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CARPATHIAN JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

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CARAWAY, CHINESE AND CASSIA AS FUNCTIONAL FOODS WITH CONSIDERING NUTRIENTS AND HEALTH BENEFITS

Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian1*, Wenli Sun1, Mehdi Khoshkharam3, Qi Cheng1,2*

1Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China 2College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China; Global Alliance of HeBAU-CLS&HeQiS for BioAl-Manufacturing, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China. 3Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Isfahan, Iran *[email protected]; *[email protected] https://doi.org/10.34302/crpjfst/2021.13.1.9 Article history: ABSTRACT Received: Since ancient times, the medicinal properties of material improve the quality of 23 July 2020 life. Medicinal and foods may provide phytotherapy a new dimension and enable Accepted: their application to treat and prevention of diseases with the advantage of reducing 15 February 2021 chemical drugs. Historically, , Chinese chives and cassia have enjoyed a rich Keywords: tradition of use for flavouring, and medicinal purposes, because of wide range of Caraway; secondary metabolites with potent antibacterial, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti- Chinese chives; inflammatory, anticancer and other tremendous benefits. In many countries, medicinal Cassia; plants are widely used as functional foods and daily supplements with the aim of Functional Foods; promoting public health and both preventing and curing diseases. The main Nutritional Benefits. characteristics, components, active substance and important pharmacological and health benefits of caraway, Chinese chives and cassia was reviewed.

1. Introduction Medicinal and aromatic plants are the from Lauraceae family is prospective source of bio-molecules in curative considered as one of the 50 fundamental drug formulations (Shahrajabian et al., 2020a,b). in traditional Chinese medicine. It is used in application dates back to the food products, such as liqueurs, flavourings and origin of human civilization (Sun et al., 2019a,b; perfumes and regularly used in therapeutic Shahrajabian et al., 2019a,b), which works to aromatherapy products. The goal of this prevent and treatment of diseases by boosting manuscript is review of important immune system (Shahrajabian et al., 2020c). pharmacological benefits of caraway, Chinese Caraway (Carum carvii L.) of the Apiaceae chives and cassia. family, appears to have its origin in Asia minor. It is mainly cultivated in the Netherlands, 2. Caraway (Carum carvi) Finland, Hungary, Morocco, Iran, India and 2.1. Introduction and chemical constituents of Russia (Laribi et al., 2011). Caraway is basically caraway a biennial but usually treated as an annual from Caraway oil is more effective when crop production techniques. Chinese chives topically applied than when supplemented in the () are an -like perennial diet (Shwaireb, 1993). The dried fruit contains which is indigenous to Eurasia and North 2-8% essential oil with carvone and limonene America. Chinese chives are low in calories but the principal components (Bailer et al., 2001; high in beneficial nutrients such as vitamins, Lopez et al., 2008). Morphological minerals and antioxidants. Cassia characteristics of the caraway flowers (Cinnamomum cassia) is a tree, native to influenced by temperatures and photoperiod Southern China, Laso, and Sumatra. (Nemeth et al., 1998). Other important oil 101 Shahrajabian et al./Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2021, 13(1), 101-119 components of caraway are β-myrcene, trans- anticancer, antispasmodic, expectorant, dihydrocarvone, trans-carveole, α-pinene, fungistatic and other properties (Duke et al., sabinene, n-octanal, trans-β-ocimene, γ- 2003). The traditional use of caraway as a terpinene, linalool, cis- and trans-limonene hypoglycemic agent is proved and its extract oxide, cis-dihydrocarvone, cis-carveol, shows a dose-dependent hypoglycemic activity perillaldehyde, trans-, and trans-β- (Eidi et al., 2010). caryo-phyllene (Raal et al., 2012). Carum carvi In traditional Persian medicine, Ibn Sina (caraway) seed have shown that they contain traditionally used caraway for weight loss, large numbers of terpenes in different stomach ache, burping, flatulence and intestinal concentrations which vary greatly with spasms (Mahboubi, 2019). Carvone has various geographical origin, climate, and harvest time applications, such as fragrance, and flavor, (Grevsen et al., 2009; Laribi et al., 2012). The potato sprouting inhibitor, antimicrobial agent major constituents of caraway essential oil and also in the medical field (Baysal and isolated by hydrodistillation (HD) are limonene Starmans, 1999; Laribi et al., 2013). Carvone (p- (43.5%), carvone (32.6%), and apiole (15.1%); -6,8-dien-2-on, C10H14O), molecular and by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation weight 150,21, density 0.965, boiling point 230- (MHD) are apiole (12.3%), carvone (31.1%), 231oC) is a colorless or yellow oil, insoluble in and limonene (48.4%), consisting of 99.6% of water and miscible with ethanol (Bailer et al., total essential oil, respectively (Jiang et al., 2001). Wichtl (1994) reported that caraway 2011). Putievsky et al. (1994) reported that two promotes gastric secretion, stimulates appetite, main compounds in the various caraway oils and is used as a remedy for colic, loss of appetite were limonene (34%-50%), and carvone (47%- and digestive disorders. Caraway oil inhibited 62%). Galambosi and Peura (1996) reported that the motor activities of SMC of the gallbladder, the carvone/limonene ration of the wild stomach, trachea and ileum (Boskabady et al., populations from the northern parts of Finland 2003; Micklefield et al., 2003). It is beneficial was higher than that from the Southern parts of effect in relieving gastrointestinal symptoms the country. Abdalaziz et al. (2017) reported that associated with dyspepsia was reported (Al-Essa from the eight identified constituents, et al., 2010). Caraway extract has positive role representing 100% of the oil, the most abundant in the management of obesity (Kazemipoor et compounds detected were L-Fenchone al., 2013). (55.01%), p-Methoxy benzaldehyde (19.15%), Colon premalignant lesions induced by 1,2- and p-Methoxy allyl benzene (9.46%), and dimethylhydrazine (DMH) is mediated by Carum carvi L. seeds are rich sources of oils interference of caraway oil components in the containing diverse group of phytochemicals. activities of the main hepatic xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes (Dadkhah et al., 2011). 2.2. Pharmaceutical benefits in traditional The aqueous extract of Carum carvi may exhibit and modern pharmaceutical sciences of a potent lowering activity in both normal and caraway severe hyperglycemic rats after repeated oral Carvone as the main constituent of caraway administration of Carum carvi aqueous extract essential oil is used as a natural inhibitor of (Lemhadri et al., 2006). sprouting mainly in stored potatoes and onions The chronic intake of caraway essential oil (Bouwmeester et al., 1998; Laribi et al., 2009), influences the pharmacokinetic properties of which has been shown to be biologically active, both orally and intraperitoneally applied inhibiting germination of seeds, and promoting paracetamol (Samojlik et al., 2012). Treatment the growth of certain fungi and microbes with the black caraway seed essential oil sub- (Toxopeus and Bouwmeester, 1992; Iacobellis et acute toxicity study attenuated histopathological al., 2005; Khan and Sastry, 2009). The changes in lung, liver, , testes and spleen monoterpenoid limonene has antibacterial, tissues, but its essential oil can not affect the 102

