and After Thompson', a Challenge Dose of Alcohol: A Genetic and Environmental Analysis Using Twins, Nontwin Temperament. Full Siblings, and Adoptees.2 to temperament, we analyzed the activity In an attempt to apply a QTL association approach had been collected tbr an ongoing study Measures of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were obtained from same-sex pairs of MZ with DNA marker data that level (AL) of 63 children ratings of activity on the CCTI and DZ twins (N = 49, and N = 29, respectively), nontwin full siblings (N = 33), and adoptees cognitive ability. Maternal identifying QTLs associated with of 9 high (N = 27) who had participated Alcohol Research on Twins and Adoptees Project. of the AL distribution. A sample in the Colorado were used to select the top and bottom quartiles Measurements include baseline DBP, DBP measured within 30 minutes after subjects were dosed We then compared the allelic frequencies of 12 and 9 low active children resulted. with alcohol to bring them near 100 mg/dl (to measure acute sensitivity effects), and DBP active these markers, tyrosinase yielded a high and low active groups. Of measured after subjects were maintained approximately 3 hours hiallelic markers for the near 100 mg/dl for (to measure the groups (x2 = 4.05, p < .05). For the most acute tolerance effects). Results from a trivariate Cholesky decomposition, which included significant frequency difference between for the high active group was 72%, whereas additive genetic, common environmental, and unique environmental effects, indicate that genetic common of the two alleles, the allelic frequency was 39%. Replication is presently underway. effects on DBP are strongest at baseline, weak at the acute sensitivity stage, and again stronger in the low active group the allelic frequency during the acute tolerance stage. study illustrates the exciting potential of merging The results indicate that no new genetic influence on DBP is Although very preliminary in nature, this introduced in the presence of alcohol. Common environmental effects are fairly constant across with the study of temperament. the three measures of molecular genetics State University, DBP, but these effects are small and restricted to the first factor of and Health Genetics, The Pennsylvania common environmental influences. Unique environmental effects account for the greatest amount 1. Center for Developmental of variation in the three University Park, PA 16802. DBP measures, and new unique environmental influences are present for The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, each of the post-alcohol DBP measures. Overall, it appears that the same genes affect DBP at 2. Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, each of the three measurements. Thus, it does not appear that there are different genetic factors 17033. Hershey, PA Wales, CF4 4XN. influencing baseline, acute sensitivity, and acute tolerance effects on DBP. The new unique University of Wales, Cardiff, 3. Dept. of Psychological Medicine, environmental influences on DBP at each interval represent some degree of error variance, but, Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106. 4. Dept. of Psychology, Case Western more importantly, may also represent a change in anxiety or stress levels, as individuals a SSHRC of Canada Postdoctoral by N1CHD Grant 27694 and differentially adapt to the testing environment. 5. Supported in part K. Saudino. 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0447. Fellowship awarded to 2. This work was supported in part by NIAAA Grants AA-03527 and AA-08118, and NICHD Grant HD-07289 (Fellowship to L.A.R.).

51 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 50 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page Kimberly J. Saudino`, Robert Plomin', Nancy L. Pedersen1.2, and G. E. McClearn'. The etiology of high and low cognitive ability in later life.'

Recent research has found that individual differences in general cognitive ability during the Johannes Horst Schrader'. Social Behavior Differences between second half of the lifespan are substantially heritable (Pedersen et al., 1992, Psychological XY- and YY-Males of the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters. Science, 3, 346-353). However, the factors that influence individual differences in cognitive suspected ability may differ from those influencing extreme group membership. The present study An additional Y-chromosome in human males is of promoting irregular social behavior. Because suitable Y-linked explores the etiology of high and low cognitive ability by applying multiple regression marker genes are missing in mammals, XYY males cannot be recog- analyses to subjects selected for extreme scores (top and bottom 10%) on a measure of nized phenotypically. In guppies, however, hitchhiking gene- the Y-chromosome. Thus general cognitive ability in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA). For both complexes are known to be inherited via genes responsible for sex determination and coloration as well the high and low ability groups, MZ twins displayed higher group familiarity than did DZ as activity and strategy patterns of sexual and agonistic beha- twins (MZ,e,r, = .77, DZHor, = .45; MZ,q,rg = .75, DZ,,,-, = .03). Group heritability vior constitute such a Y-chromosome complex. An old aquarium stock of guppies,Maculatus(Ma), sometimes forms phenotypic fe- estimates were significant for both ability levels, (hg2 = .63 High; hg2 = .72 Low), males of the exceptional XY genotype, recognizable by the P- suggesting that mean differences between cognitive abilities of adults in extreme groups and linked codominant gene Ma which causes a dark spot on the dorsal the average level of cognitive ability in the full sample can be attributed to genetic factors. fin. DNA fingerprints of these XY-females exhibit the same signal in the high molecular region (>23 kb) after hybridization with 16-mer oligonucleotide probes as was found for normal XY- 1. Center for Developmental and Health Genetics, The Pennsylvania State University, males. Crossing these XY-females with normal males originated University Park, PA, 16802. from different guppy stocks with various Y-chromosomal markers, the effectiveness of one additional Y-chromosome on social 2. Department of Epidemiology, Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska, behavior activities could be compared in the male YY-offspring Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. with that of normal XY brothers carrying only one Y-chromosome activity was found to 3. Supported in part by NIA Grants AG-04563 and 10175, the MacArthur Foundation of the respective stock. Thus, courtship be enhanced in YY-males, while agonistic activity determined as Research Network on Successful Aging, and a Social Sciences and Humanities attacks delivered to and received from a standard male opponent Research Council of Canada Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to K. Saudino. decreased in YY-males. Neuherberg, Germany 1. GSF-Institut far Saugetiergenetik, W-8042

