Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology
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CARPATHIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY journal homepage: http://chimie-biologie.ubm.ro/carpathian_journal/index.html CARAWAY, CHINESE CHIVES AND CASSIA AS FUNCTIONAL FOODS WITH CONSIDERING NUTRIENTS AND HEALTH BENEFITS Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian1*, Wenli Sun1, Mehdi Khoshkharam3, Qi Cheng1,2* 1Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 2College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China; Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China. 3Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran *[email protected]; *[email protected] https://doi.org/10.34302/crpjfst/2021.13.1.9 Article history: ABSTRACT Received: Since ancient times, the medicinal properties of plant material improve the quality of 23 July 2020 life. Medicinal plants and foods may provide phytotherapy a new dimension and enable Accepted: their application to treat and prevention of diseases with the advantage of reducing 15 February 2021 chemical drugs. Historically, caraway, Chinese chives and cassia have enjoyed a rich Keywords: tradition of use for flavouring, and medicinal purposes, because of wide range of Caraway; secondary metabolites with potent antibacterial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti- Chinese chives; inflammatory, anticancer and other tremendous benefits. In many countries, medicinal Cassia; plants are widely used as functional foods and daily supplements with the aim of Functional Foods; promoting public health and both preventing and curing diseases. The main Nutritional Benefits. characteristics, components, active substance and important pharmacological and health benefits of caraway, Chinese chives and cassia was reviewed. 1. Introduction Medicinal and aromatic plants are the Cinnamomum cassia from Lauraceae family is prospective source of bio-molecules in curative considered as one of the 50 fundamental herbs drug formulations (Shahrajabian et al., 2020a,b). in traditional Chinese medicine. It is used in Medicinal plants application dates back to the food products, such as liqueurs, flavourings and origin of human civilization (Sun et al., 2019a,b; perfumes and regularly used in therapeutic Shahrajabian et al., 2019a,b), which works to aromatherapy products. The goal of this prevent and treatment of diseases by boosting manuscript is review of important immune system (Shahrajabian et al., 2020c). pharmacological benefits of caraway, Chinese Caraway (Carum carvii L.) of the Apiaceae chives and cassia. family, appears to have its origin in Asia minor. It is mainly cultivated in the Netherlands, 2. Caraway (Carum carvi) Finland, Hungary, Morocco, Iran, India and 2.1. Introduction and chemical constituents of Russia (Laribi et al., 2011). Caraway is basically caraway a biennial but usually treated as an annual from Caraway oil is more effective when crop production techniques. Chinese chives topically applied than when supplemented in the (Allium tuberosum) are an herb-like perennial diet (Shwaireb, 1993). The dried fruit contains which is indigenous to Eurasia and North 2-8% essential oil with carvone and limonene America. Chinese chives are low in calories but the principal components (Bailer et al., 2001; high in beneficial nutrients such as vitamins, Lopez et al., 2008). Morphological minerals and antioxidants. Cassia characteristics of the caraway flowers (Cinnamomum cassia) is a tree, native to influenced by temperatures and photoperiod Southern China, Laso, Vietnam and Sumatra. (Nemeth et al., 1998). Other important oil 101 Shahrajabian et al./Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2021, 13(1), 101-119 components of caraway are β-myrcene, trans- anticancer, antispasmodic, expectorant, dihydrocarvone, trans-carveole, α-pinene, fungistatic and other properties (Duke et al., sabinene, n-octanal, trans-β-ocimene, γ- 2003). The traditional use of caraway as a terpinene, linalool, cis- and trans-limonene hypoglycemic agent is proved and its extract oxide, cis-dihydrocarvone, cis-carveol, shows a dose-dependent hypoglycemic activity perillaldehyde, trans-anethole, and trans-β- (Eidi et al., 2010). caryo-phyllene (Raal et al., 2012). Carum carvi In traditional Persian medicine, Ibn Sina (caraway) seed have shown that they contain traditionally used caraway for weight loss, large numbers of terpenes in different stomach ache, burping, flatulence and intestinal concentrations which vary greatly with spasms (Mahboubi, 2019). Carvone has various geographical origin, climate, and harvest time applications, such as fragrance, and flavor, (Grevsen et al., 2009; Laribi et al., 2012). The potato sprouting inhibitor, antimicrobial agent major constituents of caraway essential oil and also in the