Shahrajabian et al./Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2021, 13(1), 101-119 immune and blood system (Tabarraei et al., 2019). Pharmaceutical benefits of caraway are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Pharmaceutical benefits of caraway. Pharmaceutical benefits Mechanism and impacts References Anti-oxidant activity a. Black caraway seed oil may be used as Yu et al., 2005 a natural antioxidative food additive for Polovka and Suhaj, 2010 improving food quality and stability. Kozlowska et al., 2016 b. Caraway seeds and by-product flour Ahmad et al., 2018 can improve the antioxidant potential and overall quality of protein bread. Anti-microbial activity a. Caraway essential oil has effective Simic et al., 2008 antimicrobial agents against Escherichia Dimic et al., 2009 coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Seidler-Lozykowska et al., 2013 Hormis et al., 2015 Khalil et al., 2018 Anti-bacterial activity a. Caraway essential oil may have the Singh et al., 2002 inhibiting effect to reduce the number of Kwiatkowski et al., 2015 Staphylococcus aureus and . Anti-ulcerogenic activity Khayyal et al., 2001 Anti-proliferative activity Nakano et al., 1998 Anti-mutagenic activity Akram et al., 2020 Anti-cancer activities a. Caraway may inhibit tumorigenesis Naderi-Kalali et al., 2005 though the effect of the intermediary dose Kamaleeswari et al., 2006 of 60 mg/kg body weight was clear. Sutton et al., 2014 b. Thymoquinone (TQ) from black caraway seeds has several anticancer activities. c. TQ may enhance cisplatin- and docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity. Anti-hyperglycaemic Eddouks et al., 2004 Ene et al., 2007 Tahraoui et al., 2007 Anti-diabetes a. Caraway maybe useful in the control of Li et al., 2004 postprandial rise of blood glucose Sushruta et al., 2006 particularly in diabetic condition. Sadjadi et al., 2014 b. Caraway may exhibit blood glucose and lipid lowering activities in diabetes without any effect on C-reactive protein level. Anti-inflammatory a. Combined treatment with Adam et al., 2006 and caraway oil modulates post- Lacatusu et al., 2017 inflammatory visceral hyperalgesia synergistically. Improve sleep quality a. Consuming caraway with aerobic Mohammadkhani et al., 2019 exercise has positive effects on the level of C-reactive protein and sleep quality. Bio-herbicide a. Oil-in-water emulsion containing 2.5% Synowiec et al., 2017 of caraway essential oil can be considered Synowiec et al., 2019 as a foliar applied botanical herbicide against barnyardgrass in maize cultivation.

