Forensic Findings Form a Secret Cemetery in Tirana, Albania

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Forensic Findings Form a Secret Cemetery in Tirana, Albania 197 DOCUMENTATION Osteological proofs of torture and cruelty: forensic findings form a secret cemetery in Tirana, Albania Admir Sinamati, MD*, Anila Tahiri, MD**, Besim Ymaj, MD***, Zija Ismaili***, Gentian Vyshka, MD****, Bardhyl Çipi, MD**** Abstract usually by bullet shot in the posterior region of Two decades after the fall of the communism in the skull. Albania, documenting the human rights violations and proving torture and cruelties suffered from Keywords: Secret cemetery, mass graves, identifica- ex-politically persecuted and dissidents of the tion, human rights violations, torture, communism. regime, is still a societal priority. Due to several reasons, the judicial way toward redressing the Introduction historical injustices has been slowed down. This is Identification of human remains in mass mainly because of the lack of proper documenta- graves is a very important step toward docu- tion of torture, mass executions and extrajudicial menting human rights violations and giving ill-treatment. Several governmental and civil so- back to families the human remains of vic- ciety organizations have tried to define the issue, tims, that are considered, until exhumed, as but perpetrators have rarely, if ever, been brought to court. Secret cemeteries and mass graves have lost or disappeared, mainly due to extrajudi- recently been found in different zones of Albania, cial executions. The importance of redress- and victims exhumed; thus proofs of torture and ing the injustices and bringing to justice ill-treatments are being made widely known, po- perpetrators, who will therefore lose their tentially creating the necessary legal conditions impunity, cannot be underemphasized even for punishing the perpetrators and for identifying for very remote crimes. For example, the victims. In the present paper, authors describe identification process of human skeletal re- osteological forensic findings from Linza secret mains exhumed from mass graves has taken cemetery in Tirana, where several ante mortem place in Spain, more than 50 years after the fractures prove the severe and cruel ill-treatment Spanish Civil War.1 the victims suffered before the execution that was In addition, mass grave excavations have T ORTURE gradually become an integral and very im- portant part in the preparation of judicial 21, Number 3, 2011 Volume *) Institute of Forensic Medicine, Tirana, Albania. Mem- files, and in accomplishing the hard task ber of the Task Force for the identification of disappeared of defending them before the courts. Thus, persons of the communist regime. general opinion regarding the uncontestable **) Forensic Anthropology, School of History, Classics crimes perpetrated during the Nazi regime, and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. or during numerous communist dictator- ships, would have been judicially insufficient ***) Institute of Forensic Medicine, Tirana, Albania. for condemning responsible executioners, ****) Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana. unless pictures, photos and documentation 198 DOCUMENTATION of suffering had been available. Availability Apart from discrepancies in the pub- of proof of torture and cruelty several years lished figures, communism in Albania has or decades after their perpetration can be perpetrated panoply of human rights viola- scarce, and memories of survivors, in writ- tions, partially documented and partially ten or in verbal forms, rarely will suffice for not, among which mass murder and poli- a court to pronounce unappealable verdicts. ticide are the most important and severe. Although excavating mass graves serves In defining the term politicide, Rummel primarily for the identification process and included the premeditated killing or murder for helping relatives to find remnants of lost of any person or people by a government persons, ensuring evidence from mass grave for political purposes.7 Mass murders were excavations is becoming a successful way to common in Albania in the period immedi- get war criminals convicted, like in Guate- ately after WWII, especially during punishing mala (Dos Erres Case) and in Bosnia (Krsti´c expeditions in Northern areas of the country case, Srebrenica massacre).2,3 and neighboring ex-Yugoslavia where the Even though, politically the communist anticommunist resistance was fierce and regime in Albania has been widely and al- prolonged. Mass graves and secret cemeter- most unanimously condemned, perpetrators ies are not intended only for the idea of of crimes, such as of torture in its different punishing expeditions, but also because for forms, mainly enacted from officials of se- the Albanian secret police and law enforce- cret services of the totalitarian state, never ment agencies of the communist period, the served any sentence that explicitly redressed option of not returning corpses of executed the wrongdoings of the past. Inability to un- persons to the respective