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Sánchez Villena TUTOR/A ACADÉMICO: Neus Sanjuan Pellicer

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Sánchez Villena TUTOR/A ACADÉMICO: Neus Sanjuan Pellicer UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE VALÈNCIA ANÁLISIS DEL CICLO DE VIDA DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE VID EN CASTILLA-LA-MANCHA TRABAJO FIN DE MÁSTER UNIVERSITARIO EN CIENCIA E INGENIERÍA DE LOS ALIMENTOS ALUMNO/A: Irene Sánchez Villena TUTOR/A ACADÉMICO: Neus Sanjuan Pellicer Curso Académico:2017/2018 VALENCIA, SEPTIEMBRE 2018 TITULO: ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA EN LA PRODUCCIÓN DE VID EN CASTILLA LA MANCHA. LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF WINE GRAPE PRODUCTION IN CASTILLA LA MANCHA RESUMEN: El objetivo del presente proyecto es realizar una evaluación ambiental de la producción de uva en Castilla-La Mancha mediante análisis del ciclo de vida. Para ello, se han tomado tres productores representativos de la zona evaluando la campaña 2016-2017., se han considerado dos unidades funcionales: 1 kg de uva y 1 hectárea de suelo. Se evalúan diversas categorías de impacto de carácter global y regional mediante la metodología Recipe 1.08. Las emisiones de campo son las etapas del ciclo de vida que más contribuyen al cambio climático como consecuencia de la aplicación de fertilizantes. El transporte de fertilizantes y fungicidas también juega un papel importante en las categorías de impacto. PALABRAS CLAVE: Análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV), uva, unidad funcional, emisiones, categorías de impacto, Castilla-La Mancha. ABSTRACT The goal of this project is to carry out an environmental assessment of grape production in Castilla-La Mancha through life cycle assessment. To this aim, three representative producers of the area have been considered, and the 2016-2017 campaign has been evaluated. In order to evaluate the intensification effect of agricultural plantations, two functional units have been considered: 1 kg of grapes and 1 hectare of soil. Several impact categories corresponding to global and regional impacts have been evaluated through the Recipe 1.08 methodology. It is observed that field emissions are the stages of the life cycle that contribute the most to climate change as a result of the application of fertilizers, fungicides and the use of water for its cultivation. Due to the use of fertilizers and fungicides the stages of transport and production of fertilizers and fungicides also play an important role in the impact categories KEYWORDS: life cycle assessment (LCA), grape, functional unit, emissions, impact categories, Castilla La Mancha. RESUM L'objectiu del present projecte és realitzar una avaluació ambiental de la producció de raïm a castella-la Manxa per mitjà d'anàlisi del cicle de vida. Per a això, s'han pres tres productors representatius de la zona avaluant la campanya 2016-2017. A fi d'avaluar l'efecte d'intensificació de les plantacions agrícoles, s'han considerat dos unitats funcionals: 1 kg de raïm i 1 hectàrea de sòl. S'avaluen diverses categories d'impacte de caràcter global i regional per mitjà de la metodologia Reesguitó 2016. S'observa que les emissions de camp són les etapes del cicle de vida que més contribuïxen al canvi climàtic com a conseqüència de l'aplicació de fertilitzants, fungicides i l'ús d'aigua per al seu cultiu. A causa de l'ús de fertilitzants i fungicides les etapes de transport i producció de fertilitzants i fungicides també juguen un paper important en les categories d'impacte 2 PALAURES CLAU: Anàlisi de cicle de vida (ACV), raïm, unitat funcional, emissions, categories d’impacte, Castella la Manxs. 3 1. INTRODUCCIÓN. 1.1.Producción de vino en Castilla-La Mancha. La industria del vino es un sector importante en muchos países mediterráneos, siendo España el tercer productor de vino del mundo, después de Francia e Italia. De los 33.5 millones de hectolitros de vino que se producen en España, 17 millones, es decir, más del 50% de su producción, se centra en la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-la Mancha (Fernández et al 2011). Dentro de esta, Albacete abarca 5 millones de hectolitros perteneciendo alrededor de un 4% a la variedad Garnacha tintorera, variedad de uva objeto de este estudio Actualmente se detecta una creciente demanda por parte del consumidor de productos sostenibles. Este hecho se refleja en la viticultura ecológica, en la que España es pionera a nivel europeo, alrededor de un 2% del 9% total de superficie destinada a la viticultura es ecológica. (MAPAMA, 2017). No obstante, la agricultura sostenible no solo implica ser respetuoso con el medio ambiente, sino que también implica la capacidad de los agroecosistemas para seguir siendo productivos a largo plazo, es decir producir alimentos de alta calidad, económicamente competitivos y que abastezcan las demandas del consumidor. Por ello los agricultores necesitan conocer no solo los costes de producción, sino también las causas de los impactos ambientales con el fin de promover las medidas necesarias para conseguir una producción sostenible. Con el fin de cuantificar el impacto sobre el medioambiente que causa la actividad agrícola surge el análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV). EL ACV, según las normas ISO 14040 y 14044, es una herramienta de contabilidad de impacto ambiental que ofrece un marco estandarizado y metodológico para identificar, cuantificar y evaluar los impactos ambientales de un producto o sistema de producción a lo largo de todo su ciclo de vida, es decir, desde la producción de las materias primas, pasando por la fabricación, distribución y uso, hasta a la disposición final del producto o sus desechos. Los estudios de ACV han tenido una amplia cabida en la viticultura, observándose desarrollos tanto para los vinos del “Viejo Mundo” en España, Italia, Francia o Portugal como para los vinos del “Nuevo Mundo” como en Canadá, Australia y Chile. Según estos estudios (por ejemplo, Aranda et al., 2005, Pizzigallo et al., 2008 y Neto et al., 2013) las principales actividades que contribuyen al impacto medioambiental del vino son la etapa de viticultura entre un 30-50% del total de etapas incluidas en el ACV y, en segundo lugar, la fase de embotellado en bodega, como consecuencia de la producción de las botellas de vidrio. Otras etapas como el transporte también son reseñadas en otros estudios (Point, 2008) mostrando variabilidad en los resultados dependiendo de la distancia, del medio de transporte usado y la eficiencia en la gestión logística. Por este motivo, el objetivo de este proyecto ha sido analizar los impactos medioambientales de la uva hasta la puerta de la explotación agrícola, es decir, se estudió la fase agrícola de la producción del vino, en concreto de un vino tinto, de una pequeña localidad de Castilla La Mancha, utilizando para ello la metodología de análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV). 4 2. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS El análisis del ciclo de vida que se expone a continuación se ha realizado basándose en las indicaciones y estructuras propuestas por las normas ISO 14040 y 14044. (Figura1) FIGURA 1. Fases del análisis del ciclo de vida y las interconexiones entre ellas. 2.1.Definición del objetivo del estudio. Este estudio contempla el cultivo de 202 ha de uva, de un pequeño municipio al sureste de la comunidad autónoma de Castilla-la Mancha, Alpera, cuya principal actividad económica es el cultivo de uva para vinificación. Para ello, Alpera cuenta con la Cooperativa Santa Cruz de Alpera, que engloba todas las parcelas del municipio, con una superficie total de 3000 ha, en su mayoría cultivadas con la variedad garnacha tintorera. El objeto de este proyecto es evaluar el perfil medioambiental de la producción ecológica de uva de la variedad garnacha tintorera. Para ello se han escogido las fincas de tres agricultores representativos. A partir de los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación, se pretende identificar los puntos criticos para así poder realizar una propuesta de mejora del cultivo desde el punto de vista ambiental. 2.2.Definición del alcance del estudio. 2.2.1. Unidad funcional. La unidad funcional (UF) es la unidad de referencia del estudio en base a la cual se refleja el objetivo buscado y a través de la cual se expresarán los resultados de los impactos ambientales. Los sistemas agrícolas son multifuncionales, su función principal es la producción de alimentos, por lo que se seleccionó una unidad funcional basada en la masa de producto, 1 kg de uva. Conjuntamente la agricultura también contribuye a la preservación del paisaje, y el mantenimiento de los agroecosistemas forestales y acuáticos, por este motivo se ha escogido una segunda UF basada en área, 1 hectárea de cultivo. 2.2.2. Descripción del sistema a estudiar. La muestra del estudio corresponde a tres agricultores que abarcan una superficie total de 202 ha a los cuales se les va a denominar Agricultor A, Agricultor B y Agricultor C. Se 5 decidió escoger dicha muestra pues tras recabar datos con el técnico de campo responsable de la dirección de todas las explotaciones que abastecen a la Cooperativa Santa Cruz, se llegó a la conclusión de que los cultivos ecológicos presentan poca variabilidad en las prácticas agrícolas y, por lo tanto, con tres agricultores y un conjunto de 202 ha se puede estimar que la muestra es representativa. Las características de los tres agricultores se muestran en la tabla 1. TABLA 1 Descripción de los principales rasgos de las explotaciones de los agricultores seleccionados AGRICULTORES A B C VARIEDAD DE UVA Garnacha tintorera SUPERFICIE TOTAL EN PRODUCCIÓN (ha) TOTAL 120 40 42 Vaso 98 18 22 Espaldera 22 22 20 TIPO DE RIEGO Secano (ha) 120 30 27 Riego a goteo (ha) 0 10 15 Consumo de agua 0 450 300 (m3/ha·año) FERTILIZACIÓN Y FUNGICIDAS Dosis total de estiércol de 12000 7000 19047 oveja (kg/ha) Dosis total abono 2000 - - orgánico comercial (kg/ha) Aplicación estiércol oveja Cada 3 o 4 años Cada 3 Cada 3 años años Aplicación abono Anual - - orgánico comercial Fungicida Azufre Azufre - Fertirrigación NO NO Estiércol de oveja RECOLECCIÓN Época 01/09/17- 10/09/17- 15/09/17- 15/09/17 10/10/17 30-09/17 Rendimiento vaso (kg 5000 5000 6000 uva/ha) Rendimiento espaldera 6000 5000 10000 (kg uva/ha) La temporada se inicia tras la vendimia, concretamente a principios de octubre se realiza el laboreo mediante el uso de cultivadores.
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