6 X 10.Three Lines .P65

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16 January 1945 continuation of after the demise of account of in History of the City of Socialism 170 Magdeburg 283 and the creation of a civil society 177 as ‘affliction’ 160 and the denunciation of the Vietnam air raid of 21, 23, 310 War 138, 139 casting blame 158 and the dialectic of death and rebirth contemporary ego-documents on 230 59–60 and the emphasis on the contemporary mood report on 29 reconstruction 213 contemporary responses to 260 and the injunction of ‘never again’ and the death toll 294, 317 216 as episode in broader upheaval 30 andthePersianGulfWar176 and the figure of 16,000 casualties as a post-war creation 23 295 and the reflection on the cost of SED and Nazi funeral ceremonies 76 rule 178 personal memories fifty years on 167 revivalofas‘dayofstruggle’180 as ‘solar plexus blow’ 59 revival of as a ‘fighting day’ 145, and the Vistula offensive 27 147 and the wider shock of the winter of secular commemorations 124–7 1945 59 and survival stories 269 as ‘Anglo-American air terror’ 305 and the visual 207 and the collection of eyewitness the ‘mass rally’ on the fifth anniversary accounts in the 1950s 274–6 in 1950 97 as ‘crime against humanity’ 275 memorials 112, 176 as ‘crime’ 135, 270 and the People’s Day of Mourning 179 as the ‘darkest day’ in Magdeburg’s as a ‘new beginning’ 233 history 238 and the ‘new Socialist city’ 226 as the ‘dying day’ of Old Magdeburg as ‘night of horror’ 268, 319 232 and the reappropriation of the dead in eyewitness accounts of, forty years on the context of the Cold War 112 301 as ‘retribution’ 163 as founding myth 170–1 sixtieth anniversary of 320 historical accounts of 135, 272–4, 284 and the Socialist cult of numbers 194 and ‘Operation Thunderclap’ 293 thirty-fifth anniversary in 1980 145, and politics 293 148, 158–9 as ‘imperialist’ atrocity 159 as turning point in world history 294 as lieu de memoire´ 21, 113 16 January 1989 as a local memory place 123 delegation from Braunschweig takes part and ‘10 May 1631’ 61–8, 123 in commemoration 171 and ‘13 February 1945’ 123 16 January 1991 and the challenge to official memory and the decision to rebuild the politics 127 Johanniskirche 248

375

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00496-2 - The Allied Air War and Urban Memory: The Legacy of Strategic Bombing in Germany Jorg Arnold Index More information

376 Index

22 October 1943 as ‘war crime’ 300 and 1933 165 as ‘zero hour’ 217 and 7 November 1938 164 ‘summary report’ on 195, 259 air attack/raid air raid of 1, 21, 23, 310 as founding myth 249 experience of 39–58 as ‘night of horror’ (Schreckensnacht) 58, responses to 24, 26 178, 235, 253, 268, 270–8, 312, and the Arbeitskreis fur¨ Denkmalpflege 319 und Sanierungskritik 239 as ‘terror raid’ (Terrorangriff) 29–31, and the burial of the casualties 102, 34–5, 38, 56, 58, 86, 91, 124, 168, 276 235, 244, 260, 265, 268, 292, 299 and ‘Bygone Kassel’ 218 air raid shelter 38, 42–60, 109, 134, 141, casting blame 83 264–74, 289, 290 and commemoration 101, 138 Air Raid Victims see League of Air Raid as ‘crime against Kultur’ 186, 187 Victims as the ‘darkest day’ 271 air war as ‘day of birth’ 228 allied 185, 201 and the debate on the reconstruction as atonement for genocidal war 139 238, 245 and commemorations during the as ‘dying day’ 68, 280, 281 Third Reich 95, 98 eighteenth anniversary of in 1961 139 and Communist propaganda 123, eighth anniversary of in 1951 310 212 exhibitions on 303 and the debate on cultural loss 243 eyewitness accounts of 264, 298 and historical writing 255 first anniversary of in 1944 58, 71 and the Holocaust 288 commemoration 75, 82, 83 and Nazi propaganda 32 fortieth anniversary of in 1983 154, 157, summary report by the USSBS 7 180 as ‘supreme trial’ 85 as founding myth 234 as affliction 19, 74, 89–96, 97, 101–10, fourth anniversary of in 1947 263 156, 160, 163, 311, 315 funeral ceremonies 79, 82 as anti-Semitic parable 32, 255 and the injunction of ‘never again’ 132 as ‘crime’ 31, 101–7, 187, 275, 287 as ‘Jewish crime’ 54 and Holocaust TV series 300 and the League of Air Raid Victims 119 Nazi propaganda theme 32, 33, 91 as lieu de memoire´ 2, 21, 30, 207 reporting in Der Neue Weg 135 emergence of 23, 26 as ‘crime against culture’ 185, 207 press coverage 262 historiography of 254–82, 284–309, and the rearmament controversy 134 311, 314 and local historiography 283, 285, 290 and oral history 169 literary representations of 183 problem of continuity 254 and loss 243 as vector of memory 254 and material destruction 217, 218 as ‘Jewish crime’ 311 and the rebuilding of the Lower New as just retribution 49 Tow n 247 as national founding myth 170–2 and the response of the Churches as prelude to an atomic Holocaust 143, 89–94 315 seventh anniversary of in 1950 97, 253 as prelude to total annihilation 144 as signifier of loss 241 air war archive 257 sixth anniversary of in 1949 101 air war casualties sixtieth anniversary of in 2003 317 as accusers 113 and the strategic air war 2 as guardians of the evacuees 116 telescoping of Nazism into 235 as guardians of the reconstruction 131 tenth anniversary of in 1953 120 as sacrificers 19, 74, 96, 103, 313 as ‘terror raid’ 29 as ‘soldiers of the Heimat’ 82, 85, 86, 95, visual representations of 141, 208, 303 103, 121