families was widely cover the smoking gun in alleged crimes and practiced. political assassinations was not because of the lack of political will, but rather because Description of the secret cemetery of the lack of professionalism in gathering at Linza, Tirana evidence and in conducting judicial maneu- Linza is a small place several kilometers vers. Even official data of missing persons from Tirana, east of the capital and at the and of imprisoned or executed victims (both foot of the mountain Dajti, which forms the judicially and extrajudicially) are full of gaps, natural eastern boundary of the city. The and non-governmental organizations gener- finding of a secret cemetery was not merely ally offer different figures while engaged coincidental, since inhabitants of the zone in advocacy for the politically persecuted were aware for years that certain hidden ar- families. There is discrepancy in the data eas of a bushy and hilly zone were used for in recent publications; thus the total figure burying individuals executed from commu- of executed persons during the communist nist secret police. Relatives of the executed regime is considered to be 4,548 individu- persons were digging the ground trying to als from one source4 and 6,007 individuals find remains of their lost beloved ones, and according to another source.5 The figures of in February, 2010, human skeletons were lo- imprisoned and internally displaced persons cated; the fact received wide media coverage differ even more.4,5 A thorough description and public interest.8 Experts from the Tirana Volume 21, Number 3, 2011 Volume of methods of torture and periods of politi- Prosecution Office and from the Institute of cal persecution in Albania is available in Legal Medicine were called to the premises ORTURE 6 T English as well. only after the diggings of the relatives gave 199 DOCUMENTATION the first results, thus the process of exhuma- Results tion was not professionally organized, as The totals of thirteen plastic bags contain- described in the Minnesota Protocol.9 The ing human remains were examined by the crime scene examination took place thereaf- forensic experts in Tirana. Bones and clothes ter, while the exhumed remains were already were found together with the plants and soil transferred to Tirana. The identifying team from the area. Clothes were preserved for acknowledged the presence of a secret cem- the forthcoming identification process. etery, since 13 skeletons had been found, In general, the skeletal remains, both buried in several pits, distancing five meters cranial and non-cranial elements, were in from each other. The area could be reached a poor to moderate preservation condition. only by foot; four-wheel machines were able There was no soft tissue present. Some to stand by in a distance of 150 meters. The bones were characterized by surface ero- pathway was blocked to common people sion and postmortem fractures. Some of the until 1990, since it was considered through bones were missing and some of them were appropriate signs a “military area”. completely fragmented to such a degree that The exhumed skeletons were examined examination was impossible. Some parts of only after they were sent to the Institute of the pelvis were missing, making it difficult Forensic Medicine in Tirana. In the latter a to determine sex. General condition of the thorough osteological study was performed. bones indicates the taphonomic changes The main feature, common to all skeletons, that the skeleton underwent during burial. was the fact that all victims (100%) had From thirteen skulls, most of them were perimortal lesions in the skull; bullet-shoot fragmented with a few bones available for wounds in the skull or fractures caused by the reconstruction and further analysis. blunt force trauma. i.e. characteristics of mass From all thirteen skeletons, one was killings which are also reported in other mass considered to be female; the study of pel- grave exhumations, such as the Tuskulënai vis and cranium indicated that the other case in Lithuania.10 All skeleton remains, skeletons were males apart from one where during the exhumation and during forensic- sex determination was inconclusive. Stature anthropological evaluation in the laboratory, was estimated through formulas based on were photographed and stored into a WORM the maximum length of femur, according medium, as has been suggested.11 to a method which has been suggested by The definition of mass grave and secret several authors. The method has been vali- cemetery varies depending on the point of dated recently in a Portuguese sample.14-16 When a femur
Recommended publications
  • Development of Environmental Code of Conduct in Dajti National Park
    DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CODE OF CONDUCT IN DAJTI NATIONAL PARK Sindi Lilo1, Raimonda Totoni2 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, ALBANIA, e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematical Engineering and Physical Engineering, Polytechnic University of Tirana, ALBANIA, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Dajti National Park is one of the main Natural National Parks in Albania. This Protected Area is situated in the East of Tirana and covers an area of 29217 ha. Dajti National Park is very important on local, national and regional level, for its biodiversity, landscape, recreational and cultural values. Among others it is considered as a live museum of the natural vertical structure of vegetation. The heritage, traditions on ethnography, music, cooking, hospitality etc, unique on Central Albania region, are some other local cultural values that from centuries runs in compliance with natural richness. Unfortunately, for more than 20 years, because of the demographic changes and human stresses caused by it, the National Park values are threatened and reduced by uncontrolled human activity. Forest fires, erosion, inappropriate solid waste disposal, etc. can be counted between main negative impacts caused by human intervention in the area. Unplanned tourism and missing of an appropriate and integrated management is threatening the remained values of this important site. In this condition developing and adopting of Environmental Code of Conduct in Dajti Park is necessary and would contribute in development of ecotourism as an important tool for conservation of natural and cultural resource and for sustainable development. This Code consists on definition of the framework for protection of natural and human values instead of their overexploitation for short term purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Microorganisms in Fresh and Dried Fruits Cultivated, Imported and Consumed in Tirana City
    Albanian j. agric. sci. 2014;13 (4):18-25 Agricultural University of Tirana RESEARCH ARTICLE (Open Access) Identification of Microorganisms in Fresh and Dried Fruits Cultivated, Imported and Consumed in Tirana City OLTIANA PETRI1, ARBEN LUZATI1, ANJEZA ÇOKU1, TOMI PETRI2, SILVANA MARDHA1, ERJONA ABAZAJ1 1Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania 2“Ungjillezimi” Clinic, Tirana, Albania Abstract Fruits products contamination present a particular concern for human health, since many of these products are raw consumed without any prior treatment, which would eliminate or reduce biological, microbiological or physical risks. The aim of this study is to gather basic information on microbiological quality in fresh and dried fruits, which are traded currently in Tirana, as this city presents almost one third of Albania. This study was conducted during the period November 2010-March 2013 in Tirana's main markets. In total were collected 257 samples, 174 samples are dried fruit and 83 samples are fresh fruit. Each sample of fresh fruits was analyzed for bacteria, molds and yeast, but dried fruits were analyzed only for molds and yeast. In fresh fruits we didn`t found Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, but we detected presence of Aerobic mesophilic count plate 1.2%, Coliform total 2.4% and E. coli 1.2%. Also we found presence of mold and yeast for potential health hazard in 4.8% and 2.4% respectivilly. The results for dried fruits were 22.4% of them have indicated potential health hazard with mold, while yeast in 8.6%. Mold and yeast were the most frequent contaminants of fresh and dried fruits sold in trades of Tirana.
    [Show full text]
  • “Public Space” in Tirana Eduina Zekaj Polytechnic University of Tirana, [email protected]
    University of Business and Technology in Kosovo UBT Knowledge Center UBT International Conference 2017 UBT International Conference Oct 27th, 1:00 PM - 2:30 PM The development of the concept of “public space” in Tirana Eduina Zekaj Polytechnic University of Tirana, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference Part of the Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Zekaj, Eduina, "The development of the concept of “public space” in Tirana" (2017). UBT International Conference. 4. https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference/2017/all-events/4 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Publication and Journals at UBT Knowledge Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in UBT International Conference by an authorized administrator of UBT Knowledge Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Development of the Concept of “Public Space” in Tirana Eduina Zekaj Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Polytechnic University of Tirana, Albania Abstract. The term “public space”, also known as urban space is a pretty old phrase, but was used as e concept with a clear definition during the modern era. The evolution of this term is well known in Tirana, because of its constant development especially in the recent projects. The first attempts started in 1914, but by that time there did not exist a real concept of the public space, which accordingly was affected by the citizens’ lifestyle. Public spaces in Tirana have changed a lot since then by recreating the concept of “public use”. There are many examples of squares, streets and parks which have gone through the process of change over the years and have affected people’s lives.
