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January 2007.Vp Vol. VI. No.1 Editor : B.S. Tomar January 2007 Editorial CONTENTS Nobel Prize winning discoveries in Nuclear Sciences have had a profound influence on the growth of science and technology in the From the Secretary’s Desk 4 last century and even shaped the path of human The Discovery of Atomic Nucleus 5 civilization. In a way the quest for unraveling the mystery of the atom and its constituents Ashok Goswami ultimately led to discovery of many phenomena Marie and Pierre Curies and their which later proved to be the major milestones in the history of man kind. The discovery of Polonium and Radium 11 Radioactivity by Henry Becquerel in 1896 K.L. Ramakumar initiated the intense research on understanding the structure of the atom which was led initially Development of Theoretical Physics by E. Rutherford and Madam Curie and later by by Albert Einstein 21 Niels Bohr. Of course Albert Einstein’s revolutionary ideas of physics (E=mc2, S. Kailas photoelectric effect and special theory of relativity) were to be understood and their Niels Bohr- The man and his work 28 implications realized much later than the actual D.D. Sood discoveries. With the discovery of Ra and Po by Madam Curie and Pierre Curie intense alpha Use of Isotopes as Tracers by George sources became available for bombarding the Hevesy 35 atom which was used by E. Rutherford to discover the nucleus. S.K. Patil The third and fourth decade of 20th century saw the maximum growth in the development of C.V. Raman (1888 –1970):The new ideas in science in general and nuclear Man of Science 43 science in particular. While George Hevesy and W.F.Libby and later Rosalin Yalow discovered Romola D'Cunha many innovative ways to utilize the Discovery of neutron by James radioisotopes for peaceful purposes, Enrico Fermi, Irene Curie & F. Joliot and Otto Hahn & Chadwick and its use in condensed F Strassmann contributed in understanding the matter research by Bertram N. nuclear reactions induced by a new projectile Brockhouse and Clifford G. Shull 51 (Neutron) discovered by James Chadwick in 1932. The discovery of artificial radioactivity by S.L. Chaplot I. Curie and F. Joliot paved the way for production of a host of radioisotopes which later Enrico Fermi (1901-1954) and his found applications in many fields such as contributions to Nuclear Science 54 medicine, industry, agriculture etc. The discovery of nuclear fission by O. Hahn and F. B.S. Tomar Strassmann culminated in harnessing the Discovery of Artificial Radioactivity nuclear energy for producing electricity through sustenance of nuclear chain reaction which was by I. Curie and F. Joliot 59 demonstrated by E. Fermi for the first time at N. Ramamoorthy Chicago. Of course the discovery of nuclear fission also resulted in the birth of nuclear The Discovery of Nuclear Fission 68 weapons, the consequences of which are felt S.B. Manohar even today. Their haveth been many discoveries in the later years of 20 century, such as shell Glenn Theodore Seaborg 73 model by Mayer and Jenson, Mossbauer effect by R.L.Mossbauer, Quark model of nucleons by V.K. Manchanda and P.N. Pathak Murray Gellmann et al., and many others which led to the advancement of nuclear science. It may Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 81 be difficult, if not impossible, to put together all Meera Venkatesh the Nobel Prize winning discoveries in one compilation of this size. However a small effort has been made here in bringing out the salient features of the discoveries and the personal lives of the discoverers so that the young readers may draw the inspiration from their lives and works. We are thankful to all the authors of the articles who responded promptly to contribute towards the special bulletin which is being released to commemorate the Silver Jubilee of Indian Association of Nuclear chemists and Allied Scientists (IANCAS). From the Secretary’s Desk Today, science is wide spread in India. We have a large stock of highly trained scientists in all disciplines of science. Several of distinguished Science Academies in India and are well recognized that the biggest change in the scientific landscape of India occurred only after it gained independence. Yet the subject is not legitimately received beyond a level as too much of science is taught at a very young age and it is confined only to class rooms. Given the students an opportunity for learning the subject by practice, by imagination, by imitation and by observation from the nature and the society that enable them to have a propensity to become sensitive to the nature and responsible to the needs of the society. Perhaps one of the most valuable pedagogical tools for science teaching is to enable students to reflect on the important concepts using hands-on and minds-on processes. Every effort needs to include activities that can be carried out safely with materials commonly found in the student’s