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3. Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum) various parts of Allium tuberosum are 3.1. Chemical components and thymidine, adenosine, daucosterol, dimethyl pharmacological benefits disulfide, allyl methyl disulfide, dimethyl Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum) is a trisulfide, allyl methyl trisulfide, diallyl perennial plant cultivated in different parts of disulfide, tuberosine A, and tuberoside A. A. Asia, with smelly odor which had been caused tubersoum L. contains thiosulfinates which are by the sulfur-containing compounds (Block, unstable intermediates in the enzymatically 2013). Its aerial parts of Chinese chive are one initiated degradation of S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine of the daily edible green vegetable for Chinese sulfoxide (Ashe and Berry, 2003). Chinese chive cuisine which is widely cultivated and used for contains high concentrations of organic sulfur both food and medicine (Mnayer et al., 2014). compounds, which confer characteristics flavors Chinese chives can have different nutritional (Randle and Lancaster, 2002), and human health and functional components depending on their benefits (Griffiths et al., 2002). Chinese chive is harvest time (Kim et al., 2018). It is a long-day used for kidney protection in traditional Chinese plant, similar to leek (A. ampeloprasum L.) or medicine (Guohua et al., 2009; Pandey et al., rakkyo (A. chinense G. Don), which are both in 2014). Chinese chive polysaccharides (CCP) the same genus, Allium (Kamenetsky and could improve the kidney functions of adenine- Rabinowitch, 2002). The leaves and seeds of this induced chronic renal failure (CRF) mice and plant are often used in traditional folk medicines the renoprotective effect might be associated for the treatment of impotence and nocturnal with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti- emission in China (Hu et al., 2009). fibrosis activities (Li et al., 2018). Combined Polysaccharide which is an important type of extracts from Lepidium meyenii (maca) root and natural biopolymers has posses various Allium tuberosum Rottl. (Chinese chive) seed nutritional value and health functions (Zhang et produce better synergistic effects on male sexual al., 2016). The green leaves are smooth, slim, function than maca extract or Chinese chive linear, flat, have a distinctive mild flavor, extract alone, and the positive effects may and are rich in vitamins, fiber, mineral involve the up-regulation of nitric oxide (NO) compounds and sulfur compounds that have and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) antibiotic properties (Imahori et al., 2004), but concentrations in penis (Zhang et al., 2019). they are highly perishable and quickly lose Results suggest that n-BuOH extract preparation freshness after harvest (Jia et al., 2017). The of Allium tuberosum seeds possesses major pest of Chinese chives in china is the aphrodisiac property (Guohua et al., 2009). oligophagous insect Bradysia odoriphaga Yang Allium tuberosum has a significant & Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae) (Feng and Zheng, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity which 1987; Chen et al., 2019), which is distributed in may be useful for adjuvant chemotherapy the soil layer at 0-5 cm (Shi et al., 2016), and the doxorubicin (Sutejo and Efendi, 2017). Ferulic rhizomes particularly damaged by Chinese acid from A. tuberoum Rottl is the strong choline chive (Zhang et al., 2015). acetytrasferase (ChAT) activator (Kim et al., Analysis of the amino acid content of 2007). It is also possess sexual enhancing Chinese chive seed revealed that it is a good properties (Tang et al., 2017). It is also reported source of the essential amino acids, isoleucine, that its extract possess strong hair growth tryptophan and lysine with high levels of promoting potential which controls the nutritionally important components, such as oil, expression of insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF- minerals and essential amino acids (Hu et al., 1) (Park et al., 2015). Pharmaceutical benefits of 2006). Its seeds contain amounts of steroidal Chinese chives are presented in Table 2. saponins (Sang et al., 2001; Zou et al., 2001). The most important constituents isolated from