    [Show full text]
  • GENERAL INFORMATION Name of Institution: University of Tirana
    GENERAL INFORMATION Name of Institution: University of Tirana Country: Albania ”Mother Teresa” Square, Rectorate UT, Full Address: Tirana, Albania, PO Box 183 Legal Representative: Prof. Dr. Artan Hoxha Directorate of International Relations and Department in charge of Student Exchange: Students Name of Department: International Relations Office University of Tirana International Relations and Students Office Mailing Address: ”Mother Teresa” Square, Rectorate UT, Tirana, Albania, PO Box 183 Telephone: +35542250166 Email: [email protected] RELEVANT WEBSITE https://unitir.edu.al/ Website of the Institute: https://unitir.edu.al/eng/ Outgoing mobilities https://unitir.edu.al/bursa-shkembimi- programi-erasmus/ https://unitir.edu.al/thirrjet-e-hapura-per- Website for Student Exchange Programmes: aplikim-per-bursa/ Incoming mobilities https://unitir.edu.al/incoming-erasmus- mobilities/ CONTACT INFORMATION Prof. Assoc. Dr. Bernard Dosti Vice Rector for Scientific Research Erasmus + Institutional Coordinator [email protected] Department in charge of Student Exchange [email protected] (general e-mail): Ms. Bruna Papa Niçka, Director, Head of Department: [email protected] [email protected]; Office in charge for all outgoing/incoming [email protected]; mobilities for students and staff (e-mail) Prof. Dr. Artan Hoxha Rector Prof. Assoc. Dr. Bernard Dosti Vice Rector/Erasmus + Institutional Coordinator [email protected]; Ms. Bruna Papa Niçka For the Inter-Institutional Agreements: Director of Internationa Relations and Students Office [email protected] ; International Relations Office [email protected]; International Relations Office [email protected] Visa +35542250166 International Relations Office [email protected] Insurance +35542250166 International Relations Office [email protected] +35542250166 Housing UT cannot guarantee the accommodation in student dormitories due to limited capacities, but will provide information on accommodation possibilities in Tirana.
    [Show full text]
  • From Small-Scale Informal to Investor-Driven Urban Developments
    Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 162. Jg., S. 65–90 (Annals of the Austrian Geographical Society, Vol. 162, pp. 65–90) Wien (Vienna) 2020, https://doi.org/10.1553/moegg162s65 Busting the Scales: From Small-Scale Informal to Investor-Driven Urban Developments. The Case of Tirana / Albania Daniel Göler, Bamberg, and Dimitër Doka, Tirana [Tiranë]* Initial submission / erste Einreichung: 05/2020; revised submission / revidierte Fassung: 08/2020; final acceptance / endgültige Annahme: 11/2020 with 6 figures and 1 table in the text Contents Summary .......................................................................................................................... 65 Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 66 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 67 2 Research questions and methodology ........................................................................ 71 3 Conceptual focus on Tirana: Moving towards an evolutionary approach .................. 72 4 Large urban developments in Tirana .......................................................................... 74 5 Discussion and problematisation ................................................................................ 84 6 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 86 7 References .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainable Sanitation Alliance
    Case study of sustainable sanitation projects Wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands Tirana, Albania - draft biowaste faeces/manure urine greywater rainwater Combined gravity sewer system (pour-flush toilets, showers, kitchen sinks) collection Wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands, sludge treatment in composting beds treatment Treated wastewater reuse used for irrigation Fig. 1: Project location Fig. 2: Applied sanitation components in this project 1 General data: 2 Objective and motivation of the project As part of Albania’s convergence with the EU, environmental standards in the water supply and sewerage sector are Type of project: gaining in importance, particularly the EU Water Framework Full scale, urban research and demonstration project Directive. This calls for considerable legal and sector policy reforms accompanied with appropriate technologies. Project period: Start of planning: September 2008 Within the BMZ (German Federal Ministry for Economic Start of construction: September 2009 Cooperation and Development) financed project on “Advice End of construction: December 2009 on the Decentralisation of the Water and Sewerage Sector in Start of operation: January 2010 Albania” the GIZ and MPWT (Albanian Ministry of Public Monitoring ongoing Works and Transport) initiated the pilot constructed wetland to raise awareness for low cost, appropriate and decentralised Project scale: sanitation technologies in line with EU standards. It is aimed Design value: 16.8 m3/d domestic wastewater flow rate for to be used as a model treatment plant by the main actors of 471 inhabitants or 220 population equivalent. the sector for training, demonstration, research and replication Design value and actual utilisation is identical. in peri-urban and rural areas of Albania.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cult of Personality: King Zog I and Enver Hoxha
