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A Study on Mango Economy of Malda District, West Bengal

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A Study on Mango Economy of Malda District, West Bengal National Geographical Journal of India, An International Peer-reviewed and refereed Journal of India (NGSI-BHU, ISSN: 0027-9374/2015/1550), vol. 61 (2), June : 129-140 A Study on Mango Economy of Malda District, West Bengal Shamsul Haque Siddiqui, Nasim Aktar and Chand Sultana Mango is called “the king of all fruits” on account of its nutritive value, taste, attractive fragrance and health promoting qualities. Malda, district of West Bengal, popularly known as ‘Mango city’ not only in the State but all over India due to its varieties. The present study is deals with two parts. First part deals with the block-wise growth pattern in terms of area, production and yield of mango which increased during 1990-91 to 2010-11. The compound annual growth rate of area, production and yield of mango is 1.18 %, 5.92 % and 4.69 % respectively. The second part is an attempt to understand the inter-linkages between the stakeholders and the role of aratdars (middlemen) in marketing channels where all the profits consumed by the aratdars (middlemen) or traders than the growers. Therefore, the farmers did not get the actual value of mango. Mechanization, diversification and commercialization of agriculture resulted in shifting of cropping pattern from traditional crops to new crops, which had contributed to the increased area and production under mango in the study region. Changing demand pattern also contributed significantly to shifting of more area under production of mango. Keywords : The king of all fruits, Growth Pattern, Inter-Linkages, Stakeholders, Malda. Introduction India. It is general concern among the people The Mango, Mangifera indica L, which that mango is a fruit for all, everybody belongs to the family of Anacardiaceae, is one consuming this fruit either a poor or a rich of the most important tropical and subtropical community. Mango has been in cultivation in fruits of the world and is popular both in fresh Indian subcontinent for well over 4,000 years and processed forms. It is called as the king of and has been the most favorite fruit since ages. fruits on account of its nutritive value, taste, Mango is nutritious and an excellent attractive fragrance and health promoting source of carotene as compared to other fruits. qualities. It is a delicious, exotic and nutritional A 100 gram of edible portion of the mango fruit giving vitamins A and B to the human contains about 1,990 mcg of beta-carotene beings. In many languages it is called the mother (vitamin A), which is much higher than the same of all tropical fruits and is the national fruit of in other fruits. Eating mangoes in the season Prof. Shamsul Haque Siddiqui, Chairman and DRS Co-ordinator, Nasim Aktar, Senior Research Scholar and Chand Sultana, Research Fellow, Department of Geography, A.M.U. Aligarh. E:\BHU\BHU.PM5 (129) 130 Shamsul Haque Siddiqui, Nasim Aktar and Chand Sultana may provide a store of vitamin A in the liver, The Mango fruit varies considerably in size, sufficient to last for the rest of the year and shape, color, presence of fiber, flavor, taste and highly beneficial for the prevention of vitamin several other characters. The shape of the fruit A deficient disorders, like night blindness. varies from round to ovate-oblong or longish, Mangoes, both ripe and unripe, are good source with the length ranging from 2.5 to 30 cm in of vitamin C. About 16 mg of vitamin C is different varieties. The weight of mango goes present in 100 gram of mango. Ripe mango up to 2.5 kg for some varieties. However, the provides a good source of calories and supplies average size of mango available in India 74 kcal per 100 gram. marked weighs about 200-350 grams. The ripe Mechanization, diversification and fruit is yellow, orange or red in color; usually commercialization of agriculture resulted in reddish on the side facing the sun. Mango is shifting of cropping pattern from traditional well adapted to tropical and sub-tropical crops to new crops, which had contributed to climates. The ideal temperature ranged for the increased area and production under mango. mango is 240C to 300C during the growing Changing demand pattern also contributed season, along with high humidity. A rainfall significantly to shifting of more area under ranging from 890 mm to 1015 mm in a year is production of mango. However, marketing and considered to be ideal for growing mangoes. processing of mango have not picked up Dry weather before blossoming is conducive proportionate with the level of production. to profuse flowering. Mangoes, ripe or unripe, Further, supportive mechanism in the form of are widely used as a fresh fruit. It is also used agriculture inputs, post-harvest infrastructure to make juice, milk shake, pulp, jam, jelly, pickle set up, such as packaging, pre cooling, cold and chatni. Ripe