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Table 2. Pharmaceutical benefits of Chinese chives. Pharmaceutical benefits Mechanism and impacts References Anti-cancer activity a. Thiosulfinates from A. tuberosum Kim et al., 2008 L. inhibit cell proliferation and Lee et al., 2009 induce apoptosis in PC-3 cells, which may be mediated via both caspase- dependent and –independent pathways. b. Thiosulfinates from A. tubersoum L. inhibited cell proliferation and activated both the caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptotic pathways in HT-29 cells. Anti-diabetic activity a. The anti-diabetic and Tang et al., 2017 hepatoprotective effect of Allium tuberosum maybe associated with its antioxidant and its ability to inhibit the pro-inflammatory mediators. Antifungal activity a. It exhibited antifungal activity Lam et al., 2000 against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium Benkeblia and Virginia, 2007 oxysporum, Coprinus comatus, Rattanachaikunsopon and Mycosphaerella arachidicola, and Phumkhachorn, 2009 Botrytis cinerea. Kocevski et al., 2013 Anti-bacterial activity a. S-Methyl methanethiosufinate and Seo et al., 2001 S-methyl 2-propene-1-thiosulfinate Nauman et al., 2014 separated from Chinese chive Sharifi-rad et al., 2016 showed significant antibacterial activities against E. coli O-157:H7 including spoilage microorganism in food. Anti-oxidant activity a. It can be concluded that ethanolic Sutejo and Efendi, 2017 extract of Allium tuberosum has a significant hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. Antiparasitic activity a. It has nematicidal property against Yong-hong et al., 2016 root-know nematodes particularly against Meloidogyne incognita J2 which attacks root. Aphrodisiac a. It has traditional usage for its Baljinder et al., 2010 aphrodisiac property. Cinara et al., 2012 Ramandeep et al., 2012 Hypolipidemic a. It may process sulfur ameliorated Eun-Jeong et al., 2012 liver dysfunction and reduce serum LDL level and intra-abdominal fat. Anti-inflammation activity a. Polysaccharides from Allium Lee et al., 2009 plants have been shown to be Mladenovic et al., 2011 effective in resisting oxidation and Nikolova et al., 2013 alleviating inflammation. Hur and Lee, 2017 b. Caraway extract has preventive and anti-inflammatory impact against vascular disease and has potential for supporting prevention against the early process of atherosclerosis.