    International Journal of Social and Educational Innovation (IJSEIro) Volume 3 / Issue 5/ 2016 The cult of personality: King Zog I and Enver Hoxha Artan Puto Faculty of History and Filology, University of Tirana, Albania [email protected] Mimoza Dhima Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Tirana, Albania [email protected] Received 03.01.2016; Accepted 23.01. 2016 Abstract King Zog I (1895-1961), and the communist leader Enver Hoxha (1908-1985) were without doubt the most charismatic figures of the Albanian politics in the twentieth century, whose personal rule dominated the country and kept it under strict control. However, the cult of personality of the two leaders had of course their own features. They derived mainly from the specific historical periods where they lived and ruled, from the political system they represented and from the very character of the personage. Keywords: cult of personality, communist leader, nationalism, communism 1. Introduction Ahmet Zogu, the real name of the later King Zog I, was the undisputable master of the country from 1924 to 1939 when the Italian occupation put an end to the Albanian independence proclaimed in 1912. In 1925 Ahmet Zogu was elected President of Albania after a period of internal instability that continuously scourged the country since the end of the First World War in 1918. In 1928 he was self-proclaimed King Zog I with the consent of the Italians that wanted to secure through his rule their dominion in the country During his rule Albania made important achievements such as the attainment of the internal political stability and the building up of a state administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Edlira Jorgaqi
    EDLIRA JORGAQI PERSONAL INFORMATION Date & Place of birth: October 15th 1970/ Tirana Residence: Tirana Civil status: Married e-mail [email protected] Mobile 0692041882 _________________________________________________________________________ Education: 1992 – 1993 Faculty of Law, University of Trento – Italy (TEMPUS), for four exams: Commercial Law, European Community Public Law, European Community Private Law, Public International Law 1989-1993 Faculty of Law, University of Tirana, title “LAWYER” 1985 – 1989 “Petro Nini Luarasi” General High School, Tirana Certificates and qualifications: The title “DOCTOR OF SCIENCES” at the Faculty of Law of the University of Tirana with the topic "Criminal Judicial Statistics, Measurement of Crime in Albania and Comparison with European and International Standards", rated 98 points out of 100 possible. Master's Degree (Master of Science of Second Level) at the Faculty of Law of the University of Tirana, with the topic "Criminal Judicial Statistics and Measurement of Crime in Albania", assessed with a maximum grade and with average marks for exams of subjects of 9,9. The title “Advocate” by the National Chamber of Advocacy. March-May 1995 Specialization on “Democracy and Human Rights”, University of Padova, Department of International Law, Italy May- June 1995 “Enterprises and Investment Lawyers Course”, specialization organized by IDLI - Roma (International Development Law Institute) Faburary – May 1998 3- Months Specialization on “Development Lawyers Course” (counseling, negotiation, legal writing
    [Show full text]
  • Metropolitan Tirana University Was Established in 2010 and Consists
    Metropolitan Tirana University was established in 2010 and consists of three faculties, such as: Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Faculty of Computer Engineering and IT, Faculty of Economy. Faculty of Computer Engineering and IT beside of its departments also has 1 Scientific Research center. MTU offers the following bachelor programs in: Civil Engineering, Computer Engineering, Software Engineering (in English & Albanian), Electrical Engineering (with 5 profiles both in English and Albanian) Economic Informatics (in English & Albanian), Business Administration (with three profiles), Finance and Accounting, Finance Bank. The study Programs in Master Level that we offer are: Master of Science in Civil Engineering on two profiles: Structurist and Infrastructure Transport, Management in Engineering; Economics –MBA; Informatics Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechatronics Engineering, Telecommunication, Data Analytics, Financial Engineering and Risk Management. We offer also 5-year integrated studies in Architecture with 5 profiles: Architect, Bio Architect, Architect Engineer, Architect Restorer, Architect Interior. MTU has established an NGO called Metroresearch Center. Metroresearch is an NGO established in 2014 to highlight and enrich project research expertise and management. Metroresearch consist of two crucial entities: Metropolitan Incubator and Metropolitan Geospatial Center. Incubator, a Metroresearch division, established in 2016, aims at encouraging students and young professionals studying