mango is often cut into thin storage, pack houses, marketing system, and layers, desiccated, folded and then cut and sold institutional credit have not come up in as mango chewy bars. Pieces of the fruit can proportion to the increase in production of fruit. be mashed and used in ice-cream. Dried unripe The various commonly grown commercial mango, mainly amchur is used as a spice in varieties are Rani Pasand, Bombai, Bimli, Biara, India. Bhababi, Bariha, Fazli, Golapkhas, Golapbhog, Literature Review Anaras, Champa, Molaemjam, Himsagar, Sundaresan and Thanesekaran (1984) in Sadoulla, Nabab Pasand, Mohanbhog, Langra, their study on production and marketing of Surma Fazli, Chausa, Kalapahar, Kohitoor, grapes identified severity of diseases, pest Neelam, Dashehari etc. Recently introduced attack, lack of adequate capital facilities to varieties are Mallika and AmraPalli. meet the initial establishment costs and high The mango tree is a large branched cost of inputs as the major production problem, perennial tree with height of 30-40 m and a while unorganized market structure, high crown radius spreading about 10 m. The marketing costs unnecessary deductions and flowers are produced in terminal panicles of lack of finance facilities rank as the important 10-40 cm long and each flower has 5 petals of marketing problems. 5-10 mm long. After flowering, the fruit, which Patil et al., (1988) analyzed the marketing is a drupe, takes three to six months to ripe. E:BHU\BHU.PM5 (130) A Study on Mango Economy of Malda District, West Bengal 131 costs and price-spread for mangoes in four Objectives marketing channels. Among the four channels, 1. To analyze the growth patterns in area, direct sale from producer to consumer was production and productivity of mango in Malda found to be the most profitable, while the one District during 1990-91 to 2010-11. through pre-harvest contractor was the least 2. To study the cultivation practices of profitable. mango as also the adoption of modern N. Srinivasan (1990) in his paper on technology, along with the economics of mango “Competitive Agricultural Marketing System orchards. Prospects in 21st Century” explain that in the 3. To describe the aspects relating to northern districts of Tamil Nadu like Cuddalore export of mango, price spread, various channels, and Villupuram, Regulated Markets have a their efficiency, etc. record of good performance whereas in the 4. To analyze the marketing problems of southern districts like Tirunelveli and mango cultivation of Malda District. Virudhunagar, their performance is very poor. 5. To offer suitable suggestions for the Though a very large number of farmers are improvement of production and marketing of aware of the existence of regulated markets, mangoes in Malda District. only a few of them avail of the marketing facilities offered by the regulated markets. Data base and Methodology Ram Prakash Srivastava (1998) has The study is based on secondary sources studied the mango cultivation it includes the of data as well as interviewed in course of field cultivation practices from planting to till survey from the growers. Secondary data was marketing of mango and also his studied history, collected mainly from published sources of origin and nomenclatures of mango, disease State Governments, District Horticulture affected to the mango. Department and others many governmental Kusum Budhwar (2002) studied the agencies. Romance of mango, which includes a detailed Study Area: description of mango by a history and lore, For the present study Malda district of botany of the mango plant and using the mango. the state of West Bengal has been taken which It is a complete study of the king of fruits. lies between latitudinal and longitudinal figures Krisagar, et. al., (2003) analyzed the of 240 40´20½ N to 250 32´08½ N and Marketing of Mango in South Konkan Region 87045´50½ E to 88028´10½E respectively and of Maharastra State. The farmers reported that surrounded by Bangladesh and Dakhsin in Vashi market mangoes are not having healthy Dinajpur in East, Santhal Parganas of State of competition among traders while purchasing Jharkhand in West, Uttar Dinajpur in North and mango, also reported by the farmers that price Murshidabad in South. The district of Malda received from wholesaler of Vashi market less has total area of 3733 sq.km (census 2011) and than their expectation.*, ** The*** traders decide the the total population of Malda district is 39, 88,845 price secretly. The farmers faced problems of (census 2011). For administrative purpose the skilled labour at the time of harvesting of district has been divided into fifteen Blocks. mangoes and have to pay heavy transport cost. The region of mature alluvium that had given E:\BHU\BHU.PM5 (131) 132 Shamsul Haque Siddiqui, Nasim Aktar and Chand Sultana Fig.1 North Bengal its old historical name of Varendri Bangladesh, forming an upland rising to or Barendri is known today as the Barind.
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