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Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System nutrients Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System Edited by Billy R. Hammond Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System Special Issue Editor Billy R. Hammond MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Billy R. Hammond University of Georgia USA Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) from 2017 to 2018 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special issues/nutri cns) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03897-051-4 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03897-052-1 (PDF) Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is c 2018 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System” ............. ix Daniele Del Rio, Francesca Zimetti, Paolo Caffarra, Michele Tassotti, Franco Bernini, Furio Brighenti, Andrea Zini and Ilaria Zanotti The Gut Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Is Present in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Reprinted from: Nutrients 2017, 9, 1053, doi: 10.3390/nu9101053 ................... 1 Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz, Mirosława Gałecka, Joanna Rog, Anna Bartnicka, Zuzanna Łukaszewicz, Pawel Krukow, Justyna Morylowska-Topolska, Karolina Skonieczna-Zydecka, Tomasz Krajka, Kamil Jonak and Dariusz Juchnowicz The Food-Specific Serum IgG Reactivity in Major Depressive Disorder Patients, Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients and Healthy Controls Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 548, doi: 10.3390/nu10050548 .................. 5 Austin T. Mudd, Stephen A. Fleming, Beau Labhart, Maciej Chichlowski, Brian M. Berg, Sharon M. Donovan and Ryan N. Dilger Dietary Sialyllactose Influences Sialic Acid Concentrations in the Prefrontal Cortex and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures in Corpus Callosum of Young Pigs Reprinted from: Nutrients 2017, 9, 1297, doi: 10.3390/nu9121297 ................... 21 Austin T. Mudd, Joanne E. Fil, Laura C. Knight, Fan Lam, Zhi-Pei Liang and Ryan N. Dilger Early-Life Iron Deficiency Reduces Brain Iron Content and Alters Brain Tissue Composition Despite Iron Repletion: A Neuroimaging Assessment Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 35, doi: 10.3390/nu10020135 ................... 37 Anca Zanfirescu, Aurelia Nicoleta Cristea, George Mihai Nitulescu, Bruno Stefan Velescu and Daniela Gradinaru Chronic Monosodium Glutamate Administration Induced Hyperalgesia in Mice Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 1, doi: 10.3390/nu10010001 .................... 55 Stephen A. Fleming, Maciej Chichlowski, Brian M. Berg, Sharon M. Donovan and Ryan N. Dilger Dietary Sialyllactose Does Not Influence Measures of Recognition Memory or Diurnal Activity in the Young Pig Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 395, doi: 10.3390/nu10040395 .................. 64 Lisa M. Renzi-Hammond, Emily R. Bovier, Laura M. Fletcher, L. Stephen Miller, Catherine M. Mewborn, Cutter A. Lindbergh, Jeffrey H. Baxter and Billy R. Hammond Jr. Effects of a Lutein and Zeaxanthin Intervention on Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Younger Healthy Adults Reprinted from: Nutrients 2017, 9, 1246, doi: 10.3390/nu9111246 ................... 76 Sarah E. Saint, Lisa M. Renzi-Hammond, Naiman A. Khan, Charles H. Hillman, Janet E. Frick and Billy R. Hammond Jr. The Macular Carotenoids are Associated with Cognitive Function in Preadolescent Children Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 193, doi: 10.3390/nu10020193 .................. 89 v Catherine M. Mewborn, Cutter A. Lindbergh, Talia L. Robinson, Marissa A. Gogniat, Douglas P. Terry, Kharine R. Jean, Billy Randy Hammond, Lisa M. Renzi-Hammond and Lloyd Stephen Miller Lutein and Zeaxanthin Are Positively Associated with Visual–Spatial Functioning in Older Adults: An fMRI Study Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 458, doi: 10.3390/nu10040458 .................. 