STEPHANIE SCHMITZ1 and W. Anderson2,3. Brain MRI correlates of DAVID W. FULKER'. Behavior Ratings in Early Childhood Robert T. Schultz', J. C. Gore2, V. Sodhil, A. with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/4-16).2 IQ: Evidence from twin and singleton populations. suggesting that both imaging (MRI) evidence will be reviewed Recent magnetic resonance N. Rutledge, and E. Bigler, Mothers and of (e.g., L. Willerman, R. Schultz, fathers 4-year-old twins completed for their children the Child Behavior brain size, adjusted for body size myelination (R.T. and an MRI derived estimate of brain Checklist (CBCL/4-16; T. M. Achenbach & C. S. Edelbrock (1983), Manual for the Child 1991, Intelligence, 15, 223-228), Texas at Austin) are Doctoral Dissertation, University of Schultz, 1991, Unpublished Moreover, brain size and myelination Behavior Checklist and Revised Child Behavior Profile). To date questionnaire data are with IQ scores in healthy adults. significantly correlated Between species, brain size available 152 pairs, 79 unique variance to the prediction of IQ. on MZ twins (37 boys, 42 girls) and 73 DZ twins (45 boys, 28 girls). appear to contribute dendritic arborization). Postmortem neural parameters (eg, degree of Agreement between the parents was relatively low between .10 .49, on scale predicts many important surface area thus, it should provide an (r and depending brain size is correlated with cortical human data suggest a basic unit of information and gender). Concentrating on the two broad-band groupings of Internalizing and External- to the total number of cortical columns, index proportional hand, might be correlated with the cortex. Myelination, on the other izing, models were fitted to estimate the relative magnitude of genetic and environmental processing within velocity. Preliminary brain size and of its influence on neural conduction intelligence because using MRI will also be presented. influences on these aspects of behavior. In contrast to younger ages genetic influences were an ongoing twin study (20+ pairs) myelination data from transfer" pulse sequence are being while shared environmental (T1 and T2) and a "magnetization negligible, parameters could not be dropped from the models MR relaxation parameters enables one to clarify the causal degree of myelination. Use of a twin sample without a significant deterioration in fit (difference -= used to assess cotwin with more of the desired brain x2 ranging from A -= 4.31 to A 19.53). brain-behavior correlations (i.e., does the significance of Sinha, 1993, in P.A. Vernon, ed., However, the basic ACE models did not fit well in most instances, necessitating the inclusion the higher IQ?) (A.R. Jensen and A.N. feature also have Ablex, Norwood, NJ). If the brain of presence of approaches to the study of human intelligence, rater bias, the which was already indicated by the low correlation between Biological families, it would suggest extrinsic causation parameter-IQ correlation occurred only between maternal and paternal ratings. Polychoric correlations at the item level were used to further variable, such as nutritional differences between produced, for example, by a hidden third explore these discrepancies in ratings. genetic correlation. families, or a simple New Haven, CT 06510 Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 'Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0447 1. Child Study New Haven, CT 06510 Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 2. Diagnostic Richard Bronen, Donald J. Cohen, 2Supported by NICHD grant 18426. S.S. is supported in part by Grant HD-0789-07 from by NICHD Grant MH 3008. We thank 3. Supported and Edward Zig ler for their help. NICHD. Analyses of the data were facilitated by BRSG Grant RR-07013-25 awarded to the James Lecicrnan, Larry Staib, Lee Willerman, University of Colorado by the Biomedical Research Support Grant Program, Division of Research Resources, National Institutes of Health.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 52 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 53 L. of genetic factors to Nancy Segall, T.D. Topolskil, K.W. Browns, S.M. Wilsonl. A Twin Study of Olfactory D. Silove and V. Manicavasagar. The contribution Perception. 2 the development of early separation anxiety. theory Interindividual variation in olfactory function and response has been explained primarily Separation anxiety remains a central concept in developmental explanation with reference to age, gender and/or experiential factors (e.g., familiarity with a given scent). A with most major schools of thought attempting to provide an that early separation twin study of olfaction can contribute to current research in this area, as it may identify genetic for its aetiology. Recently it has been suggested with the factors contributing to individual differences. Eighty-three adolescent and adult twin pairs (46 MZ anxiety is a specific precursor of Panic Disorder/Agoraphobia the same and 37 DZ) were administered a series of measures to assess different aspects of olfactory two disorders aggregating in families and responding to D.F.Klein, sensitivity. Mean ages were 29.38 years (SD = 18.14) for MZ twins and 21.90 years (SD = 9.59) pharmacological agent, Imipramine (R.Gittelman-Klein and Existing for DZ twins. Findings from the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) are 1973,Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 156: 199-215). each disorder the focus of the present report. The UPSIT is a self-administered, standardized test of odor literature tends to emphasise different antecedents to physiological basis identification that requires approximately 15 minutes for completion. Mean scores for female twins with Panic Disorder being seen to have a distinctive Separation Anxiety tends were significantly higher than mean scores for male twins [t (153) = 4.62, p < .001], consistent which is largely genetically determined while early life. The present with previous reports. Examining age- and sex-corrected intraclass correlations for each sex to be attributed to traumatic experiences in factors influencing the suggests differential genetic effects for males and females (MZm ri = .51, N= 15 pairs; MZf r, = study aims to examine for possible genetic on a self-report .24, N= 30 pairs). An absence of resemblance was found between DZ female twins (DZf ri= .04, development of early separation anxiety measured a volunteer sample of N = 18 pairs; too few DZm pairs were available to permit a meaningful analysis.) In addition, an inventory (SASI)(D.Silove et al, submitted) using adult twins. Lisrel absence of resemblance was found between opposite-sex twin pairs. The UPSIT has monozygotic (n=106 pairs) and dizygotic (n=94 pairs) also been of Maximum completed by some participants in the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart (6 MZA twin pairs 7.16 was used to fit genetic models using the method childhood separation and 8 DZA twin pairs). Future directions for this project will be outlined. Likelihood. Using this method, 39% of variance in with the remaining 61% due 1. Department of Psychology, California State University, Fullerton, California 92634 anxiety was due to additive genetic effects better model examining each 2. Supported by awards from the Olfactory Research Fund (Dr. Nancy L. Segal) and to the individual's unique environment. A genetic effects for NIDCD, PO1DC00161 (Dr. Richard L. Doty). sex separately, demonstrated greater additive a common hereditary females. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that Trait Anxiety and 44% of factor contributes to 35% of the variance in are discussed in relation to the variance in Separation Anxiety. Results anxiety. current theories of the aetiology of separation

