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158 PENDAHULUAN Minangkabau Sebagai Salah Satu Bagian

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158 PENDAHULUAN Minangkabau Sebagai Salah Satu Bagian BAGURAU SALUANG DAN DENDANG DALAM PERSPEKTIF PERUBAHAN BUDAYA MINANGKABAU Noni Sukmawati Universitas Andalas Padang Sumatra Barat Abstract Minangkabaunes art performance which is played by women, both traditional and modern (contemporary) art performance, is a change in Minangkabaunes culture life. We know that Minangkabaunes society uses matrilineal system. It means that women have special position, especially in keeping “Minangkabaunes culture moral”. Women were like “the center of Minangkabaunes culture” as revealed in a proverb “pusek jalo pumpunan ikan”. In Minangkabaunes culture tradition, women are limited to express their selves in public art performance. Moreover, in professional art performance, it seems to be forbidden. Women only performed often in culture activity which was part of Minangkabaunes traditional ceremony. But the world changes, and so does Minangkabaunes society. In these four last decades, many Minangkabaunes women have performed in Minangkabaunes art performance like bagurau saluang and dendang show. It is an interesting phenomenon in Minangkabaunes culture. The development of 0inangNaEaunes women in show art refiects the change and movement in 0inangNaEaunes culture when it is related to Minangkabaunes matrilineal culture tradition. There were many rules in Minangkabaunes culture which forbid women to perform in art performance activities. But now, that forbidden rule has been a part of reality in Minangkabaunes culture itself. Key words: Women, art, change PENDAHULUAN perubahan dan pergeseran yang terjadi. Salah satu di antaranya adalah perkembangan Minangkabau sebagai salah satu bagian dalam seni pertunjukan bagurau saluang dan dari kebudayaan (alam) Melayu, merupakan dendang, yang ditandai dengan kemunculan wilayah yang kaya dengan tradisi budaya. perempuan sebagai pelaku utamanya. Dalam Tradisi budaya Minangkabau ini tumbuh kehidupan adat Minangkabau, kurun waktu dan berkembang sebagai tradisi budaya sebelum tahun 1960-an, kaum perempuan rakyat, yang berakar pada sistem kekerabatan boleh dikatakan “tabu” tampil dalam kegiatan matrilinial Minangkabau. Tradisi budaya pertunjukan bagurau saluang dan dendang. ini sekaligus mencerminkan dinamika dan Ada aturan dan sistem nilai sosial yang perkembangan yang terjadi dalam masyarakat “melarang” kaum perempuan ikut serta dalam Minangkabau, sesuai dengan falsafah adatnya kegiatan seni pertunjukan. Menurut Fuji Alam Terkembang Jadikan Guru, sekali aie Astuti (2004:60), di masa lalu paham tradisi besar, sekali tepian barubah. tentang rasa (perasaan) dan ‘periksa’ (pikiran) Dinamika perkembangan tradisi budaya (rasa jo pareso) mengisyaratkan bahwa Minangkabau, semenjak akhir tahun 60 perempuan harus tahu malu, paham ajaran an begitu cepat dan bergemuruh. Banyak Islam tentang ‘aurat’, dan mempertegas ajaran 158 Forum Ilmu Sosial, Vol. 35 No. 2 Desember 2008 adat. Oleh karena itu, tertutup ruang gerak tulisan ini saya akan mencoba melihat bagi perempuan untuk mengekspresikan diri perubahan masyarakat dan kebudayaan melaui dunia pertunjukan karena dianggap Minangkabau dalam perspektif pertunjukan ‘mencoreng arang di kening’ di hadapan bagurau saluang dan dendang, yang secara publik. Sementara bagi laki-laki, dunia akademis merupakan bidang perhatian saya kesenian adalah bagian dari kehidupan dan dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, sesuai dengan merupakan peran penting permainan anak mata kuliah yang saya ajar yakni antropologi nagari sebagai bagian dari adat istiadat seni. Minangkabau.. Tulisan ini, akan mencoba memaparkan METODE PENELITIAN perkembangan salah satu tradisi seni Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam pertunjukkan Minangkabau, yang sekarang masyarakat Minangkabau di Sumatra Barat, disebut dengan bagurau saluang dan menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dendang. Tradisi seni pertunjukkan ini telah dengan pendekatan observasi-partisipatif, tumbuh sejak lama, dan telah mengalami wawancara dan penyusunan sejarah hidup perkembangan yang menarik. Secara (life history) dari sejumlah pendendang sederhana dapat dijelaskan, bentuk tradisi perempuan. Penelitian dilakukan di daerah bagurau saluang dan dendang, adalah sebuah pedalaman, khususnya di Kabupaten Tanah pertunjukan musikal dengan menggunakan Datar, Kabupaten Agam dan Kabupaten alat tiup EamEu (fiute) seEagai instrumen 50 Kota. Dalam masyarakat Minangkabau, pengiring, dan nyanyian (dendang) sebagai ketiga daerah ini sering disebut Luhak media menyampaikan lirik-lirik pantun. 1an Tigo (tiga daerah), yang merupakan Melalui tradisi pertunjukan bagurau perkampung tradisional orang Minangkabau. saluang dan dendang, pada hakekatnya kita Ketiga wilayah ini juga merupakan basis akan menemukan berbagai aspek budaya perkembangan tradisi pertunjukan bagurau. 