Index 377

as victims of crime 19, 85, 86, 91, 95, Bible 96, 103, 112, 113, 134, 136, 139, Ephesians 162 313 Exodus 109 as victims of forces beyond local control Hosea 94, 160 313 Lamentations 93, 94, 155, 166 and the victims of Nazism 288 Matthew 164, 165 All Souls’ Day 74 Romans 156 allied bombing Blank, Wilhelm 262, 263, 264 as negative founding myth 227 Blitz 33 allied pilots Bode, Peter 240 as ‘arsonists’ 86 Bomber Command 27, 119, 290, 293, as ‘gangsters of the air’ 86 305 ‘Anglo-American air-gangsters’ 214 bombing Apel, Heinrich 172, 177 as retribution for Germany’s treatment Arbeitsgruppe Stadtbaugeschichte 244 of the Jews 56, 110 Arbeitskreis fur¨ Denkmalpﬂege und as retribution for the misdeeds of the Sanierungskritik 239 local community 315 Arbeitskreis Friedenswoche 150 strategic 95 area attack 6, 27, 33, 34, 38, 42, 54 as a desecration of culture 190 area bombing and the ‘Documents on the Sole and carpet bombing in Vietnam 139 Responsibility [Alleinschuld]of emotional impact of 57 England for the Bombing War and established commemorative patterns against the Civilian Population’ 73 256 and the ‘guilt question’ 32 and exhibitions 296 of Hamburg and Kassel 24 as the ﬁrst act of aggression in the legality of 262 Cold War 123, 317 local discourses on 3 and the German peace movement and Magdeburg 190 179 and memorial culture 18 and the ‘heroic bearing’ of the revival of interest in the experience of population 258 146 and the idea of rupture 258 and rumours 30 and the ideas of Heimat and Kultur and strategic bombing 191 184 study of effects by Friedrich Panse 46 and indiscriminate area bombing 191 and the transformation of the built-up and the Nazi party 258 environment 248 and Olaf Groehler 292 Arendt, Hannah 11, 137 personal memories of 213 Aryan race 258, 311 and the propaganda struggles of the Auschwitz 49, 163, 277, 315 Cold War 123 trial 277 and the propaganda theme of deliberate attack on Germany’s Bach, Johann Sebastian 120 cultural heritage 186 Bach, Wilhelm Friedemann 120 and the response of the Nazi media Bangert, Wolfgang 229, 230 185 Baumann, Hans 244, 245 and the symbolisation of the casualties Bauser, Adolf 100, 116 in Kassel in 1983 152 Beethoven, Ludwig van 81, 120, 121, 127, and Und Deutschlands Stadte¨ starben 225 nicht 279 Beims, Hermann 62, 63 and Werner Dettmar 289 Belz, Willi 218, 278, 283 and the West German peace Benedict of Nursia 88 movement 301 Berlin 123, 124, 134, 293, 294, 296 bombing war controversy 15 Berndt, Alfred-Ingemar 25 Bormann, Martin 36 Bessel, Richard 9 Bracher, Karl Dietrich 278