R. Siegmund', M. Tittel', and W. Schiefenhove12. Rhythmicity of Parent-Child Interactions among the Inhabitants of the Village Tauwema, Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea.3 FRANS SLUYTER', R. ENGEL', F. MEETER' and G.A. van OORTMERSSEN'. Behavioral Differences between two Selection Lines for Attack Latency and their Parent-infant interactions were continuously registered over a period of 7 days in 4 Reciprocal Hybrids: response to apomorphine. families with infants of 1, 2, 5, and 9 months of age using a microelectronic actometer. Based on self-demand feeding, a high correlation coefficient of more than 0.90 between infant and Two different behavioral profiles are found in male mice selected for high and low mother movements was determined in babies of 1 and 2 months during both day and night. aggressiveness (Benus et al, 1991, Experientia 47, 1008-1019). One aspect is the response also the Despite the fact that father slept near the baby, no father-infant correlation was to apomorphine. Apomorphine is considered to act by direct stimulation of dopamine the children of the found. Among age of 5- and 9-months no response of both parents' and receptors to induce stereotyped behavior. Benus et al (1991, Behay. Brain Res. 43, 203- siblings' movements relative to infant's activity was found during night. This is because the 208) showed an enhanced stereotyped behavior for the aggressive selection line compared suckling without provoking all infants were any activity of the mother. During light phase, to the the non-aggressive selection line suggesting a difference in dopaminergic system time intervals between two feeding events were less than 100 minutes. According to mothers' between these selection lines. observation, quality of nursing was different for 1- and 2-month old infants as compared to A clear difference in aggressive behavior is found when the F, reciprocal hybrids of these elder children. Power spectra revealed inter-individual differences of sleep-wake rhythmicity selection lines are compared suggesting a Y chromosomal effect. of both infants and mothers depending on the infant's age. Several differences to German When mean stereotypy scores of the four genotypes (the original selection lines and their infants behaviour are discussed. (R. Siegmund, M. Rumpf, & W. SchiefenhOvel, 1992, in F1 hybrids) are compared, a clear autosomal effect is found. Aggressive males show higher Journal interdiscipl. Cycle Res., Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 202-204, Interindividual Differences in values than F1 reciprocal hybrids, whereas the latter show higher values than the non- the Develo ment of Slee -Wake and Food-Intake C cies in Infants.) aggressive males. The results so far also point in the direction of an additional Y chromo- 1. Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin (Charite), Institut far Anthropologie, somal effect. Abt. Humanethologie/Chronobiologie, Berlin, Germany. These differences in sensitivity to apomorphine are compatible with differences in 2. Forschungsstelle fur Humanethologie, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Andechs, Germany. related behavioral strategy. 3. Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. aggression and its 1. Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Page 55 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 54 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - HAROLD SNIEDER', DORRET I. BOOMSMA' and LORENZ J. P. VAN DOORNEN' stress. FRANS SLUYTER1, B.J. MEIJERINGH' and G.A. van OORTMERSSEN'. CRF- Stability of genetic influences on blood pressure response to psychological challenge in two Selection Lines for Attack Latency. the origin of A structural model fitting approach (LISREL VII) was used to study The Limbic Hypothalamic response to Pituitary Adrenocortical (LHPA) system is elementary for individual differences in systolic- (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) response to stress and plays a role in current depression research. A significantly blunted their stress. Subjects were 160 pairs of adolescent twins (aged 14 to 20) and ACTH response to CRF (Corticosterone Releasing Factor) is observed in depression. This psychological subdivided into five different groups according to effect is associated with increased secretion (F. Holsboer, 1988, parents (aged 35 to 65). Twins were baseline cortisol Acta of a Reaction Time (RT) task Psych. Scand. 77, 72-111). It is also found that passively coping rats do show elevated their sex and zygosity. Psychological stressors consisted and DBP reactivity was corticosterone levels after CRF administration, whereas active copers do not. and a speeded Mental Arithmetic (MA) task. For both sexes SBP fitting of the twin The aim of this study is to determine the corticosterone levels after CRF challenge for larger in response to the MA task as compared to the RT task. Model artificially stressful MA task were selected aggressive and non-aggressive male wild house mice. Benus et al data showed that heritabilities of both SBP and DBP in the more (1991, Experientia 47, 1008-1019) showed that aggressive males demonstrate an active estimates were found. larger than in the RT task. No sex differences in heritability behavioral strategy, whereas non-aggressive males are characterized by a passive behavio- collected in middle aged twins (aged 35 to 60). This will ral strategy. So non-aggressive animals to show elevated corticosterone levels, Similar data are currently being are likely environmental factors across the life span whereas aggressive ones should not have these elevated levels. enable us to estimate the stability of genetic and 19, 777). In order to reach this goal a cannula was inserted into the jugular vein of both selection (M.C.Stallings, L.A.Baker, and D.I.Boomsma, 1989, Behay.Genetics, lines under halothane anesthesia. This cannula served both as sampling and infusion cathe- ter. Before CRF administration a blood sample was taken which served as control. Twenty Amsterdam, The Netherlands 1 Department of Psychonomics, Free University, minutes after CRF challenge another sample was taken. The results show that both selection lines are identical with respect to baseline and "challenged" levels. When baseline levels are compared to challenged levels, non-aggressive animals do nevertheless show elevated corticosterone levels in contrast to aggressive Carol A. Prescott3, and Lindon J. males. This confirms our hypothesis. So these selection lines may serve as a potential Michael C. Stallings', John K. Hewitt', Andrew C. Heath2, Behavior and Alcoholism5. model for depression research. Eaves4. Personality Risk Factors in Alcohol-Seeking 1. Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands. both patterns of alcohol use and Numerous studies demonstrate genetic contributions to personality variables have been various personality dimensions. Consequently, a variety of behavior and alcoholism. In this study, implicated as potential risk factors for alcohol-seeking SLUYTER', B.J. van OORTMERSSEN'. Response to dependence), EPQ scales (extraversion, FRANS MEDERINGH1 and G.A. TPQ scales (novelty-seeking, harm avoidance, reward Reciprocal Hybrids. anxiety, cogriitive anxiety, muscle hCG of two Selection Lines for Attack Latency and their neuroticism, psychoticism), Schalling Anxiety Scales (somatic patterns and alcohol/behavioral problems tension), and various measures of alcohol consumption has long aggressive behavior in rodents. It is twins aged 50-96, through mail-out Testosterone been recognized to facilitate were obtained from a volunteer sample of 4119 individual known concentrations (pTc) are highly for 767 MZ twin pairs and 593 DZ pairs. also well that individual plasma testosterone questionnaires. Relevant complete data was available Genet. 1, properties, and possible variable within a day and from day to day. Carlier et al. (1990, Behay. 137-157) this study was twofold: 1) to examine the psychometric The purpose of risk (or protective) factors hold e.g. conditions of rearing, different assay techniques and uncontrolled environment of the personality measures; 2) to identify personality redundancy, interest was the association responsible for this variability. One way of partly avoiding these effects is measuring the use and alcohol problems. Of particular associated with alcohol variables and risk for prob- sensitivity of hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotrophin) i.e. measuring the testosterone risk-taking behaviors and anxiety/neuroticism personality between These associations were investigated production capacity. drinking, as well as early/late onset alcohol problems. lem as bivariate liability- For this purpose two selection lines for attack latency and their F, reciprocal hybrids were procedures (cotwin control method), as well using logistic regression common variance among the harm given 2 I.U. hCG. After 20 minutes blood was sampled by heart punction and pTc was twin models. Factor analyses indicated considerable threshold there was little support for an assoc- measured by Radio Immuno Assay. avoidance, neuroticism, and anxiety measures. However, selection drinking. In contrast, there was some support The results demonstrate elevated pTc levels after hCG administration for both iation between anxiety/neuroticism and problem seeking and extraversion, but limited lines and F, reciprocal hybrids. When both selection lines are compared after hCG for an association of problem drinking with novelty versus late onset alcohol problems. administration, identical values are found suggesting an equal sensitivity for hCG. The F, support for differential risk patterns for early onset which of Colorado, Boulder, CO. 80309-0447 reciprocal hybrids, differ in attack latency implying a Y chromosomal effect, also I. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University values when compared School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. 63110 show identical to each other. However both F, reciprocal hybrids 2. Department of Psychiatry, Washington University pTc levels than the in the of Virginia, Richmond, VA. 23298 show lower original selection lines. These findings point 3. Department of Psychiatry, Medical College heterosis. College of Virginia, Richmond, VA. 23298-0003 direction of negative 4. Department of Human Genetics, Medical is that and NICHD grant HD07289 The main conclusion no relationship between attack latency and hCG sensitivity 5. Supported by NIAAA grant AA08672 was found. So differences in aggressiveness cannot be explained by differences in testosterone production capacity as measured by hCG induction. 1. Department of Animal Physiology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 57 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 56 of Diet, Other Risk Factors, and M.B.M. van den Bree1. Twin Analyses Con Stough', Ted Nettelbeck2, and Christopher Cooper2. The relationship Health2. between speed of information processing measures and psychometric well documented. intelligence.3 a variety of disorders is The relation between diet and directly, or we eat can influence our health There is no doubt that what of the risk factors. A better understanding This paper reports indirectly, through other is helpful in the results of a three year study investigating the factors underlying dietary habits relationship genetic and environmental An older age twin sample between speed of information processing measures at risk for certain conditions. advising patients of Retired Persons (AARP). (Inspection Time, Averaged Evoked Potentials and Reaction Time) and through the American Association was recruited to be more prOnounced for this psychometric intelligence (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Possible effects of diet can be expected and MZM 174, MZF 545, DZM 68, DZF 233, and Raven's Advanced Progressive age group. Twin pair numbers were: Matrices). Results indicated that all three Diet History Questionnaire (G. Block, 171. The twins completed the NCI speed of information processing measures correlate with psychometric DZO J. Gannon, and L. Gardner,1986, Hartman, C.M. Dresser, M.D. Carroll, intelligence scores and together account A.M. of the most widely used food for nearly 70% of the WAIS-R Epidem. 124,453-469) one variance. Am. J. on whether they ate a particular Implications for models of intelligence and the development of in the USA. They reported typical questionnaires of it's consumption, and the new tests of intelligence are discussed. food in the past year, the frequency yielded two on the three dimensions 1. Department of Psychology, University size. Factor analyses and sugar, of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, serving on foods high in fat, salt factors: one loading high with a Auckland, New Zealand. orthogonal feeding habits, associated second representing healthier and frozen 2. Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide, the and items like skim milk P.O. Box 498, variety of fruits and vegetables The results of G.P.O. Adelaide, South Australia, in both factors. 5001. yoghurt. Gender differences are indicated between the two as well as the relation 3. Supported by Adelaide University Postgraduate Scholarship to author genetic analyses will be reported factors, and health. one, University of Adelaide Research Grant and Australian Research factors, several other risk Station, Richmond VA Virginia, Box 3, MCV Council grants to authors two and three. 1. Medical College of 23298, U.S.A. AA-06781 AND AG-04954. 2. Supported by NIH Grants