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4. Cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) 4.2. Pharmaceutical benefits of Cinnamomum 4.1. Introduction and chemical constituents cassia The genus Cinnamomum comprises of Some Cinnamomum species such as C. several hundreds species which are distributed cassia is consumed as a in cooking to add in all over the world. Cassia, which is the bark flavor (Mendis Abeysekera et al., 2019) or some of the evergreen tree, is a similar spice to other are cultivated as landscape plants and but of an inferior quality, which is sidewalk trees (Wang et al., 2020). In traditional native to Myanmar, China, Indonesia, and medicine in countries like China, India, central America. Cassia bark is coarser and less Indonesia and Vietnam, cassia leaves are used to fragrant than cinnamon and is sometimes used treat headache, chills, abdominal pain, as a substitute. Cinnamomum cassia from dysentery, vomiting, cold stomachache, chest Lauraceae family is considered as one of the 50 tightness, diarrhea, frostbite and cough, and fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese twigs are used to treat blood circulation medicine. Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the disturbances, diabetes, dyspepsia and gastritis inner bark of several tree species from the genus (Ngoc et al., 2009), the stem barks are used to Cinnamomum. Cinnamon has been reported to treat tussis, gastrointestinal neurosis, diarrhea, have significant benefits for human health, amenorrhea, dysmenorrheal, impotency, especially as an anti-inflammatory, antitumor, arthralgia, edema, and cardiac palpitation (Liao anticancer, anti-diabetic and anti- et al., 2009), and the buds are used to treat hypertriglyceridemia agent (Muhammad and cardiothoracic pains, cold pain in the stomach Dewettinck, 2017; Han and Parker, 2017; Kaur and abdomen nausea, vomiting, belch, hiccup, et al., 2019). Other important derivatives are cough and dyspnea (Zhou et al., 2019). Prasanth cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid and cinnamate et al. (2020) showed that the nine (Rao and Gan, 2014). Liu et al. (2018) reported phytochemicals of Cinnamon are very likely that 39 isolated compound of C. cassia, against the main protease enzyme of COVID-19. including 12 flavonoid glycosides, three Promising antimutagenic and antimicrobial cinnamic acid amides, 12 lignans, five properties were revealed by the cinnamon bark sesquiterpenoids, three cinnamaldehyde ethanolic extract and cinnamaldehyde, derivatives, two phenols, and two indole respectively (Vijayan and Mazumder, 2018). derivatives. The dominant constituents found in Both in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that the essential oils of C. cassia were aromatic the EOCC possesses significant spasmolytic compounds (> 90%) including (E)- effect on uterine contraction which can be a cinnamaldehyde (CAL) and (E)-cinnamyl good candidate for the prevention and treatment acetate (CAC) as the major components (Dong of primary dysmenorrheal (Sun et al., 2017). C. et al., 2013; Jeyaratnam et al., 2016; Le et al., cassia inhibits fibrogensis, followed by HSC-T6 2020). He et al. (2016) reported three new cell activation and may increase restoration of compounds, including two new diterpenoids, liver function, ultimately resulting in acute liver named epianhydrocinnzeylanol, cinnacasiol H., injury (Lim et al., 2010). Kim et al. (2015) found and one hydroxylasiodiplodin, (3R,4S,6R)-4,6- that the water extract of Cinnamomum cassia dihydroxy-de-O-methyllasiodiplodin, together (CCWE) was a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. with five known diterpenoids, and two know Combined treatment with cinnamaldehyde and phenolic glycosides isolated from the barks of β-TCP promoted bone formation and Cinnamomum cassia. Zeng et al. (2017) isolated angiogenesis in osteoporotic bone defects, two new glycosides, cinnacassides F, and G which provides a promising new strategy for from the barks of Cinnamomum cassia. repairing bone defects in osteoporotic conditions (Weng et al., 2019).

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Table 3. Pharmaceutical benefits of cassia. Pharmaceutical benefits Mechanism and impacts References Anti-microbial activity a. C. cassia oil is a promising natural Cava et al., 2007 antimicrobial for food industry. Andrade et al., 2014 Sheng and Zhu, 2014 Anti-fungal activity a. Trans-Cinnamaldehyde showed the Jiang et al., 2013 highest antifungal activity, also Liu et al., 2015 and carvacrol had additive Pekmezovic et al., 2015 effect with trans-cinnamaldehyde in Lu et al., 2019 preventing the mycelia growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. b. C. cassia extracts showed notable antifungal potential towards Penicillium italicum and Penicillium digitatum. c. The antifungal effects of acetone extracts of C. cassia against five kinds of plant pathogenic germ including Alternaria solani, Alternaria alternate, Fusarium decemcellulare, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum glycines were reported. Anti-bacterial activity a. Total polyphenols in the non- Hossan et al., 2018 volatile parts of C. cassia branches Li et al., 2018 and leaves showed antibacterial Vaillancourt et al., 2018 activity in vitro against Gram- El Atki et al., 2019 positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Song et al., 2019 Streptococcus pneumoniae), and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Its hexane extract of bark may inhibit MRSA, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Acinetobacter baumannii. Anti-oxidant activity a. Cinnamomum leaf can be used Hwa et al., 2012 potentially as a readily accessible Yang et al., 2012 source of natural antioxidants. Its ethanol extract has significant anti-oxidant properties. Anti-inflammation activity a. The essential oil (EO) from the Xu et al., 2019 twigs of C. cassia demonstrates the antinociceptive and anti- inflammatory properties. b. It can significantly attenuated danger signals-induced inflammatory responses via regulation of inflammasome activation. c. Ethyl acetate extracts of cinnamon could alleviate the lung injury of endotoxin-poisoned mice by antagonizing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Anti-viral activity a. C. cassia prevents airway epithelia Yeh et al., 2013 from human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection through 107