378 Index

Brandt, Willy 157 and intercessory prayers for fallen Branner, Karl 140, 225–7 soldiers 82 Brecht, Bertolt 157–9 and memorials in memory of the air war Breite Weg/Karl-Marx-Street 63, 138, 231, 109 243 and memory of the bombing in the Breitenau Work Camp 49 Federal Republic of Germany 16 Britain 34, 36, 319 and the notion of affliction 19, 74, 101, British pilots 108, 110, 311, 315 as ‘arsonists’ 32 and oppositional politics in the GDR Brockhaus encyclopaedia 204, 321 294 ‘Brothers, to Sun, to Freedom’ 148 participation in secular commemorations Bruckner,¨ Christine 235, 236, 240, 243, in Magdeburg 138 244 and peace movement in Kassel 315 Bruderkirche¨ Kassel 108, 109, 239, 247 persisting separation between secular Buchheim, Hans 278 and spiritual narratives in post-war Magdeburg 113 cathedral (Dom), Magdeburg 61, 62, 125, and post-war commemoration in Kassel 138, 149, 161, 213, 273 113 Catholic Church power struggle with the state in post-war liturgy 76 Magdeburg 231 Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the promise of salvation 96 and Adolf Bauser 100 and the re-Christianising of memory in council motion on the rebuilding of the Kassel 120 Johanniskirche in Magdeburg 247 and refusal to comply with official and the municipal elections in request to ring the church bells in Magdeburg in 1946 63 Magdeburg 125 and the rearmament controversy in and remembrance of the dead in Kassel 134 Magdeburg 115 Ost-CDU rise in influence in the aftermath of and the appeal to declare 16 January a urban disaster 96 ‘day of remembrance’ 128 and rituals dealing with the and mourning 101 anthropological certainty of death and persisting reservations about a 74 memory politics of hatred 135 rivalry with the Nazi regime 73 Churches role played in secular commemorations and the Air Raid Victims in post-war in Kassel 120 Kassel 101 Cold War 101, 123, 125, 185, 202, 213, on the causal relationship between the 216, 292, 294, 313, 317 casualties of aerial warfare and the end of 169, 284 misdeeds of Germans 105 escalation of 194, 219, 262, 268, commemorative activity in Magdeburg 269 confined to the spiritual sphere of and the historiographical perspective of the church building 116 the ‘postwar’ 9–10 and concern about the ‘existential’ side impact on air war memory 313 of memory in Magdeburg 123 and the outbreak of hostilities in Korea and the demolition of church ruins in 99 Magdeburg 231 as parameter for memory studies 16 and the fortieth-anniversary political confrontations 15 commemorations of the bombing propaganda battles 123, 195 161–7 and the propaganda value of the air war and the idea of the air war as divine 29 punishment 96 second Cold War of the 1980s 7, 145, and the idea of ‘never again’ 129 146, 177, 288, 298, 315, 316 influence on the cultural enunciation of as turning point in the memory death in World War II 74 culture of Magdeburg 145

Index 379

Cologne 192, 294 Erhard, Ludwig 220, 226 combined bomber offensive 24 evacuees 90, 100, 122, 140, 313 commemoration exhibitions 20, 21, 30, 143, 224, 232, 284, language of 86–9 316 re-Christianisation of 102, 122 ‘Alt-Kassel – The Art and History of a semantics of 146, 154 Beautiful Town’ 203 community aliens (Gemeinschaftsfremde) by Arbeitsgruppe Stadtbaugeschichte 264 244 community of fate (Schicksalsgemeinschaft) children’s drawings from Theresienstadt 31–3, 95, 261 139, 278 Conze, Eckart 145 ‘A City has been Rebuilt’ 220, 225 Conze, Werner 278 ‘The Destruction of Kassel’ 4, 289, Council of the Protestant Church in 297–301, 305 Germany (EKD) 156 ‘documenta’ 212, 226 Coventry 305 Federal Flower Exhibition (Bundesgartenschau) 212 Darmstadt 58, 95, 98, 192 and the idea of Alt-Kassel 198 Daub, Philipp 112, 225, 226 and the idea of Alt-Magdeburg 223 death ‘Kassel is Rebuilding!’ 192, 193 non-combatant/civilian 72, 73, 89, 95, ‘Life in Ruins, Kassel 1943–1948’ 244, 122 306–9 as heroic sacrifice 74–89 ‘Magdeburg is Alive!’ 64–7, 206 denazification 98, 103 ‘Memories of Magdeburg’ 238, 302, Dessau 29 305–6 Destruction of Kassel in October 1943, The on Old Magdeburg 242–3 290 ‘The Rebuilding of Magdeburg’ 63 destruction, confrontation with rise of in the 1980s 295–7 as ‘disfigured face’ 207–13 ‘From Ruins to the New City’ 227 in figures 191–5 in the ruins of the Johanniskirche 172, in images 195–8 302, 305 as loss 18, 187, 190, 240–3 ‘The Times of the Hohenstaufen’ 296 as opportunity 20, 193, 228, 231, 249, ‘When the Heavens Turned Crimson 302, 311, 314 Red...’306–9 Dettmar, Werner 283, 285, 289–91, 298–308, 319 Fache, Thomas 15 Deutschnationale Volkspartei (DNVP) 12 fascism 107, 168, 214, 282, 302, 305, 306 Die verpasste Stadt (The Failed City) 222 destruction of 123 Dietrich, Otto 31 history of 9 Dietzel, Else 50 victims of 105, 107–8, 111 Diner, Dan 143 Feller, Hans 163, 166–7 Dorpmuller,¨ Julius 25 fire bombing 17, 21, 23, 29, 59, 183, 186 Dresden 58, 98, 171, 285, 294, 295, 320, firestorm 164, 172, 264 321 ‘The Firestorm’ (manuscript) 287 bombing of on 13/14 February 1945 15, ‘The Heimat Ten Year s after th e 28, 49, 59, 292–3, 299 Firestorm–Kassel’s Rebirth’ 217 as lieu de memoire´ 123, 124, 171, 262, Kassel before the Firestorm 199, 202, 203, 276, 277, 313 204, 241 Fischer controversy 277 Eastern Front 27, 29, 35, 59, 292 forced labour 13, 308, 317 Eberhard, Rudolf 63, 67, 68, 112, 178, forced workers 55, 264, 265, 269 194, 206 burial 111 Eichel, Hans 146, 155, 158, 240, 287 experiences of the bombing 49–51 Enquiry Office for the Missing Lucien Ranson 302 (Vermisstensuchstelle) 26, 47, 50, 54, Foreign Office (Auswartiges¨ Amt) 256 260, 285 Frankfurt am Main 12, 161, 192, 219