S.A. Treloar' and N.G. Martin'. Menstrual dysfunction, premenstrual syndrome and postnatal depression: all expressions of Neuroticism and depression? A multivariate genetic analysis'.

A key question underpinning research into premenstrual syndrome, postnatal to the study of human and biological approaches depression and menstrual dysfunction is the extent to which they are separate entities with Philip A. Vernon'. Cognitive their own specific causal influences, possibly related to hormonal factors, as opposed to intelligence. advances have been made in expressions of either personality traits or state anxiety or depression. The results of a years, considerable During the past several of human multivariate genetic analysis into the genetic and environmental basis of relationships belween and biological correlates identification of cognitive the five key variables representing latent the genetic studies have investigated distributions of state depression, trait neuroticism, Multivariate behavioral more basic intelligence. measures of intelligence and of menstrual dysfunction, premenstrual symptom interference, and experience of postnatal both of traditional and heritabilities and have estimated the phenotypic depression are presented. A subsample of 521 parous adult female twin pairs from the 1988- variables, Vernonn, information-processing measures (e.g., L.A. aker, P.A. 90 study was used to correlations between these that Australian twin test the hypothesis. genetic 351-367). O ther studies have Detaa,..!atag., 21, All conditions covaried genetically with Neuroticism. There was no substantial and H-Z. Ho, 1991, averaged evoked potentials (I.X. biological measures, including environmental covariation apart from that between Postnatal a number of d., Biological approaches to the Neuroticism and depression. 1993, in P.A. Vernon, Deary, and P.G. Caryl, nerve duction velocity depression, which had a relatively high heritability (0.53), covaried genetically with Norwood, NJ: Ablex), study of human intelligence, glucose Intel'., 15_, 27,3-28) depression. After genetic Neuroticism and depression effecti were removed, there was M. Mori, 1992, (P.A. Vernon, and 12, 199-217), and MRI et al., 1988, IntEll,, significant remaining genetic variance for each of the three gynaecopsychiatric conditions rate (R.J. Haier and E.D. metabolic R. Schultz, J.N. Rutledge, size (L. Willerman, (81%, 72% and 62% of the genetic variance of postnatal depression, menstrual limitation and estimates of brain to quite highly correlated 223-228), are moderately PMS respectively). Not all genetic variance was specific to each Bigler, 1991, Intell., 15, will be provided as condition, however. The of .research in this area partial genetic correlation of 0.71 for menstrual limitation and postnatal with IQ _scores. A brief overview depression suggested papers in the symposium. an introduction to the other London, Ontario, some joint genetic influences_related to neither Neuroticism nor depression. University of Western Ontario, 1. Department of Psychology; Canada N6A 5C2. 1. Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, 4029 Australia. 2. S.A. Treloar has been supported by a NHMRC Biomedical Postgraduate Scholarship and the study was funded by NHMRC.