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inhibiting viral attachment, internalization and syncytium formation. Anti-diabetes activity a. Sesquiterpenoids may be the active Soni and Bhatnagar, 2009 compounds in its bark on diabetic Gruenwalk et al., 2010 nephropathy. Yan et al., 2015 b. The cinnamon is effective in Kaur et al., 2018 controlling blood sugar of people with type 2 diabetes. c. Its extracts may enhance blood sugar lowering effect as compared with standard extracts, and better effects on lipid profile, liver enzymes and other biochemical parameters. Anti-cancer activity a. C. cassia essential oil and its main Park et al., 2002 component cinnamaldehyde had anti- Wang et al., 2016 oral cancer properties, and they could Chang et al., 2017 significantly reduce the viability of Anju et al., 2018 human oral squamous cell carcinoma Lee et al., 2018 HSC-3 cells, and induce DNA damage as well as G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. b. The cinnamon extract possess cytotoxicity at very low concentrations, and cinnamon extract has the potential use as a part of the food regime in patients suffering from gastric and colon cancer. c. Water-extracted branch of C. cassia (WBCC) and cinnamic acid can be potential candidates for developing novel anti-cancer drugs through glycolysis metabolism. d. Its extract may exhibit cytotoxic activity against HepG2. Anti-tyrosinase activity a. It has inhibitory effects against Chang et al., 2013 tyrosinase Chou et al., 2013 Anti-allergy activity a. Inhibitory effects of Kim et al., 2008 cinnamaldehyde on phospholipase C (PLC) signaling pathway in human embryonic kidney cells have been shown. b. Inhibition of mucosal mast cell activation via suppression of PLCγl signaling pathway. Anti-depressant activity a. It might be an effective anxiolytic Yu et al., 2007 agent by regulating the serotonergic Jung et al., 2012 and GABAergic system. Zada et al., 2016 b. The standardized methanolic extract of C. cassia demonstrated antidepressant activity that can be attributed to rise in serotonin levels. Lactation a. Supplementing lactating goats Kholif et al., 2012 rations with garlic, cinnamon or oils has positive effect on milk yield, milk composition and milk fatty acids profile.

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Cardiovascular protective activity a. Cinnamic acid, eugenol and Kim et al., 2015 cinnamyl alcohol are identified as the Kwon et al., 2015 active components of cardiovascular Wei et al., 2018 protective. b. The water extract of C. cassia may have preventive and protective effects on diabetic cardiomyopathy through significantly increasing the content of PCR, ATP and ADP in myocardial tissue as well as improving cardiac energy metabolism to a certain extent. Anti-arthritic activity a. C. cassia bark hydroalcoholic Sharma et al., 2018 extract significantly reduce MDA levels and may lead to decrease in TNF-α receptor expression. Cytoprotective activity a. The aqueous extract of C. cassia El Kady and Ramadan, 2016 showed the in vitro cytotoxic effects of cis-diammine dichloroplatinum (CDDP), which was achieved by suppressing the increased expression of CDDP-induced mitochondrial Bax protein, releasing mitochondrial cytochrome c, activating caspase-3, making DNA fragmentation and generating ROS and up-regulating expression of cytoprotective gene (heme oxygenase (HO)-1). Anti-nematodes activity a. Cinnamaldehyde was found to be Kong et al., 2007 the most potent chemical derived from Cinnamon.

5. Conclusions promotion of hair growth, anti-coagulant, Medicinal plants have been shown to have regulate hormonal balance, and mediate sensory tremendous health benefits, such as digestive perception. The most important health benefits stimulant action, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant of cassia are anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti- activity, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, bacterial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti- hypolipidemic activities, anticarcinogenic viral, anti-diabetes, anti-cancer, anti-tyrosinase, potential and etc. Nutraceutical substances anti-allergy, anti-depressant, cardiovascular obtained from medicinal plants have protective activity, anti-arthritic, cytoprotective, demonstrated physiological benefits or are anti nematodes activity and improve lactation. capable of providing some sort of protection More researches are needed to find the potential against diseases. The most important challenges and benefits of incorporating these pharmaceutical and health benefits of caraway medicinal plants in the diet which may offer are anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, anti-bacterial, prospective opportunities for future drug anti-ulcerogenic, anti-proliferative, anti- development. mutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory activities, 6.References improve sleep quality and bio-herbicide. The Abdalaziz, M. N., Ali, M. M., Gahallah, M. D., most important pharmacological properties of Garbi, M. I., Kabbashi, A. S. (2017). Chinese chives are anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, Evaluation of fixed oil, seed extracts, of anti-parasitic, aphrodisiac, anti-cancer, Carum carvi L. International Journal of hypolipidemic, pesticidal, renoprotective, 109

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Acknowledgments All authors contributed equally to literature research, writing manuscript, etc. The authors declare that they have no potential conflicts of interest. This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Research grant 2019YFA0904700)

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