THE ELGAR COMPANION TO DEVELOPMENT STUDIES In memory of my father, David Michael Clark 28 October 1943–25 October 2003 The Elgar Companion to Development Studies Edited by David Alexander Clark Research Associate, Global Poverty Research Group, Universities of Manchester and Oxford and Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester, UK Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA © David A. Clark 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Glensanda House Montpellier Parade Cheltenham Glos GL50 1UA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc. 136 West Street Suite 202 Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data The Elgar companion to development studies / edited by David Alexander Clark. p. cm. – (Elgar original reference) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Development economics. 2. Economic development. I. Clark, David, 1972– II. Series. HD75 E42 2006 338.9—dc22 2005058953 ISBN-13: 978 1 84376 475 5 (cased) ISBN-10: 1 84376 475 X (cased) Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents List of figures ix List of tables x List of contributors xi List of reviewers xxi List of common abbreviations xxiii Preface xxiv Introduction: Development Studies in the Twenty-First Century David A. Clark xxvi Ageing and Development Peter Lloyd-Sherlock 1 Agriculture and Economic Growth C. Peter Timmer 5 Assets, Markets and Entitlement Julian May 10 Basic Needs Approach Frances Stewart 14 Bauer, Peter Tamas (1915–2002) Walter Elkan 19 Boserup, Ester (b. 1910) Irene Tinker 24 Cambridge Controversies in Growth Theory Avi J. Cohen 27 Capability Approach David A. Clark 32 Capitalism and Development John Sender and Jonathan R. Pincus 45 Child Labour Kristoffel Lieten 50 Child Poverty Santosh Mehrotra 54 Chronic Poverty David Hulme 61 Class Alastair Greig, David Hulme and Mark Turner 67 Colonialism Stephen Howe 72 Conflict and Conflict Resolution Tom Woodhouse 76 Corporate Social Responsibility David Birch 81 Cost–Benefit Analysis for Development John Weiss 85 Crisis Management David Alexander 90 Culture and Development Des Gasper 96 Debt Crisis A.P. Thirlwall 102 Democracy and Development Irma Adelman 105 Dependency John S. Saul and Colin Leys 111 Development Ethics Denis Goulet 115 Diploma Disease Angela W. Little 121 Disability and Development Barbara Harriss-White and Devi Sridhar 126 Disaster Mitigation Ailsa Holloway 130 The Domar Model Robert M. Solow 135 East Asian Crisis Kaushik Basu 138 Economic Aid Howard White 141 Education for All and the Millennium Development Goals Keith M. Lewin 145 Education, Returns to Geeta Kingdon 152 v vi Contents Endogenous Growth Heinz D. Kurz 158 Environment and Development David Pearce 164 Ethnicity Robert H. Bates 167 Famine as a Social Phenomenon S.R. Osmani 174 Food Security John Cathie 178 Foreign Direct Investment Luiz de Mello 183 Gender and Development Ruth Pearson 189 Global Inequalities Richard Jolly 196 Globalisation and Development Leslie Sklair 200 Globalisation and Development Policy Ian Goldin 204 Green Revolution and Biotechnology Jonathan R. Pincus 207 Haq, Mahbub ul (1934–1998) Sakiko Fukuda-Parr and Selim Jahan 213 The Harrod Model of Growth and Some Early Reactions to It G.C. Harcourt 219 Hill, Polly (1914–2005) C.A. Gregory 223 Hirschman, Albert Otto (b. 1915) Osvaldo Feinstein 226 History and Development Studies Amiya Bagchi 230 HIV/AIDS and Development Tony Barnett 236 Human Capital Sriya Iyer 240 Human Development Mozaffar Qizilbash 245 Human Development and Economic Growth Gustav Ranis 250 Human Development Index Amartya K. Sen 256 Human Rights Bas de Gaay Fortman 260 Human Security Selim Jahan 266 Income Distribution Richard Jolly 272 Inequality Measurement James E. Foster 275 Informal Sector Employment Jan Breman 281 Institutions and Development Pranab Bardhan 285 Internal Migration and Rural Livelihood Diversification Rachel Murphy 289 International Trade Arvind Panagariya 295 Kaldor, Nicholas (1908–1986) J.S.L. McCombie 299 Kalecki, Michal⁄ (1899–1970) Jan Toporowski 304 Kindleberger, Charles Poor (1910–2003) Mic´a Panic´ 309 Kuznets, Simon (1901–1985) Moshe Syrquin 315 Labour Markets Guy Standing 323 Land Reform Henry Bernstein 328 Least Developed Countries Dharam Ghai 333 The Lewis Model Prabhat Patnaik 337 Lewis, (William) Arthur (1915–1991) Andrew S. Downes 341 Livelihoods Approach Frank Ellis 345 Marx, Karl (1818–1883) Peter Nolan 350 Media Communications and Development Rachel Murphy 356 Microfinance Michael Woolcock 363 Migration for Rural Work Ben Rogaly 365 Migration, International Ronald Skeldon 370 Contents vii Militarism