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 58 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 59 and RICHARD A. WEINBERG3. IQ Correlations SALLY J. WADSWORTH1 AND J. C. DEFRIES1. Etiology of Covariation Among Mea- IRWIN D. WALDMAN1, SANDRA SCARR2, Adoptive Family Members: Estimation and Hypothesis Testing. sures of IQ and Academic Achievement in the Colorado Adoption Project.' among Transracial of the most among adoptive and non-adoptive family members are one Correlations transmission for a trait of data for inferring modes of genetic and environmental Although phenotypic correlations between IQ and various measures of academic achieve- important sources traits adoptive and traits. In most contemporary adoption studies of psychological ment are substantial, little is known etiology of this relationship or for multiple each family includes regarding the (Thompson, have a simple, balanced pedigree structure, such that non-adoptive families offspring) and the Detterman, & Plomin, Psych. Sci., 2, 158-165, 1991). Results of one twin study (Brooks, relatives of each type (e.g., adoptive offspring, biological only one or a few sampling scheme, least- Fulker, & De Fries, a each type is consistent across families. Within this Pers. Ind. Diff., 11, 141-146, 1990) and parent-offspring adoption number of relatives of among family may be used to estimate inter- and intra-class correlations study (Cardon, DiLalla, Plomin, De Fries, & Fulker, Intell., 14, 245-257, 1990) suggest that squares techniques and in the number of relatives members. When families vary considerably in the types of relatives heritable influences account for about two-thirds of the observed covariance between IQ techniques are problematic and other methods for estimating of each type, however, least-squares procedures, such as and measures of reading performance. Results of the twin study also suggest that genetic have better properties. Maximum likelihood estimation familial correlations easily and accurately, taking into influences account for about half of the observed covariation between reading and mathe- have the advantages of handling unbalanced pedigrees MLECOR, correlated, and permitting simple account the fact that the familial correlations are themselves matics performance (Gillis, De Fries, & Fulker, Beh. Genet., 21, 572, 1991). In an effort estimating correlations among hypothesis testing. We illustrate the use of MLECOR for to complement and extend these previous findings, the current study analyzed scores from IQ and/or education in the Minnesota biologically-related and -unrelated family members for available during both childhood and 60 pairs of adoptive siblings and 71 pairs of nonadoptive siblings tested in the Colorado Transracial Adoption Study. Specifically, IQ data were for their adoptive parents and adoptive Adoption 7 on measures of IQ (WISC-R full-scale, verbal, and perfor- for 101 Black or Interracial adoptees and Project (CAP) at age adolescence parents of adoptees . We illustrate the and educational data were available for the biological mance IQ), reading achievement (PIAT Reading Recognition), and mathematics achievement siblings, selective placement, assortative mating, of this procedure for testing hypotheses regarding (Key Math Numeration, Addition, and Subtraction subtests). Results confirm previous find- utility therein, and developmental changes in genetic and environmental transmission and sex differences ings that measures of IQ and reading achievement are highly heritable, with heritabilities genetic and environmental influences. ranging from .36 for Reading Recognition to .89 for Performance IQ. Moreover, heritable Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. influences contribute substantially to observed covariation among these measures. Although 1 Department of Psychology, 22901. University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia the mathematics achievement measure is not highly heritable (.15), the correlation between 2 Department of Psychology, 55455. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota measures of IQ and mathematics achievement, as well as that between reading and mathe- 3 Institute of Child Development, matics achievement, is largely due to genetic influences. 1. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309. ability in Fragile-X males: is there a A. Hayl. Cognition and reading 2. Supported in part by NICHD grant HD-18426 and by NIMH grant MH-16880. Michael Wardl and David relationship?

cognitive IRWIN D. WALDMAN1, THOMAS J. BOUCHARD, Jr. 2, DAVID T. LYKKEN 2, and MATT that Fragile-X is characterized by specific There is increasing recognition McGUE 2. Special Mental Abilities in Twins Reared Apart: Competing Factor Models and Genetic deficits have been identified and a constructional and Environmental Influences. deficits. Both sequential and visuo-spatial of such deficits to reading This study examined the relationship The underlying structure of mental abilities has been and remains an area of controversy apraxia has been postulated. age- within psychology. Historically, theorists have proposed one of two broad viewpoints, with the disable Fragile-X males compared with mental strategies in moderately-intellectually first emphasizing a general ability factor and the second emphasizing instead a set of specific ability non-disabled males, using simultaneous and sequential factors. Hierarchical models for testing and possibly integrating each of these perspectives have matched Down Syndrome males and proposed. In this paper, issues regarding the underlying recently been we investigate several Battery for Children (K-ABC) and a reading task structure of mental abilities using data from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. First, subtests from the Kaufman Assessment relationship of using confirmatory factor analysis we tested alternative factor models and attempted to words. There was a strong within-group involving familiar and nonsense constructively replicate a hierarchical model of mental abilities (J.-E. Gustafsson, 1984, males of nonsense words, reflected also in the Down Syndrome Intelligence, 8, 179-203) in our sample. Second, we reanalyzed Gustafsson's data in order to better Sequential ability to the reading compare the fit of our models to his. Third, we investigated the effects of ad hoc model and it is proposed they other groups on reading familiar words modifications on the parameter estimates from our a priori models. Fourth, we used the data from doing better than either of the their good episodic reared-apart monozygotic and dizygotic twins and their spouses to estimate the effects of assortative Such pattern recognition is consistent with mating and genetic and environmental influences on mental abilities. Results of these analyses handle words ideographically. their poor should help resolve competing models for the underlying structure of mental abilities, as well as capacity needed) is not at variance with memory and (given the low processing distinguish the genetic and environmental influences that are common across ability measures from specialization and spatial measures. Implications for hemispheric those that are unique to each. performance on psychometric are examined. for reading intervention in Fragile-X 1 of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322. Department Australia La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, 2 Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455. 1. Department of Psychology,