380 Index

Frauenkirche, Dresden 172 and National Socialist air war Freiburg i. Br. 95, 260, 320, 321 propaganda 31–3 bombing of in World War I 73 response to the bombing of Kassel 24, bombing of on 10 May 1940 261 25 Frevert, Ute 296 response to the bombing of Magdeburg Friedrich, Jorg¨ 15 28 Frisch, Max 67 visit to Kassel 41–2, 84, 86, 88 Fuhrer¨ durch Kassel und Wilhelmshohe¨ Goering, Hermann 39, 319 224 Gorbachev, Mikhail 146 Fuhrer¨ durch Magdeburg 235 Grenzebach, Wilhelm 119, 128 Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm 286 ‘gangsters of the air’ 86, 135, 275 German Dictionary 91, 188 generation 17, 29, 61, 143, 148, 164, 258, Grimmhaus 201 272 Groehler, Olaf 292–4 of age cohorts born around 1905 143 on the bombing of Dresden 292 generation of ’68 144, 180, 319 Grothe, Brigitte Freifrau 170 generational change 10, 143, 145, 146, Guericke, Otto von 64 166, 276, 312, 316 Gulf War 177 generational conﬂict 227, 245, 284 Guse, Werner 214 generational factors 169, 298, 300, 301, 315, 321 Hague Convention, The 256 ‘post-war generation’ 140, 146, 151, Halbwachs, Maurice 11 204, 231, 301 Halle an der Saale 14 ‘reconstruction generation’ 178, 227, Hamburg 12, 16, 144, 150, 192, 219, 320, 234, 237, 239, 245, 249 321 ‘sceptical generation’ 144, 165, 180, destruction of 13, 15, 24, 35, 41, 43, 59, 283, 299, 300, 309 264 ‘war generation’ 140, 150, 167, 227, historiography on 286 244, 245, 300–7 Nazi funeral ceremonies 95 Geneva Disarmament Conference 301 Handel,¨ Georg Friedrich 120 Gerland, Karl 57, 71, 83 Hanke, Heinz 148, 159 Gerling, Heinz 232, 247 Hannibal 159 German Contemporary History Hannover’sch Munden¨ 90, 91 (Zeitgeschchte) 291 Hanover 264 German High Command of the Hartwig, Rudi 283, 291, 293–5, 307, Wehrmacht 34, 267 308 Germany 12, 14, 56, 87, 131, 159, 171, Hasper, Werner 245 273 Hass, Esther 308 after 1945 10, 197, 319 Hausmann, Manfred 236, 240, 241, 243, after 1990 165 244 before 1933 13, 257 Hebbel, Friedrich 129 during the occupation years 11 Heidelmayer, Alfred 238 Federal Republic of 161, 226, 234, 316 Heilbronn 58, 95, 98, 150, German Democratic Republic 161 320 historiography of 8–9 Heimat 41, 62, 83, 224, 287 Gestapo 49 as crucial concept for the framing of Goebbels, Joseph 83, 185, 196, 257, 263 urban destruction 190 and the alleged failure of district leader deﬁnition of 188 Karl Weinrich 36 in exhibitions 64 as depicted by David Irving 280–1 Heimat League 229 and the ‘Documents on the Sole historiography of 290, 316 Responsibility [Alleinschuld]of as home front 84, 188 England for the Bombing War as idea 20, 184–5, 198, 205, 248 against the Civilian Population’ the inability of the regime to defend 256 54