    [Show full text]
  • Project Against Corruption in Albania (Paca)
    PROJECT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN ALBANIA (PACA) TECHNICAL PAPER CORRUPTION IN THE ALBANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM Prepared by: Pellumb Karameta, Council of Europe Expert, August 2010 ECD/31/2010 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION/EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...............................................................................................................3 1 CORRUPTION IN EDUCATION: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................3 1.1 Definition of corruption in education ...................................................................................3 1.2 Types of corruption in the education system.......................................................................3 1.3 Loci of corruption.....................................................................................................................4 1.4 Impact ........................................................................................................................................5 1.5 Opportunities for corruption: internal and external factors ..............................................5 2 POLICIES TO FIGHT CORRUPTION IN THE ALBANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM .......................................7 2.1 Policy in Albania ......................................................................................................................8 2.2 How to reduce corruption ....................................................................................................10 2.2.1 Creation and maintenance of transparent regulatory systems ......................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Tirana, Between East and the West in the Focus of the Urban Texture
    University of Business and Technology in Kosovo UBT Knowledge Center UBT International Conference 2013 UBT International Conference Nov 2nd, 12:45 PM - 1:00 PM Tirana, Between East And The esW t In The oF cus Of The rbU an Texture Armand Vokshi Polytechnic University of Tirana, [email protected] Ani (Panariti) Tola Polytechnic University of Tirana, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference Part of the Architecture Commons Recommended Citation Vokshi, Armand and Tola, Ani (Panariti), "Tirana, Between East And The eW st In The ocF us Of The rU ban Texture" (2013). UBT International Conference. 17. https://knowledgecenter.ubt-uni.net/conference/2013/all-events/17 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Publication and Journals at UBT Knowledge Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in UBT International Conference by an authorized administrator of UBT Knowledge Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tirana, Between East And The West In The Focus Of The Urban Texture Armand Vokshi1, Ani Tola (Panariti)1, 1 Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Politecnic University, Albania [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. This research tries to synthesize the urban development of Tirana, especially in the historical part of it, at different times. The evolution of the city of Tirana is a typical evolution for Albanian cities with an urban structure, which was born in the Ottoman period. The chaotic urban structure shaped spontaneously in recent centuries , in Bosios plan during 1940, was thought to be treated as a "garden city", well integrated with the new form of the city, preserving at the same time his physiognomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Albania
    Grids & Datums REPUBLIC OF ALB A NI A by Clifford J. Mugnier, C.P., C.M.S. “The territories of present day Albania have been inhabited as far back the Balkans at 1:75000 scale” (Coordinate Reference Systems Used as 100,000 years ago. It was at the turn of the third millennium B.C. in Albania to Date, Nikolli, P., & Idrizi, B., FIG Working Week 2011, that an Indo-European population settled there. As a result of the Morocco, 18-22 May 2011). The Second Austro-Hungarian Triangula- mixture, a population incorporating the unique cultural and linguistic tion (II Military Triangulation 1806-1869) used the Vienna University characteristics of the whole Balkan Peninsula (pelages) was created. Observatory as the datum origin for regions that included Albania, Based on this ancient population, the Illyrian people developed where: Φo = 48º 12’ 35.50” N, Λo = 34º 02’ 36.00” East of Ferro, the through the second millennium and the first centuryB.C . After its fall azimuth to Leopoldsberg, αo = 163º 42’ 12.27”and the Bessel 1841 in the year 30 B.C. Illyria came under the control of Roman Empire. ellipsoid of revolution where the semi-major axis (a) = 6,377,397.155 1 With the division of the Roman Empire (395 A.D.), Illyria became a meters and the reciprocal of flattening ( /f) = 299.1528. The reference part of the Byzantine Empire. meridian used was Ferro in the Canary Islands, where: 17º 39’ 46.02” “The country has suffered continuous invasions over the last 1000 West of Greenwich. The K.u.K.
    [Show full text]