1993 Page 61 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 60 Behavior Genetics Association - S. 7 D. 5 Mellon, C. D. 6 Schmitz, A Fernandez-Teruel, Meyer, J. M. 4, 6, 7 Schneider, R. 5 B. D. 4 Finkel, D. 7 Adams, Miles, D. 7 Schroder, H. J. H. 9 3 Foley, D. 8 Anderson, A. W. 6 Schultz, R. T. 3 Fulker, D. W. 5, 6, 7 Miles, T. P. Anderson, M. 3 P. C. M. 4 Segal, N. L. 6 1 1 2 2 Furner, S. E. 6 Molenaar, M. , , , , 4 Jeanne Wehner R. Paylor R. Johnson B. M. Spiegelman V. Ando, J. Morse, A. C. 5 Selvaag, S. R. 5 3 1 Andrews, G. 7 J. 4 Papaioannou , W. Cao , and A.C. Collins . Behavioral characterization of c- R. 3 Shine, G Moutier, fos 4 Arecchi, P. 3 Mulley, J. C. 10 Siegmund, R. 10 null mutants: Learning And ethanol experiments . Gendron, C. 3 Asaka, A. 6 9 Silberg, J. L. 4, 7 6 Murphey, R. M. Gilger, J. W. Silove, D. 7, 9 A. K. 10 The neural proto-oncogene, c-fos, has been implicated in the regulation B Godeon, Simon, J. R. 8 Goldberg, J. H. 6, 9 N of neuroadaptive processes.' Wild-type, heterozygotes, and mutant animals were Baker, L. A. 4, 9 M. C. 4, 7 Simonoff, E. 4, 7 Gomes da Silva, R. 9 Neale, created as described by Johnson et al. 1992 (Cell, 71, 577-586). Learning and Beau, J. 10 T. 3, 4 Sluyter, F. 6, 9 Gore, J. C. 3 Nettelbeck, Beekmans, K. 4 J. I. 8 Smith, D. 6 memory experiments showed that c-fos mutants were impaired in sensory 3, 5 Nurnberger, Beijsterveldt, C. 3 Guillot, P. V. Snieder, H. 7 processes that are required for performance in the Morris water task, but Boomsma, D. I. 3, 5, 7 0 Sodhi, V. 3 probably were not impaired in learning per se. Mutants were more sensitive to 4 H 3 Bouchard, T. J. Jr. O'Connell, D. L. 9 Song, W. 6 Hall, W. 10 M. 3 the hypothermic effects of 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Repeated injections for five days Brown, K. W. Ooki, S. 6 Spiegelman, Hanson, M. 6 6 showed that wild-types and Bruce, A. 8 J. F. 5 Stallings, M. C. developed tolerance, heterozygotes were mixed D. A. 8, 10 Orlebeke, Brush, F. R. 3 Hay, 6, 8 Stough, C. 3 mutants failed to develop lasting 9 Overstreet, D. H. tolerance. Mutants were also more sensitive Heath, A. C. 5, 6, 7, G. R. 10 Bucholz, K. K. 9 Owen, M. 6 Sutherland, than the other groups to a 3.5 g/kg dose as measured by sleep time. Waking Heller, D. A. 5, 6 C. L. 8 Bult, A. 4, 9 Oxenkrug, G. 5 Swanson, blood ethanol concentration results suggest that mutants differ in CNS Henederson, W. G. 6 Hewitt, J. K. 4, 5, 6, 7 sensitivity to ethanol not in metabolism. Ethanol was administered later in C P T Hingtgen, J. N. 8 B. J. 8 doses to equalize sleep times in the three groups. The mutants showed little Caboche, J. 5 Papaioannou, V. 3 Tarricone, Hoffman, H. J. 5 Thiery, E. 4 evidence of tolerance while the and heterozygotes Cao, W. 3 Paranhos da Costa, M. J. wild-types showed tolerance Hopper, J. L. 10 L. 6 Carey, G. 7 R. 9 Thompson, were intermediate during 5 days of treatment. Ethanol elimination rates were Huggins, R. M. 10 10 Carlier, M. 3, 5, 10 Parson, P. 4 Tittel, M. measured and indicated at a normal rates. A. 5 all three groups eliminated ethanol Chapouthier, G. 3, 5 Paylor, R. 3 Tobefia, J T. D. 6 These results suggest that c-fos may be important in CNS sensivity and Cherney, S. S. 5 Pedersen, N. L. 4 Topolski, Janowsky, D. S. 6, 8 8, 9 tolerance Chomey, M. 6 E. E. 10 Treloar, S. A. to ethanol. R. 5 Peeples, Y. 3 Jensen, A. 9 True, W. R. 6, 9 1. Clement, Penedo, M. C. T. Institute for Behavioral Genetics, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 Johnson, R. 3 9 Cloninger, C. R. 7 Phillips, J. 3, 5 Tsuang, M. 2. Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Mass. 02115 Jones, B. C. 5, 6 Collins, A. C. 3, 5, 6, 8 Phillips, K. 7 3. Department Judd, F. 8 of Pathology, Tufts Univ. Boston, Mass. 02111 Cooper, C. 3 Plomin, R. 4, 6 V J. H. F. 4 4. Supported by NIAAA (AA-03527, AA-0141), NIMH 48663, and NIDA -00116 Corley, R. 6 Posner, S. F. 9 van Abeelen, Crusio, W. E. 4, 5 K C. A. 6 Van Baal, G. C. M. 3 K. S. 7 Prescott, Kendler, S. A. 10 van den Bree, M. B. M. 8 R. C. 7 Pridmore, D Kessler, 0. 6 Van Doornen, L. J. P. 5, 7 E. 8 Pucilowski, Daws, L. C. 8 King, C. van Oortmerssen, G. A. 6, Koopmans, J. R. 5 De Geus, J. C. N. 3 R 9 de Souza, R. C. 9 Ramakrishnan, V. 6 Venault, P. 3 L 3, 4 DeFries, J. C. 4 Reed, C. L. 5, 6 Vernon, P. A. Loesch, D. 10 Degrelle, H. 3 Reed, T. E. 5 Vlietinck, R. 4 T. 8 Derom, C. 4 Long, P. 5 D. T. 4 Requintina, Derom, R. 4 Lykken, Retzlaff, P. D. 10 Lynch, C. B. 4, 9 Detterman, D. 6 Reynolds, C. A. 4 Wadsworth, S. J. 4 Lyons, M. J. 9 Dinwiddie, S. H. 9 Rezvani, A. H. 6 Waldman, I. D. 4, 6 Dixon, L. K. 3 Rhea, S. A. 6 Ward, M. 10 Dolan, C. V. 4 M R. C. 4 Wehner, J. M. 3, 5 A. 4 Richmond, P. 5 Macdonald, F. V. 3 Weinberg, R. A. 6 Driscoll, A. 7 Rijsdijk, Duffy, D. L. 9 MacKinnon, S. F. 5, 6 Wile, D. 7 P. A. 9 Robinson, M. P. 9 Madden, L. 7 Williams, J. 8 Dunne, V. 7, 9 Rodriguez, Manicavasagar, M. 5 Wilson, J. 7, 8 C. 10 Rogard, E Marchaland, E. 5 Wilson, S. M. 6 M. J. 5, 6, 8 Romm, Eaves, L. J. 4, 5, 6, 7 Marks, Roubertoux, P. L. 3, 4, 5 Martin, N. G. 8, 9 Einfield, S. 10 Rutter, M. 4, 7 B. 3 Eisen, S. A. 6, 9 Martin, A. P. Jr. 7 Engel, R. 9 Matheny, S. 3 S V. G. 5, 6 Maxson, K. 4, 6 Erwin, G. E. 4, 6 Saudino, R. M. 5 McClearn, S. 6 Escomihuela, M. 4 Scarr, McGue, H. 5 P. 6 Schicknick, F McGuffin, W. 10 F. 9 Schiefenhovel, A. 8 Meeter, 4 Farmer, B. J. 6 Schmitt, A. Farnham, D. A. 5 Meijeringh,