Index 381

‘Kasseler Heimatlied’ 41, 56, 57, historical 9, 143, 145, 154, 163, 244, 189–90 284, 288 lost 20, 54, 189, 237, 262, 286, 311, memory 146, 180, 299, 309, 315 320 TV series 143, 300 new 229 Homburg, Herfried 283 new city as 230 Honecker, Erich 160 as a place of belonging 188 as a place of longing 230 Imperial War Museum, London 303 regained 20, 218 imperialism 19, 112, 135, 147, 158, 159, representations of in exhibitions 206 160, 177, 213, 277, 282, 292, 313 researcher 232 Institute of Contemporary History as an uncanny place 219, 228, 236 (Institut fur¨ Zeitgeschichte) 277 verse 2–3, 20, 188, 189, 211 iron cross 77, 81, 82 Heinicke, Erich 192, 193, 206, 245 Irving, David 279–81, 282, 284, 285, 290, Hellweg, Uli 247 291 Herbordt, Friedrich 266, 270–2, 276, 279, Italy 51 280 Hermsdorff, Wolfgang 220 Jahn, Lilli 48, 49 Heroes’ Memorial Day (Heldengedenktag) Jews 75, 76 access to shelters 38 Herzig, Werner 154, 158, 159, 172, 294 and anti-Semitism 299 Herzog, Roman 171 bombing as retribution for Germany’s Hesse 192, 220, 225 treatment of 56, 101 Hesse Nassau 12 of Kassel 48, 264 Hessian landgraves 12 deportation 165 Hessische Allgemeine 138, 220, 234, 245, history 308 283, 317 persecution 165 Hessische Nachrichten 133, 134, 191, 208, of Magdeburg 162 212, 216, 217, 218, 253, 262, 263, persecution of 110 265, 266, 270 pogrom of 9 November 1938 163 ‘histories of arrival’ 17 trope of ‘International Jewry’ 36 ‘histories of the aftermath’ 8, 17 Johanniskirche, Magdeburg history engraving on the door of 177 antiquarian conception 254–5, 276, 283, permanent exhibition in the ruin of 302, 284, 309, 316 305 critical conception 254–5, 270–2, 276, pre-war image of 206 314, 316 reconstruction after 1989 247, 248, monumental conception 254–5, 258, 249 260, 263, 270, 281, 284 ruin 213 History of Air Warfare, 1910–1975 292 and sculpture of ‘Magdeburg in Hitler, Adolf 25, 36, 39, 71, 88, 108, 194, Mourning’ 6, 7, 178 208, 212, 261, 281, 287 sculptures in front of 172, 173, 177 anti-Hitler coalition 258, 292 Jordan, Rudolf 32, 59, 84, 255, 256, 258, failed putsch of 9 November 1923 75, 259 131 Jung, Hans-Gernot 152, 154–6 ‘Hitler’s war’ 111, 193, 194, 213 remark on the eradication of British Kaltwasser, Karl 108, 202, 218–19 cities 194 Karlsaue, Kassel 212 Hitler Youth 167 Karlsruhe 73 Hoch, Anton 260, 261 Kassel Hoffmann-Axthelm, Dieter 222, 237, 238, Alt-Kassel 164, 198, 202–4, 208, 217, 247 219, 222, 228–9, 234–7, 240–1, Holocaust 249, 314, 316 atomic 143, 154, 284, 288 Alt-Kassel, exhibition 203 bombing as ‘Holocaust’ 299, 320 as armaments centre 132, 218

382 Index

Kassel (cont.) in National Socialist propaganda 184, as City of Reich Warrior Days (Stadt der 185–7, 190, 199, 201 Reichskriegertage) 226, 266 Kurhessische Landeszeitung 25, 27, 186, destruction of 279, 281, 301, 303, 319 188, 201 Friedrichsplatz 42, 119 as Gau capital of Kurhesse Lastenausgleich 116 (Gauhauptstadt) 13, 193, 195 Lauritzen, Lauritz 131, 139, 224, 225 industrial importance of 13, 290 League for Culture (Kulturbund) 238 Kassel – Buildings of an Old Town 199, League of Air Raid Victims (Bund der 202 Fliegergeschadigten¨ ) 313 Kassel – City of the Documenta 226 and commemoration in Kassel 97, 137 Kassel before the Firestorm see firestorm decline of organisation 140 Kassel – the Intellectual Profile of a goals 100 Thousand Year Old Town 283 and the institutionalisation of a post-war Kassel is Alive – Despite Everything 212 memory culture in Kassel 116–21 Kassel – Portrait of a City 236 memory politics in Kassel 100–1, 107 ‘Kassel in the Melting Furnace of Time’ Leningrad 305 (Kassel im Schmelzofen der Zeit) 285 Lewandowski, Georg 165, 240 Kasseler Heimat Song see Heimat Liberal-Demokratische Zeitung 232, 272 Kasseler Neueste Nachrichten 85 lieu(x) de memoire´ Kasseler Post 134, 196, 199, 202, 203, concept of 10–11, 21, see also 16 January 217, 265, 266, 267 1945; 22 October 1943 Kasseler Zeitung 4, 198, 209, 217, 267 lingua tertii imperii 86, 185 Lower New Town (Unterneustadt) London 33, 99 246–7 Luest, Udo 164, 165 Martinskirche, building 122, 132, 137, Luftwaffe 261, 281, 298 146, 152–5, 157, 164, 198 chief Hermann Goering 39 rebuilt 120 generals 261 ruins 119, 208, 211, 279 raids of 1939 to 1941 308 ‘My Kassel’ (Mein Kassel)(poem)189, raids on Warsaw and Rotterdam 32 332 Luken-Isberner,¨ Folckert 244 as ‘Nazi town’ 236 Lutherkirche, Kassel as ‘new city on historic ground’ 203, building 152, 210 316 parish 90, 97, 110 old town 52, 103, 198, 217, 241, 253 rebuilding of 217, 222, 229 Magdeburg as Residenzstadt 236 Alt-Magdeburg 223, 232, 238, 242, 243, Upper New Town (Oberneustadt) 240 249, 314, 316, 317 as war town 236 as capital of Saxony-Anhalt 14, 169 ‘Kassel, 22 October 1943’ (poem) 50 as ‘city of the new building spirit’(Stadt Katharinenkirche, Magdeburg 231, 274 des neuen Bauwillens) 205 Kershaw, Ian 54 confidential mood reports on 29 Klemperer, Victor 49, 86 destruction of in the Thirty Years War 6, Korea 99 12, 61–8, 123, 158, 204, 306 Koselleck, Reinhart 22, 105 destruction of in World War II see Koß, Erich 63, 194 16 January 1945 Krausnick, Helmut 278 district of Cracau 60 Kultur 206 Kulturhistorisches Museum 306 in Communist propaganda 207 Magdeburg before 16 January 1945 242 as concept for the framing of urban ‘Magdeburg in Mourning’ (Trauer nde destruction 190, 219 Magdeburg) 5–7, 178, 270 destruction of in the air war 31, 244 Magdeburg in a Storm of Fire 295 guardians of 219 as ‘martyr city’ 154, 294 as idea 184, 248 as modern industrial and impact of aerial warfare on 185 communications centre 204