everyday environment. Science teaching is an art that requires a unique combination of knowledge and skills to engage students and foster their understanding. A lack of students desiring to study the sciences has recently been examined by several studies, and most of them reflect on the teaching strategies of most university professors. The biggest problem is that scientists and academics do nothing to change the perspectives that undergraduates come to college with. New curriculum and standards need to be explored to show science as a process of building theories and models using evidence. Evidence lies in Nature. This is an important idea though not very new. Science needs to include in the curriculum the topics that concern the human, its very existence, the global warming, changing seasons, the raising levels of sea, depleting of fossil fuels and increasing demand of power, growing population, the factors that govern the sovereignty of the nation, threatening acts of terrorism and the mounting expenditure on defense. We should expand our instruction here to include observational methods, historical analysis and other “non-experimental methods.” IANCAS compliments the authors for their expertise in bringing the life sketch of those great people whose intriguing investigations shaped history and this bulletin is expected to ignite the young minds in a genuine pursuit of science. G.A. Rama Rao January 2007 4 IANCAS Bulletin The Discovery of Atomic Nucleus Dr. Ashok Goswami passed M.Sc. (Chemistry) from Burdwan University and joined BARC Training School in 1979. After passing training school, he joined Radiochemistry Division, BARC. He obtained his Ph.D. from Mumbai University in 1992. He is a nuclear chemist. His areas of research include nuclear reactions, neutron and heavy ion induced nuclear fission, positron annihilation spectroscopy, prompt gamma neutron activation analysis and diffusion of ions through ion exchange membranes. He has more than 60 publications in international journals. Presently Dr. Goswami is Head, Radiochemistry and Instrumentation Section. Sir E. Rutherford “It is well known that the a and the b particles 20,000 were turned through an average angle of 90 suffer deflexions from their rectilinear paths by degrees in passing though a layer of gold-foil about encounters with atoms of matter. This scattering is 0.00004 cm. thick, which was equivalent in far more marked for the b than for the a particle on stopping-power of the a particle to 1.6 millimetres of account of the much smaller momentum and energy air. Geiger [2] showed later that the most probable of the former particle. There seems to be no doubt angle of deflexion for a pencil of a particles being that such swiftly moving particles pass through the deflected through 90 degrees is vanishingly small. In atoms in their path, and that the deflexions observed addition, it will be seen later that the distribution of are due to the strong electric field traversed within the a particles for various angles of large deflexion the atomic system. It has generally been supposed does not follow the probability law to be expected if that the scattering of a pencil of a or b rays in such large deflexion are made up of a large number passing through a thin plate of matter is the result of of small deviations. It seems reasonable to suppose a multitude of small scatterings by the atoms of that the deflexion through a large angle is due to a matter traversed. The observations, however, of single atomic encounter, for the chance of a second Geiger and Marsden[1] on the scattering of a rays encounter of a kind to produce a large deflexion indicate that some of the a particles, about 1 in must in most cases be exceedingly small. A simple Dr. A. Goswami, Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085; E-mail: [email protected] IANCAS Bulletin 5 January 2007 calculation shows that the atom must be a seat of an intense electric field in order to produce such a large deflexion at a single encounter.” This is the first paragraph of the epoch making 1911 paper [3] of Sir E. Rutherford in the journal “Philosophical Magazine”. The last line of the excerpt heralded the existence of the atomic nucleus which was hitherto unknown. Rutherford later described the unexpected nature of this alpha scattering result in his lectures on the “Background to Modern Science” (1936) as: “It was about as Fig. 1 Picture of Rutherford scattering of an credible as if you had fired a 15-inch shell at a piece alpha particle by a target nucleus. of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.” Sir J.J. Thompson gave a picture of atom [4] as made Understanding the origin of the diversity of up of N negatively charged electrons, and an equal material world was the subject of great interest to quantity of +ve electricity uniformly distributed human being since the early days of his existence.
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