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Home , Buster Keaton, Deadpan, Silent comedy, The High Sign

A Level Studies - Focus Film Factsheet compilation: One Week (1920), The Scarecrow (1920), The ‘High Sign’ (1921) and Cops (1922) (Keaton, US)

an appreciation of the gag, while close ups Component 2: Global Filmmaking allow us to focus on characters’ emotions. Perspectives (AL) • In the horse-drawn procession scene in Cops, Keaton is depicted in the foreground trying Core Study Areas: to take a nap – deep-focus is used to show Key Elements of Film Form us the city unfurling in the background. In Meaning & Response these two-reelers, Keaton’s character is often The Contexts of Film placed at the centre of the frame to allow the audience to focus on how he interacts with a chaotic and mechanical world. Specialist Study Area: • Keaton employs natural lighting and reflectors Critical Debates (AL) to create an even and bright look. These two- reelers are mainly shot outdoors in daylight hours Rationale for study (e.g. Cops and One Week). This even lighting • This collection of Buster Keaton ‘two- enables the audience to look around the frame reelers’ epitomises the peak of sophisticated and watch Keaton interact with his environment. visual of the early . Here Mise-en-Scène we see the essence of Buster Keaton’s star • The sets in Buster Keaton’ shorts can function persona – the expression and a as characters. The house in One Week seems to simple man dealing with a chaotic world. take a life of its own. On Wednesday, the house These shorts provide a comedy that is takes on a cubist appearance, a visual gag that surreal, funny, creative, and stylish. references the cubist movement, popular in the early 20th century and typified by objects and figures that appear abstract and fragmented. STARTING POINTS - Useful Sequences and Timings/Links • Keaton was a visual director – he avoided title cards and focused instead on gesture • The Scarecrow - The kitchen sequence. and action. His comedy is rooted in his background (where he performed • One Week - The train gag at the end. as a child), and gag-based comedy popular in the . Keaton’s trademark CORE STUDY AREAS 1 - STARTING deadpan expression serves as a blank slate on POINTS - Key Elements of Film which the audience can project emotions. Form (Micro Features) • Props are an important element of Keaton’s . Houses often feature secret doorways Cinematography or specifically designed elements. The trick • Long shots followed by close ups are house in with trap doors and common in these Keaton two-reelers. escape mirrors exemplifies Keaton’s trademark The long shot encourages the audience to ‘mechanical comedy’ – the use of traps enables look around the frame and see the for the audience to guess what is going to happen, themselves. Long shots in these films allow while Keaton’s deadpan responses and mastery 1 A Level Film Studies - Focus Film Factsheet

of his stunts elicits surprise. The props in the married life. The obstacles Keaton faces kitchen sequence in The Scarecrow all have a with the house shakes his idealised duel function – the bookshelf is a refrigerator and masculinity, as Keaton loses control and the salt and pepper pots dangle from the celling. even begins to struggle with simple tasks. Editing Aesthetics (i.e. the ‘look and feel’ • Keaton employs long takes to construct of the film including visual style, stunts within the mise-en-scène, rather than influences, , motifs) camera trickery. The long takes and long • Keaton was involved in all aspects of shots allow us to marvel at his virtuosity production and a true auteur. He wrote, as an acrobat and marvel at the stunt work directed, produced, edited and stared in these (Keaton performed all his own stunts). two-reelers. Most of these films were shot on • The train gag in One Week is shot in one location in the back streets near the studio lot. long shot to create restricted narration. • Keaton was interested in the geometry of When the train flies past the house we are a gag. Look at the use of frames, parallel just as surprised as the young couple. lines and circles in all these two-reelers. • The framing and cut is used to create the gag Consider the composition of the hanging in the opening of Cops – the mid-shot makes salt and pepper pots in The Scarecrow – the it appear that Keaton is behind bars in prison, characters sit at the table at each end of the then the cut to a wide shot reveals he is only frame in symmetry and the hanging pots create behind the iron bars of a garden gate behind a horizontal, vertical and diagonal patterns. wealthy drive. The cut demonstrates how Keaton • Many of these early Keaton films contained is not locked in prison but locked out from the what he called ‘cartoon gags’ – the gags upper class world his girlfriend inhabits. are surreal and function almost as magic tricks. These films, not bound by narrative Sound constraints, have a dream-like quality, where • Although these are ‘silent’ films, early film one action or gag simply follows another. audiences would always experience film with musical accompaniment. There is no set synchronised score, therefore the musicians CORE STUDY AREAS 3 - STARTING in the theatres would play along to the film POINTS - Contexts to heighten and emphasise the comedy. Social • Buster Keaton’s fascination with the workings CORE STUDY AREAS 2 - STARTING of mechanical objects bridges the end of POINTS – Meaning & Response the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, with the rise of new industries and the Representations expanding consumer culture. His films reflect • The policemen in Cops are a typical of of the late 1910s and 1920s – One how the police were often represented in Week is a of a Ford advert Home Made . They were often presented (1919) about how a young married couple can as bullies and figures of fun that serve as buy and build a portable home in seven days. obstacles for the hero. Chase sequences involving policemen who are eventually Institutional outwitted by the hero were commonplace. • These films are four of 19 shorts produced for • Women often function as romantic interests Buster Keaton Productions between 1920 and and an integral part of the plot. In One Week, 1923. Film executive Joseph M. Schenck set up Keaton’s wife is both his equal and foil to Buster Keaton Productions in 1919 and gave his gags. The heroines in One Week and The Keaton complete creative freedom in writing, Scarecrow always retain a certain amount of directing and acting. The star system had become independence – in The Scarecrow institutionalised by the 1920s, with Keaton one dances primarily to please herself. of the great silent , alongside Charlie • The house in One Week can be interpreted Chaplin and . Each of these silent as a metaphor for the dangers of idealising comedians had a distinct persona and style.

2 A Level Film Studies - Focus Film Factsheet

SPECIALIST STUDY AREA - Critical • The bathroom scene in One Week draws debates - STARTING POINTS attention to the camera. Here, Keaton exposes • American comedy flourished in the illusion of cinema as ’s hand the 1920s. These films combine Hollywood covers the lens. This breaking of the fourth slapstick (based on gags, stunts and physical wall is unexpected and interrupts the narrative comedy) with narrative cinema. However, the flow. Such gags demonstrate Keaton’s ability gags in these two-reelers are far more surreal to play with the flexibility of cinematic rules than Keaton’s later feature films and do not and draw our attention to cinematic devices. always have a narrative function – an example is the newspaper gag in The High Sign. The newspaper becomes comically large yet serves no purpose in the narrative. These films lie in- between the non-narrative ‘cinema of attractions’ of early cinema and narrative-driven features.

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