Index 383

as the Nagasaki of the GDR 295 gestures of 315 rebuilding of 134, 213, 248, 305 individual 79 as ‘red city in a red countryside’ 13 languages of 92, 155 as ‘Socialist metropolis’ 223, 225, 231, marginalisation of 127 232, 238, 243, 249 private 136 Majdanek extermination camp 48 public 19, 166 Margalit, Gilad 15, 277 rites of 136 Martin, Ernst 61, 110 sites of 99, 103, 104, 105, 108, Marx, Karl 17 112 Mattes, Dr Wilhelm 116 Munich 56, 76 Memorial Sunday 74, 109, 119, 288 National Front (Nationale Front) 101, 124, memorials 11, 105–10 125, 134 makeshift, erected on collapsed NATO 148, 154, 159, 180 buildings 103, 105 ‘double-track’ decision 143–50, 156, memory 179, 315 agents of 7, 16 Nazi Germany 9, 13, 27, 54, 58, 64, 72, artefacts 4 82, 86, 88, 92, 101, 107, 127, 131, and catastrophe 9 132, 140, 143, 145, 165, 193, 201, and the commemoration of death 19, 202, 218, 228, 235, 245, 246, 255, 71, 180 259, 264, 266, 270, 271, 278, 285, and the confrontation with destruction 288, 292, 308, 313, 315 19, 183, 250 as ‘racial state’ 38 counter-memory 4 Nazi party 92, 117, 120, 147, 255, 256, cycles of 312, 315, 316 257, 258, 261, 296 evolution of 310 air war propaganda 75 existential dimension of 99, 123 commemorative activities 58, 71–89, and experience 6, 10, 21–68 95 functionalist approaches to the study of decision to extend the cult of death 74 16 domestic ‘war deployment’ 258 as ‘history of the aftermath’ 17 local Kassel branch 43 and politics 16 relief efforts 35 and protest 315 rise to power 12 shifting regimes of 276 Nazi regime spatial dimension of 11 accountability for the bombing 56 and the theme of survival 20 as agent of memory 30 transition from ‘communicative’ to air war propaganda 25 ‘cultural’ 146 crimes of 98 urban 19 cult of death 72, 74 trajectories of 10 denunciation of the air war 85 vectors of 19, 310, 315 discursive power of 95 and the writing of histories 309 disillusionment with 167 memory culture 7, 15, 17, 19 impact of bombing on affective bonds and the experience of indiscriminate between people and regime 54 bombing 3 as impotent guardian of the Heimat and Pierre Nora 10 189 memory studies inability to stop the bombs from falling ‘presentism’ in 17 196 MERIAN nonconformity with 41 ‘Kassel’ (1977) 240–1 total war mobilisation 94 Mitscherlich, Alexander 165, 316 Nazi welfare organisation (NSV) 264 Moscow 159, 161 Neue Illustrierte 279 mourning 74, 76, 81, 102, 112, 117, 128, Neutzner, Matthias 15 155, 201, 207, 233, 237, 239, 241, Niedervellmar 39 244, 247, 249, 310 Niemann, Elfriede 47–8, 54