0inangNaEau yang spesi¿N, seperti tradisi Dari daerah ini pula sebagian besar para lisan sebagai refieksi dari budaya lisan orang pendendang tersebut berasal. Minangkabau. Sedangkan melalui konteks Karena penelitian bersifat kualitatif, pertunjukannya sendiri, kita akan dapat maka dalam melaksanakan penelitian melihat hubungan sosial dan tradisi budaya pendekatannya adalah dengan menekanan Minangkabau yang menopangnya. hubungan-hubungan yang bermakna sesuai Dalam tulisan ini, saya akan mencoba dengan keadaan di daerah penelitian, dengan memaparkan pertunjukan bagurau salauang cara menghubungkan bagian-bagian dari dan dendang, sebagai bagian penting dari suatu substansi ke dalam keseluruhan. tradisi budaya masyarakat Minangkabau, Berkaitan dengan itu, dalam pengumpulan serta perkembangannya yang mencerminkan data digunakan serangkaian teknik, yaitu perubahan yang terjadi dalam masyarakat observasi-partisipasi, wawancara mendalam Minangkabau. Dengan kata lain, melalui dalam bentuk penyusunan sejarah hidup (life Forum Ilmu Sosial, Vol. 35 No. 2 Desember 2008 159 history) sejumlah pendendang perempuan, Dari kelimanya diharapkan dapat serta wawancara sambil lalu dengan berbagai mengungkapkan berbagai informasi dan informan yang berhubungan dengan kegiatan persoalan tentang kehidupan mereka sebagai pertunjukan bagurau. pendendang. Ada beberapa pertanyaan yang Teknik pengumpulan data yang bersifat diharapkan dapat dijawab secara mendalam, observasi-partisipasi, adalah dengan seperti; bagaimana awalnya mereka memilih mengamati langsung peristiwa pertunjukan menjadi pendendang, apa yang menjadi bagurau yang diadakan di wilayah penelitian. motifnya, bagaimana pengalaman mereka Dilihat bagaimana interaksi antara pendendang menghadapi pandangan keluarga dan perempuan dengan lingkungannya, terutama masyarakat. Dari pengumpulan data penelitian masyarakat yang menjadi penonton dari dalam bentuk penyusunan life history ini, kegiatan pertunjukan bagurau. Pengamatan diharapkan data ini dapat mengungkapkan lapangan pada saat pertunjukan ini difokuskan banyak hal tentang hubungan pendendang untuk melihat bagaimana perilaku pendendang perempuan dengan struktur sosial yaitu perempuan, bagaimana keadaan penonton sistem kekerabatan matrilinial Minangkabau, serta hubungan komunikasi antara keduanya serta dapat menganalisis perkembangan dan saat berlangsungnya pertunjukan bagurau. perubahan yang terjadi dalam masyarakat Untuk menyusun life history pendendang 0inangNaEau. Selain itu, data Eiogra¿ ini perempuan, dimulai dengan mendata juga sangat berarti untuk mendapatkan pendendang perempuan yang ada di gambaran dari pendendang perempuan itu Minangkabau. Setelah itu, dipilih secara sendiri tentang posisinya di tengah keluarga selektif lima pendendang perempuan dari tiga dan masyarakat lingkungannya. generasi yang berbeda. Kelima pendendang Selain menggunakan teknik pengumpulan tersebut merupakan wakil dari tiga generasi data di atas, juga diterapkan teknik yakni satu orang dari generasi tua (50 tahun pengumpulan data melalui wawancara ke atas), dan biasanya tidak lagi aktif sebagai dengan berbagai sumber di lapangan. Di pendendang, selanjutnya pendendang dalam penerapan teknik pengumpulan data perempuan yang berumur antara 30-50 tahun ini, peneliti mewawancarai beberapa orang yang masih aktif sebagai pendendang, dan dua yang sebelumnya tidak diseleksi secara orang pendendang perempuan yang berumur ketat, tetapi yang dijumpai secara kebetulan antara 20-30 tahun. di lapangan, terutama di tempat-tempat Dari kelima pendendang perempuan ini pertunjukan bagurau. Dalam melakukan digali berbagai informasi mendalam terutama wawancara lapangan, diupayakan tidak tentang sejarah kehidupan mereka, antara ada fokus tertentu yang dibicarakan, karena lain mengenai asal-usul, latar belakang sosial pertanyaan bisa beralih-alih ke berbagai topik, ekonomi keluarga, pendidikan, lingkungan yang diharapkan dapat memberikan jawaban masyarakat (kaum), serta bagaimana proses yang lebih spontan dan jujur tentang topik mereka menjadi pendendang. penelitian. Hasil wawancara ini, dapat juga 160 Forum Ilmu Sosial, Vol. 35 No. 2 Desember 2008 digunakan untuk mengadakan wawancara dan dendang, misalnya antara seniman mendalam dengan lima pendendang pendukung pertunjukan dengan penonton, perempuan yang akan dibuatkan life history- antara penonton dengan tuang rumah, ataupun nya. sosok di antara ketiganya. Selain metode penelitian yang digunakan di atas, penelitian ini juga menggunakan HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN pendekatan kontekstual. Secara antropologis Tradisi Pertunjukkan Bagurau kajian atau telaah tentang kesenian dapat Dari penelitian tidaklah diketahui kapan dikelompokkan dalam dua kategori (Ahimsa- persisnya kata bagurau (bergurau) digunakan Putra: 2000:35). Pertama, telaah yang berciri sebagai bentuk pertunjukkan. Istilah
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