URBAN STREETSCAPE THE ROLE OF STREET AS URBAN OPEN SPACE FOR URBAN REGENERATION IN DUTCH NEIGHBOURHOOD GRADUATION STUDIO URBAN REGENERATION IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT 2012-2013 Juyoung Jung, 4182790 Mentor team: 1st mentor: Paul Stouten, Dr. Ir. P.L.M. 2nd mentor: John Westrik, Ir. J.A. External examiner: Andre Mulder Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture Department of Urbanism Urban regeneration in the European context June. 24th. 2013 PREFACE PREFACE The Netherlands is one of the fi rst countries that have This report discusses the case of Carnisse, a neigh- implemented Pedestrian Oriented Design (POD) concept bourhood in the southern part of Rotterdam. In order in the urban area. ‘Woonerf’ (it can be roughly translated to develop this project, the neighbourhood was ana- in English as ‘Living yard’) was the most popular type lysed within the city, district and neighbourhood scale. of POD in 1970s. ‘Woonerf’ aimed to infl uence driver’s The analysis of Carnisse showed some possible rea- behaviour and improve both the safety and quality of life sons that could make the neighbourhood deprived. on the street. It gave the street the functions of meeting place, playground, and walking area. Consequently, it made playful and creative urban landscape, and was very successful in the Netherlands. Moreover, it has spread throughout Western European countries such as Ger- many, Denmark, and the UK(Hamilton-Baillie, 2008). In the case of UK, the concept of ‘Home Zones’ was developed from the original concept of ‘Woonerf (resi- dential area with restrictions to slow down traffi c)’, and it was implemented in order to revitalise deprived neigh- bourhoods. The increasing in attention to road safety and environmental issues in the UK has made the concept of ‘Home Zones’ popular. In 1999, the British government created guidelines for the home zones, and it has included 14 pilot home zone projects. Home zones are considered as places for social interaction and intended, create a greater sense of pride and ownership in the street by the government of the UK. Consequently, Home zones are expected to improve the liveability in the deprived neighbourhoods (Clayden et al., 2006). However, it is hard to fi nd this kind of approach, for example home zones, to improve the condition of deprived neighbourhoods. The main goal of this project is to introduce Pedestrian Oriented Street Design as an approach to improve the liveability of Dutch neighbourhood. In the northern part of the Netherlands, there are some examples of POD, in the form of ‘Shared Space’. However, this approach is more focused on the development of a shopping street rather than of a whole neighbourhood. Thus, this report proposes the developed of Pedestrian Oriented Design in residential streets using with the case of Carnisse. In order to achieve the aims of this project and answer the research questions, diverse theories and discussions were reviewed. There are already many discussions Delft, May 2013 about the value of street as an urban open space. They point out that the street takes the largest portion of urban open space (Woolley, 2003), it is the place where people can experience the city(Glaser, 2012), and where public socialising and community enjoyment in daily life can occur (Jacobs, 1993). Thus, this report searches for the possibilities of POD in the process of urban regeneration. CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAME- CHAPTER THREE: CASE STUDY WORK 1.1 AIMS OF THE PROJECT 8 2.1 URBAN REGENERATION 24 3.1 APPROACHES IN THE NETHERLANDS 48 DEFINITION OF URBAN REGENERATION WOONERF(RESIDENTIAL AREA WITH RESTRICTIONS 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT AREA 9 CASE OF THE UK TO SLOW DOWN TRAFFIC) 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT 10 CASE OF THE NETHERLANDS 30 Km/h zones 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION 13 CASE OF ROTTERDAM SHARED SPACE 1.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 14 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION 1.6 RELEVANCE OF THIS PROJECT 18 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS 20 2.2 URBAN OPEN SPACE 3.2 WOONERF IN DELFT 55 DEFINITION OF URBAN OPEN SPACE PAXLAAN SOCIAL BENEFITS OF URBAN OPEN SPACE DIAMANTPAD ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF URBAN OPEN SPACE CONCLUSION ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF URBAN OPEN SPACE CONCLUSION 3.3 SHARED SPACE 61 HAREN 2.3 PEDESTRIAN ORIENTED STREET 35 DRACHTEN WHY STREET CONCLUSION REQUIREMENTS OF STREET FOR PEOPLE EFFECTS AND LIMITATION 3.4 CONCLUSION 70 CONCLUSION 2.4 CONCLUSION 42 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS OF CAR- CHAPTER FIVE: DESIGN PROPOSAL CHAPTER SIX: CONCLUSION NISSE 4.1 HISTORY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF 5.1 INTRODUCTION 110 6.1 MAIN QUESTION OF THE THESIS 160 CARNISSE 74 KEY ISSUES AND INITIATIVES URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF CARNISSE 6.2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE APPROACH161 CONCLUSION 5.2 DESIGN PRINCIPLE FOR PEDESTRIAN ORI- ENTED STREET 113 6.3 MAIN PROPOSAL 162 4.2 ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA 79 6.4 MAIN BENEFITS AND LIMITATION OF THE POPULATION 5.3 STRATEGIC PLAN 114 PROPOSAL 163 HOUSEHOLDS CONCLUSION 5.4 PEDESTRIAN ORIENTED STREET REFLECTION 116 4.3 URBAN FABRIC 83 STREET HIERARCHY BUILT AREA SHARED SPACE LANDSCAPE AND OPEN SPACE NEW WOONERF PUBLIC BUILDING PLEINWEG AND DORPSWEG STREET PROFILE CONCLUSION 5.5 NEW FAMILY HOUSING 132 PLAN OF NEW FAMILY HOUSING LANDUSE OF GROUND LEVEL 4.4 NETWORK OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD 91 PLOT AREA NETWORK OF PEDESTRIAN SECTION OF NEW FAMILY HOUSING NETWORK OF BICYCLE NETWORK OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK OF PRIVATE VEHICLE 6.6 RESTRUCTURING OF URBNA FABRIC CONCLUSION GOEREESESTRAAT TEXELSESTRAAT 4.5 ANALYSIS OF HOUSING SITUATION 98 NUMBER OF DWELLINGS 5.7 NEW TRAM LINE 150 HOUSING CONDITION TENURE CONDITION CONCLUSION 4.6 ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL INDEX 103 SOCIAL INDEX EVALUATION OF SOCIAL INDEX OF CARNISSE CONCLUSION 4.7 CONCLUSION 107 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIMS OF THE PROJECT The ultimate purpose of this project is to propose a street design which can improve the liveability of a deprived neigh- bourhood in an urban area. In order to achieve this goal, four detailed goals have been set up. Each detailed goal has become the aim of the chapter of theoretical framework, analysis and design proposal. Firstly, the theoretical framework considers three main questions: why the improvement of streets is important in the fi eld of urban regeneration; what pedestrian oriented design for the residential street is; and what the criteria for the analysis of the project site and the design principles for the design proposal are. Secondly, the analysis has a goal of evaluating the streets of the project area by several criteria from the theoretical framework. Lastly, design proposal aims to introduce the pedestrian oriented design to the residential street in an urban area, Carnisse in the city of Rotterdam. The proposal aims to fi nd a way that it is able to apply the fi ndings from the previous chapters, theoretical frame work, analysis and case study. MAIN AIMS OF THE PROJECT CHAPTERS ROLE OF STREET THEORETICAL IN THE PROCESS OF URBAN REGENERATION FRAMEWORK ROLE OF URBAN OPEN SPACE CASE STUDY IN THE PROCESS OF URBAN REGENERATION EVALUATION OF ANALYSIS OF PROJECT SITE CARNISSE INTRODUCING OF DESIGN PEDESTRIAN ORIENTED STREET PROPOSAL 8 INTRODUCTION 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT AREA The project area is a neighbourhood located in the Zuiderpark is the biggest city park in Rotterdam. The southern part of Rotterdam, called ‘Carnisse’. Carnisse park, built 1952, has several allotments and many sports is located in the centre of the district of Charlois. The neigh- fi elds. In 2006, the park was renovated greatly. A number bourhood can be easily defi ned by Pleinweg, Dorpsweg, of allotments were demolished and new ponds were con- and Zuiderpark. structed to increase the capacity for water storage. The Carnisse neighbourhood has a number of advan- Ahoy Rotterdam is multi-functional event place. The tages as a place to live for people who move to Rotterdam. current buildings are constructed from 1968 until 1980. The It has very good connections with city centre and other Ahoy is used for exhibitions, conferences and seminars. In districts by private cars and public transport. 2006, the concert hall and sports arena were constructed, which is now is used as cultural centre. Carnisse is close to the Maastunnel and Erasmusbrug, and they connect the neighbourhood with the city centre. Zuidplein is the main shopping area in the southern part Carnisse also has a big hub of public transportation with of Rotterdam. Ahoy, Ikazia hospital and the police station two metro lines and more than twenty bus lines. Thus, the of Zuidplein are all within walking distance. Furthermore, neighbourhood is considered as a very well-connected this shopping mall is connected with metro station, and the area. bus station. These are Zuiderpark, the Ahoy, and the Zuidplein, and There are more than 650 houses in Carnisse, which they provide various leisure programmes for the inhabitants are relatively cheap, compare to other neighbourhood in of Carnisse. Rotterdam. Carnisse Zuidplein Ahoy Zuiderpark District of Charlois Neighbourhood of Carnisse INTRODUCTION 9 1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT URBAN OPEN SPACE IN URBAN REGENERATION The hypothesis of this thesis is that urban open space can play a key role in the process of urban regeneration. The urban open space has social, ecological, and economic benefi ts, and they can contribute to achieve the goals of the urban regeneration. In order to make a conclusion for the hypothesis, the report searches the urban regeneration of the UK and the Netherlands to understand what the urban regeneration is. This report uses the Sykes and Roberts (2000)’s defi nition of urban regeneration because their defi nition explains the social, economic, physical, and environmental issues of urban regeneration in the UK. Besides, Stouten (2010) who explains the urban regeneration of the Netherlands uses their defi nition, too.