384 Index

Niemeyer, Gebhard 40, 42–3, 44, 56, 58, uses of 203, 204, 207, 209 291 uses in Kassel 216, 233 Nietzsche, Friedrich 254 uses in Magdeburg 212, 213 Noack, Hans-Georg 233 Pippert, Hans 220 Noetzel, Almuth 171 Poland 51, 161 Nora, Pierre 10, 21, 22 Polte, Dr Willi 177, 178, 248, 308 nostalgia 198–204, 205, 207, 219, 228, prayer for peace 148–50, 161–3, 179 230, 240–3, see also Kassel, Priegnitz, Werner 232 Alt-Kassel;Magdeburg, Protestant Church Alt-Magdeburg and the notion of affliction 89–94 reflective 203, 314 and alternative interpretations of the NSDAP see Nazi party meaning of urban destruction in Magdeburg 161 Oberkaufungen 40 and anniversary services of the bombing Old Kassel see Kassel, Alt-Kassel in Kassel 119 Opfer and annual memorial services in Kassel as sacrifice 131 120 semantic ambiguity 131 and the call for the renegotiation of the Otto I, emperor 62 meaning of ‘16 January’ in post-war Overmans, Rudiger¨ 27 Magdeburg 127 and the commemoration of Magdeburg’s pacifism 7, 131, 157, 179 destruction in the Thirty Years War Paetow, Dr Karl 48, 51, 53, 168, 260, 280 61 as author 285–7 and commemoration in post-war as oral historian 26–7 Magdeburg 125 uses of the ‘survivors reports’ in the cooperation with the SED in Magdeburg 1950s 264–5 160 Panse, Friedrich 46–7, 51 and the demands of lay activsits in peace council (Friedensrat) 101, 124, 125, Kassel 152 127 and memorials in memory of the air war peace movement 108 and ‘22 October 1943’ 152 negotiations with the Air Raid Victims German 179 119 Kassel branch 315 and the official ‘struggle for peace’ in the uses of ‘22 October 1943’ 315 GDR 150 during the Weimar Republic 130 and the ‘peace question’ 145 West German 144, 151 and post-1989 commemoration in age structure 301 Magdeburg 178 influences 151 and the presiding over public rituals by international orientation 151 established institutions 118 on WW II bombing 144, 301 and the revival of commemoration in Pehnt, Herta 262–4 Magdeburg 148 People’ Day of Mourning 119, 179 speech by Dietrich Schierbaum at the Persian Gulf 176 fortieth-anniversary Pforzheim 16, 144, 150, 320 commemoration in Magdeburg photography 160 as medium through which to review the statement on the air raid on Kassel to be reconstruction 216 read from pulpits on Christmas Day nostalgic images from before the 1943 25 destruction in Kassel 198, 199 and superintendent Dietrich as polysemous medium 195–7 Schierbaum 148 rubble photography 197 contextualisations 211 Raabe, Wilhelm 50 as part of broader visual narratives racial community 19, 23, 50, 58, 77, 79, about the impact of bombing 197 85, 88, 95, 258, 311, 317

Index 385

RAF 6, 21, 22, 40, 56, 305, 310, see also re-election of Hans Eichel as mayor Bomber Command, with help of the Greens in 1981 Red Army 123, 124, 159, 306 157 presence at commemorations in and the Weimar era ‘warrior Magdeburg 148 monument’ 108 Vistula offensive 27, 59 Magdeburg Reformed Church (Moderamen des integrationist politics in the 1920s Reformierten Bundes) 156 62 Riebeling, Elisabeth 229 uses of the Cold War sculpture of the Riga ‘rubble woman’ in the 1990s, see Jewish ghetto 48 also Polte, Willi Rolle, Manfred 272, 273, 278, 279, suspicion towards the rearmament of the 294 Federal Republic 121 Rossbach, Wolfgang 245 the ‘grandchildren’ of Willy Brandt Rothfels, Hans 262, 271, 278 157 Rotterdam 32, 161, 265, 305 Socialist Unity Party (SED) rubble years 103, 224, 234, 307 and the embrace of National Socialist Rumpf, Hans 280 propaganda 136 erosion of discursive power in the 1980s Saxony 161 Prussian province 12 licensing practice 242 Schierbaum, Dietrich 148, 160–1, Magdeburg 162–3 conflict over the official casualty rate Schlitzberger, Hans 35, 36, 186–7, 199 of 16 January 1945 295 Schmiedel, Wieland 173, 176 demolition of church buildings Sebald, Winfried G. 15 197 Section Municipal History 238, 243, 302, legitimacy deficit 274 305 reactions to the NATO ‘double-track’ SED dictatorship decision 145, 147–8 collapse of 169 recontextualisation and Seidel, Willi 68, 111, 194 repoliticisation of memory 313 commemorative speech on tenth and the renaissance of the memory anniversary of the bombing 130–1 place of ‘16 January’ in the 1980s takes stock of the destruction 191–2, 158 193 subversion of narrative of successful Sekula, Allan 196 overcoming 223 sites of memory and ‘Magdeburg in Mourning’ 7 private politics of memory 171 and the rebuilding 105 and the rebuilding of Magdeburg as sites of ‘healing’ 246–8 205 as sites of mourning 99, 103 successor organisation 308 as sites of political mobilisation and Society for Christian–Jewish Cooperation social integration 99 278 slave labour see forced labour ‘Song of the Good Comrade, The’ (Das Social Democratic Party (SPD) Lied vom guten Kameraden) 71, 81, during the Weimar Republic 12 82, 85, 121 Kassel Sonnemann, Friedrich 140, 226, 230, and ‘abuse of memory’ by the League 233 of Air Raid Victims 117 Sontag, Susan 196 commemoration of the air war in the Stalinisation 206, 269 1950s see Seidel, Willi Stargardt, Nick 50 conciliatory memory politics in the state church (Landeskirche)of 1950s 107 Kurhesse-Waldeck 89, 90, 91, 93, and rearmament controversy of the 156 1950s 134 Stattzeitung 141, 150, 239, 308