Page 63 Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 62 Overview of Schedule 23rd Annual BGA Meeting, July 1993 Date Time Location Event Topic

Tuesday 1:00pm Level 5 Registration July 13th 4:00pm Board ROoth Level 5 Executive Committee Mtg. 6:00pm Level 5 Reception

Wednesday 8:00am Level 5 Registration July 14th 8:30am Level 2 Paper Session Animal models of behavior 8:30am Level 5 Symposium Cognitive and biological approaches to the study of human intelligence

10:30am Level 2 Symposium Behavior genetics and environmental stress 10:30am Level 5 Symposium Cognitive and biological approaches to the study of human intelligence

1:30pm Level 2 Symposium Regulation of neurobehavioral development 1:30pm Level 5 Paper Session Twins and mental abilities

3:30pm Level 5 Poster Session

Thursday 8:30am Level 2 Paper Session Twin studies-Infancy & childhood July 15th 8:30am Level 5 Symposium Psychiatric genetics

10:30am Level 2 Paper Session Twin studies-Infancy & childhood-cont. 10:30am Level 5 Symposium Psychiatric genetics-cont.

1:30pm Level 2 Symposium Behavior genetics of cholinergic function 1:30pm Level 5 Paper Session Twin studies-Adults

4:00pm Level 5 Business Meeting 7:00pm Reception 8:00pm Annual Banquet Award Dobzhansky and Thompson Presentations Methorial Awards Presidential Address

Friday 7:30am Board Room Level 5 Executive Com July 16th 8:30am Level 2 Paper Session Animal studies 8:30am Level 5 Paper Session Twin studies-Social processes

10:30am Level 2 Paper Session Kinship studies 10:30am Level 5 Symposium Fragile X syndrome

Behavior Genetics Association 1993 - Page 64 3:4111011111MNNOPII41110* P '4'44'44044MW,S1..