and Development Jean Drèze 375 Military Expenditure and Economic Growth Jean Drèze 377 Millennium Development Goals Howard White 382 Missing Women Stephan Klasen 389 Modernisation Theory Ray Kiely 395 Myrdal, Gunnar (1898–1987) Paul Streeten 399 National Accounting John M. Hartwick 405 National Economic Planning Paul G. Hare 409 Nationalism and Development John Harriss 414 NGOs and Civil Society Anthony Bebbington and Sam Hickey 417 North, Douglass (b. 1920) Alexander J. Field 423 Participatory Research Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi 427 Planning Marshall Goldman 432 Population and Development Tim Dyson 436 Population: Policy and Ethics Shailaja Fennell 441 Post-Development Arturo Escobar 447 Poverty and Growth Martin Ravallion 451 Poverty Measurement Stefan Dercon 457 Poverty, Characteristics of Mamphela Ramphele 465 Prebisch, Raul (1901–1986) Edgar J. Dosman 468 Privatisation Paul Cook, Colin Kirkpatrick and David Parker 473 Property Rights and Development Daniel W. Bromley 479 Public Works Anna McCord 484 Purchasing Power Parity John Cullis 488 Rawls, John (1921–2002) Nigel Dower 494 Refugees Khalid Koser 499 Religion and Development Sabina Alkire 502 Rent Seeking and Corruption Mushtaq Khan 510 Robinson, (Edward) Austin (Gossage) (1897–1993) G.C. Harcourt 520 Robinson, Joan (1903–1983) G.C. Harcourt 525 Rural Poverty Reduction Frank Ellis 530 Seers, Dudley (1920–1983) Mike Faber 535 Sen, Amartya Kumar (b. 1933) Carl Riskin 540 Sharecropping Terence J. Byres 545 Singer, Hans (1910–2006) D. John Shaw 549 Smith, Adam (1723–1790) Peter Nolan 554 Social Capital Ben Fine 559 Social Exclusion Adolfo Figueroa 563 Social Justice Christopher Bertram 568 The Solow–Swan Model Robert Dixon 573 State and Development Atul Kohli 579 Stock Market and Economic Development Ajit Singh 584 Streeten, Paul Patrick (b. 1917) Hugh Stretton 591 Structural Adjustment Howard Stein 596 Structural Transformation Moshe Syrquin 601 viii Contents Structure and Agency Jan Douwe van der Ploeg 607 Sustainable Consumption David Pearce 612 Sustainable Development David Pearce 615 Technology and Development Sanjaya Lall 620 Tinbergen, Jan (1903–1994) Louis Emmerij 626 Tourism and Development Ron Ayres 629 Trade and Industrial Policy Ha-Joon Chang 633 Trade Negotiations and Protectionism Chien Yen Goh 637 Transition Michael Ellman 643 Transnational Corporations Bruce Weisse 648 Uneconomic Growth Herman E. Daly 654 Urban Livelihoods Carole Rakodi 659 Urbanisation and Third World Cities David Satterthwaite 664 Vulnerability and Coping Frank Ellis 671 Washington Consensus John Weeks and Howard Stein 676 Water and Development Jaqui Goldin 680 Index 687 Figures 1 Economic impact of major disasters: 1990s worldwide data on 58 events 90 2 The international disaster relief system 91 3 Complex emergencies active in early 2004 92 4 Age–earnings profiles, by education level 153 5Environment and development: the linkages 166 6 Nominal flows of aid, capital and remittances to developing countries 206 7Kaldor’s two-sector growth model 301 8 The basic livelihoods framework 346 9 Sustainable and optimal consumption paths 615 10 Vulnerability as a risk sequence 672 11 Resilience and sensitivity as vulnerability dimensions 674 ix Tables 1Key indicators of poverty and development xxxi 2 Selected development indicators for the ten-largest developing countries, 1960–2001 48 3 The six Dakar Goals 146 4 Evidence on returns to education, by estimation method 154 5Foreign direct investment flows, 1970–2001 184 6 Global HIV/AIDS estimates, end of 2005 238 7 The global HIV/AIDS epidemic by major world regions, 2005 238 8 Human rights in a functional as well as an instrumental setting 264 9Labour costs per unit (in person days) 295 10 The Millennium Development Goals 383 11 Progress towards the MDGs 388 12 Missing women, latest estimates and trends 390 13 The real exchange rate and international competitiveness 492 14 Shares of economic structure associated with levels of per capita income 604 15 Some estimates of total per capita wealth, 1990 618 16 Genuine savings as a percentage of GNP 618 17 Distribution of the world’s urban population by region, 1950–2010 665 18 Distribution of the world’s largest cities by region, over time 666 x Contributors Irma Adelman,Professor in the Graduate School, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. David Alexander, Scientific Director, Region of Lombardy Advanced School of Civil Protection, Milan, Italy. Sabina Alkire,Research Associate, Global Equity Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. Ron Ayres,Professor of Economics and