99 Naiman A. Khan, Anne. M. Walk, Caitlyn G. Edwards, Alicia R. Jones, Corinne N. Cannavale, Sharon V. Thompson, Ginger E. Reeser and Hannah D. Holscher Macular Xanthophylls Are Related to Intellectual Ability among Adults with Overweight and Obesity Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 396, doi: 10.3390/nu10040396 ..................115 Daniela Martini, Augusto Innocenti, Chiara Cosentino, Giorgio Bedogni, Donato Angelino, Beatrice Biasini, Ivana Zavaroni, Marco Ventura, Daniela Galli, Prisco Mirandola, Marco Vitale, Alessandra Dei Cas, Riccardo C. Bonadonna, Giovanni Passeri, Carlo Pruneti and Daniele Del Rio Claimed Effects, Outcome Variables and Methods of Measurement for Health Claims on Foods Related to Vision Proposed Under Regulation (EC) 1924/2006 Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 211, doi: 10.3390/nu10020211 ..................129 Annelies A. J. Verlaet, Carlijn M. Maasakkers, Nina Hermans and Huub F. J. Savelkoul Rationale for Dietary Antioxidant Treatment of ADHD Reprinted from: Nutrients 2018, 10, 405, doi: 10.3390/nu10040405 ..................145 vi About the Special Issue Editor Billy R. Hammond is a full Professor in the Brain and Behavioral Sciences program at the University of Georgia (UGA). He is also faculty in the Foods and Nutrition and Gerontology program at UGA and the Principal Investigator of the Vision Sciences Laboratory. The Vision Sciences laboratory at the University of Georgia studies all aspects of the human visual system. This extends from basic studies of the cornea, lens and retina to applied studies of visual processing within the brain. A primary focus of the laboratory has been the investigation of how lifestyle, primarily dietary, influences both the development of degenerative disease and the normal function of the central nervous system. For example, we have published numerous studies, including some examples contained in the current volume, on how the dietary carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin within the fovea (termed macular pigment or the macula lutea) relate to various aspects of retinal and brain function vii Preface to ”Nutrition and the Function of the Central Nervous System” This volume is focused on the role of nutrition in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS, primarily retina and brain). This focus encompasses both nutritional effects on normal function and the prevention and treatment of CNS disease. The critical role of diet in most bodily systems (such as the cardiovascular or skeletal system) and in the prevention of disease (e.g., metabolic conditions, such as acquired diabetes) is largely accepted as an axiom. It is only relatively recently, however, that researchers, particularly neuroscientists, began to focus on how diet influences the very organ system that is at the center of our self, the brain. The retina is the most metabolically active tissue in the body and is impacted early by metabolic diseases such as diabetes. The brain is some 2% of our mass, but about 20–25% of inspired oxygen is delivered to this highly vascularized fatty (some 60% by volume) tissue. The CNS is not simply influenced by diet, it is built from, maintained, and preserved by diet. This premise is explored in this Special Issue. For example, in one group of papers from the University of Georgia and the University of Illinois, Urbana Champagn, researchers explore the role of lutein on brain function. Lutein is a phytopigment that is obtained from green leafy vegetables and is concentrated in key areas of the brain involved in higher cognitive function, such as prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Using classic cognitive and neuroimaging methods, and central nervous system biomarkers of lutein (MPOD), the researchers examine how lutein influences brain function in both adults and children. This volume also includes work based on animal models that explore how diet affects other aspects of nervous system function, such as hyperalgesia, and basic work on the gut microbiome and inflammation. Billy R. Hammond Special Issue Editor ix nutrients Communication The Gut Microbial Metabolite Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Is Present in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid Daniele Del Rio 1, Francesca Zimetti 1, Paolo Caffarra 2, Michele Tassotti 1, Franco Bernini 1, Furio Brighenti 1, Andrea Zini 3 and Ilaria Zanotti 1,* 1 Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; [email protected] (D.D.R.); [email protected] (F.Z.); [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (Fr.B.); [email protected] (Fu.B.) 2 Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Unità di Neuroscienze, Università degli Studi di Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy; [email protected] 3
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