386 Index

strategic air war survivors’ reports (Uberlebensberichte¨ ) 27, in the academic scholarship of the FRG 264, 265 260 in the academic scholarship of the GDR Tagliche¨ Rundschau 63 261, 291 Teh ran 36 as anti-Semitic parable 257–9 ‘Tenacious Doves’ (Zahe¨ Tauben) 141–2, in Nazi propaganda 32 144 place in the National Socialist terror attack/raid see air attack/raid: as meta-narrative of WWII 256 ‘terror raid’ place in the rhetoric of the West German Theresienstadt 48 peace movement 151 exhibition 139, 278 recent research into cultural impact of Thieme, Walter 211, 217, 303, 317 15–16 Thießen, Malte 15 strategic bombing 8 Third Reich see Nazi Germany escalation in the spring of 1942 30 Thirty Years War 6, 12, 67, 68, 123, 158, of Kassel 24 204, 306, 320 as propaganda dilemma for Nazi regime ‘Thus Died My Home Town’ (So starb 31, see also strategic air war meine Heimatstadt) 1–5, 183, 189, Stuttgart 296 317 Stuttgart Confession of Guilt 160 trauma suffering concept of 45–6 as acknowledged in the United States November 1918 33, 76 Strategic Bombing Survey 8 Trubner’s¨ German Dictionary 185, as addressed in Nazi funeral ceremonies 188 79 as addressed in public commemorations Und Deutschlands Stadte¨ starben nicht 279 19 Untimely Meditations 254 Christian symbolism of 208 Upper New Town (Oberneustadt) 39 comparions with the Thirty Years War USAAF 24 62 USSBS as expressed in eyewitness accounts assessment of January raid on 314 Magdeburg 6 German material becoming available to local as consequence of the air war 291 public 307 as a consequence of guilt 162 summary report on the air war 7 and God 93, 94 and the idea of Heimat 189 Velbinger, Paul as moral argument 176 biographical details 92–3 and the ‘politics of the past’ 98 memorial service on 22 October 1950 and post-war commemorations 100 97, 130 as punishment 83 preaching on the subject of the air raid and retaliation 88 93–4 as a theme in air war historiography special church service for the Kassel 255, 263, 268, 289 evacuees 89, 90 victimisation and perseverance 178 Ve r g a n g e n h e i t s b e w altigung¨ (coming to terms hierarchies of 163 with the Nazi past) 299 identiﬁcation with in historical Versailles exhibitions 307 treaty of 257 Jewish 110, 139 victimhood 16, 108, 154, 178, 235, 315, Kassel 317, 319 the city as martyr 217 and agency 110 recent discourse on German wartime collective 314 suffering 319 conceptions of in Magdeburg 112 as universal characteristic of WWII 303 German and victimhood 317 air war as symbol of 15

Index 387

contested nature of 105 and ‘The Firestorm’ 287–9 and the emergence of Holocaust Wagner, Richard 81, 120 memory 315 Warsaw 32, 305 myth of 98, 136, 308 ‘We Shall Overcome’ 152 German vs. Jewish 110 Wegner, Bernd 255 German vs. non-German 277 Wegner, Karl-Hermann 237 hierarchies 139 Wehrmacht local 147, 180, 282 bulletin 28 privileging of in local historiography cemeteries 105 281 death toll in January 1945 28 and sacriﬁce 94 demolition by retreating units 207 universalisation of 309 relief efforts in the wake of air raids 268 Vierteljahreshefte fur¨ Zeitgeschichte 260 soldiers violence as victims of fascism 107 abiding presence of shared past of 8–9 as victims of Hitler’s war 111 in a brutalised society 22 veterans’ organisations 119 effect on individual identities 154 Weimar Republic 12, 35 exposure to a concentrated incendiary Weinrich, Karl 33 attack 46, 50, 90 calls for ‘just peace’ 57 and the idea of Heimat 184 commemorative address 83–8 long-term impact 166 ‘failure’ after the air raid 36, 41 mediated and experienced 167 West Germany see Germany, Federal refrain from use of 176 Republic of return to its place of origin 278, 302 Wiegand, Ludwig 110, 129 rule by violence 107 Wiesbaden 14 and the ‘social knowledge’ of a Wollenteit, Dieter 150 militarised population 264 woman of the rubble upsurge in xenophobic violence 177 as historical example to the present 170, Volkischer¨ Beobachter 27 177 Vonau, German M. 204 word on peace 161, 162 as conservative fellow-traveller of World War I 18, 30, 87, 95, 186 Nazism 186 World War II 16, 18 as critic of the post-war reconstruction experiences of 22 203 Wurzburg¨ 56, 98, 144, 150, 320 on the destruction of Kassel 187 Wustemann,¨ Adolf 111, 118, 122 Nazi past 202 as post-war guardian of Kassel’s cultural Zachhuber, Waltraud 161 heritage 199–201, 202 Zboralski, Dietrich 261 Zeitschrift fur¨ Geschichtswissenschaft 261 Wagner, Horst Zinn, Georg-August 226 biographical details 285 Zur Pinne, Kassel 271