medical field (Baysal and isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) are limonene Starmans, 1999; Laribi et al., 2013). Carvone (p- (43.5%), carvone (32.6%), and apiole (15.1%); mentha-6,8-dien-2-on, C10H14O), molecular and by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation weight 150,21, density 0.965, boiling point 230- (MHD) are apiole (12.3%), carvone (31.1%), 231oC) is a colorless or yellow oil, insoluble in and limonene (48.4%), consisting of 99.6% of water and miscible with ethanol (Bailer et al., total essential oil, respectively (Jiang et al., 2001). Wichtl (1994) reported that caraway 2011). Putievsky et al. (1994) reported that two promotes gastric secretion, stimulates appetite, main compounds in the various caraway oils and is used as a remedy for colic, loss of appetite were limonene (34%-50%), and carvone (47%- and digestive disorders. Caraway oil inhibited 62%). Galambosi and Peura (1996) reported that the motor activities of SMC of the gallbladder, the carvone/limonene ration of the wild stomach, trachea and ileum (Boskabady et al., populations from the northern parts of Finland 2003; Micklefield et al., 2003). It is beneficial was higher than that from the Southern parts of effect in relieving gastrointestinal symptoms the country. Abdalaziz et al. (2017) reported that associated with dyspepsia was reported (Al-Essa from the eight identified constituents, et al., 2010). Caraway extract has positive role representing 100% of the oil, the most abundant in the management of obesity (Kazemipoor et compounds detected were L-Fenchone al., 2013). (55.01%), p-Methoxy benzaldehyde (19.15%), Colon premalignant lesions induced by 1,2- and p-Methoxy allyl benzene (9.46%), and dimethylhydrazine (DMH) is mediated by Carum carvi L. seeds are rich sources of oils interference of caraway oil components in the containing diverse group of phytochemicals. activities of the main hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (Dadkhah et al., 2011). 2.2. Pharmaceutical benefits in traditional The aqueous extract of Carum carvi may exhibit and modern pharmaceutical sciences of a potent lowering activity in both normal and caraway severe hyperglycemic rats after repeated oral Carvone as the main constituent of caraway administration of Carum carvi aqueous extract essential oil is used as a natural inhibitor of (Lemhadri et al., 2006). sprouting mainly in stored potatoes and onions The chronic intake of caraway essential oil (Bouwmeester et al., 1998; Laribi et al., 2009), influences the pharmacokinetic properties of which has been shown to be biologically active, both orally and intraperitoneally applied inhibiting germination of seeds, and promoting paracetamol (Samojlik et al., 2012). Treatment the growth of certain fungi and microbes with the black caraway seed essential oil sub- (Toxopeus and Bouwmeester, 1992; Iacobellis et acute toxicity study attenuated histopathological al., 2005; Khan and Sastry, 2009). The changes in lung, liver, kidney, testes and spleen monoterpenoid limonene has antibacterial, tissues, but its essential oil can not affect the 102 Shahrajabian et al./Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2021, 13(1), 101-119 immune and blood system (Tabarraei et al., 2019). Pharmaceutical benefits of caraway are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Pharmaceutical benefits of caraway. Pharmaceutical benefits Mechanism and impacts References Anti-oxidant activity a. Black caraway seed oil may be used as Yu et al., 2005 a natural antioxidative food additive for Polovka and Suhaj, 2010 improving food quality and stability. Kozlowska et al., 2016 b. Caraway seeds and by-product flour Ahmad et al., 2018 can improve the antioxidant potential and overall quality of protein bread. Anti-microbial activity a. Caraway essential oil has effective Simic et al., 2008 antimicrobial agents against Escherichia Dimic et al., 2009 coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Seidler-Lozykowska et al., 2013 Hormis et al., 2015 Khalil et al., 2018 Anti-bacterial activity a. Caraway essential oil may have the Singh et al., 2002 inhibiting effect to reduce the number of Kwiatkowski et al., 2015 Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Anti-ulcerogenic activity Khayyal et al., 2001 Anti-proliferative activity Nakano et al., 1998 Anti-mutagenic activity Akram et al., 2020 Anti-cancer activities a. Caraway may inhibit tumorigenesis Naderi-Kalali et al., 2005 though the effect of the intermediary dose Kamaleeswari et al., 2006 of 60 mg/kg body weight was clear. Sutton et al., 2014 b. Thymoquinone (TQ) from black caraway seeds has several anticancer activities. c. TQ may enhance cisplatin- and docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity. Anti-hyperglycaemic Eddouks et al., 2004 Ene et al., 2007 Tahraoui et al., 2007 Anti-diabetes