Conceptual Metaphor - the Controversial Case of Embodied Thought
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George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) Metaphors We Live By
George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) Metaphors we live by. London: The university of Chicago press. Noter om layout: - Sidetall øverst - Et par figurer slettet - Referanser til slutt Innholdsfortegnelse i Word: George Lakoff and Mark Johnsen (2003) Metaphors we live by. London: The university of Chicago press. ......................................................................................................................1 Noter om layout:...................................................................................................................1 Innholdsfortegnelse i Word:.................................................................................................1 Contents................................................................................................................................4 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................6 1. Concepts We Live By .....................................................................................................8 2. The Systematicity of Metaphorical Concepts ...............................................................11 3. Metaphorical Systematicity: Highlighting and Hiding.................................................13 4. Orientational Metaphors.................................................................................................16 5. Metaphor and Cultural Coherence .................................................................................21 6 Ontological -
Applying Experientialism to HCI Methods
Applying Experientialism to HCI Methods by Manuel Imaz A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of Napier University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy SCHOOL OF COMPUTING NAPIER UNIVERSITY EDINBURGH, UK Committee in charge: Professor David Benyon, Chair Professor Chris Johnson Professor John Waterworth January 2001 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. David Benyon, who first discovered the possibility of a PhD thesis in the seeds of a MSc thesis done at the Open University, and also because he Smyth for supported me along the entire source-path-goal trajectory and to Michael Nardi for her his revision and valuable comments. I would also like to thank Bonnie John exchange of comments regarding my original ideas about Activity Theory, and Waterworth for his contributions regarding the role of metaphor in HCI design. Their contribution has been very important in the development of my own ideas. Table of Contents Table Contents I of ............................................................................................................ Table Figures; of .............................................................................................................6 Abstract ...........................................................................................................................8 Chapter 1 ................................................................. ...................................................9 Introduction..... ...................................................................... -
Meaning and Conceptual Metaphor
4 Cognitive Linguistics I: Meaning and Conceptual Metaphor 4.1 The Inchoateness of Linguistic Meaning and A Priori Reasoning There is a certain irony the notion of meaning involves. Meaning is meaningless unless what meaning means is specified. But any specification of meaning in terms of ‘what is the meaning of meaning?’ presupposes what we ask for when we want to determine the meaning of mean- ing. It presupposes the determination of meaning itself. Thus if we want to determine what meaning means and if we want to avoid reasoning in circles, we have to transcend meaning in and for itself. As a first step, it is adjuvant to draw on our pre-understanding of meaning. Everybody understands the word ‘meaning’, just not always in the same way. This is because pre-understandings in general are never localizable in a Platonic realm of clear, universally valid and immutable ideas that we can all grasp (how many mis-understandings and their con- sequences would have been prevented if this were the case!). Rather, the vague and versatile nature of pre-understandings points to the fact that they depend on historical, cultural and personal circumstances in the widest sense possible, which is also the case when we claim that something or somebody has meaning or that something or somebody is meaningful. Such an articulation of the pre-understanding of meaning is insightful, because it shows us that any pre-understanding of meaning takes meaning to be a relational notion. There is always something or somebody that/who has meaning or that/who is meaningful. -
Conceptual Metaphors
REVIEW ARTICLE ON ASPECTS OF METAPHORICAL MAPPING KAZUMI TANIGUCHI Osaka Kyoiku University* Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, by Zoltan Kovecses, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 2002, xi+285pp. Keywords: mapping, primary metaphor, image schema, analogy, relation- al similarity, embodiment 1. Introduction Since Lakoff and Johnson advocated "conceptual metaphors" in their monograph Metaphors We Live by, the cognitive-linguistic theory of metaphor has developed through various demonstrative studies and established its fundamental view that characterizes metaphor as "map- pings" between the source and target domains. Many in the field have been awaiting a study that shows the overall picture of this cognitive- semantic view of metaphor; Zoltan Kovecses' book under review exact- ly meets that need. Kovecses has contributed to the development of the theory of concep- tual metaphor, and is known for a series of studies concerning metaphor and metonymy in emotion terms (Kovecses (2000)); in fact, Lakoff's (1987) case study on "anger" owes a great deal to Kovecses' work. Readers will also find that the observations he has made thus far consti- tute the basis of this book, and thereby add a unique nuance to this * I would like to thank two anonymous EL reviewers for their valuable com- ments and suggestions. I am also grateful to Robert Sanborn Brown for suggesting extensive stylistic improvements. Thanks also go to Kojiro Nabeshima, who kindly offered me time to discuss some of the issues handled here. Of course, I am solely responsible for any remaining errors in this article. English Linguistics 22: 1 (2005) 205-231 -205- (C)2005 by the English Linguistic Society of Japan 206 ENGLISH LINGUISTICS, VOL. -
Towards Terminology Research As a Practical Philosophy of Information: the Terminology of Radical Constructivism As a Case in Point
TOWARDS TERMINOLOGY RESEARCH AS A PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY OF INFORMATION: THE TERMINOLOGY OF RADICAL CONSTRUCTIVISM AS A CASE IN POINT Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Philipp B. Neubauer School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences University of Salford, UK Contents List of Figures v Main introduction ix 1 Rethinking concept analysis 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 Indeterminacy of concept . 1 1.1.1 Working definitions . 2 1.1.1.1 Culture . 2 1.1.1.2 Thick concept and thick description . 3 1.1.1.3 Syntagmaticity and paradigmaticity . 3 1.1.2 Experiential holism . 4 1.1.3 Subjectivity . 5 1.1.4 Interactive concept analysis . 7 1.2 Opposition of positivism and interpretivism . 7 1.2.1 Positivism and interpretivism distinguished by method . 8 1.2.2 Concept analysis as method . 8 1.2.3 Ambiguity of concept analysis . 10 1.2.3.1 Paradigmatic or philosophical concept analysis . 10 1.2.3.2 Syntagmatic or discourse analysis . 11 1.2.4 Variants of concept analysis . 12 1.2.4.1 Formal and informal concept analysis . 12 1.2.4.2 Other mixed forms: analysis by synthesis . 13 1.3 Methodology . 14 1.3.1 Sociocognitive terminology . 15 1.3.2 Diachrony and synchrony . 16 1.3.3 Semasiology and onomasiology . 17 1.3.3.1 Philosophical aspect: deduction and induction . 18 1.3.3.2 Linguistic aspect: structuralist signifiers and signifieds . 19 1.4 Sociocognitive terminology and interactive concept analysis . 20 1.4.1 Middle-out approach and embodiment . -
Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Sartre's Philosophy
ROGER PÉREZ I BRUFAU Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Sartre's Philosophy PhD Dissertation in Cognitive Science and Language Thesis Director: Dr. Jaume Mateu i Fontanals Departament de Filologia Catalana Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Any 2010 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people for their help and support at many stages of the production of this work: especially Jaume Mateu (director and inspiration of most of the ideas in this dissertation), Mark Johnson (for accepting our invitation and for giving me support and help when I needed it), Joe Grady (for helping me to understand the great issue that Primary metaphors and Primary scenes represent), Maria Teresa Espinal (whose support and institutional help has been incredible), Salvador Climent (for his support in all my works and for giving me the chance to work in what I love), Simon Conway (for his enormous effort in correcting the English throughout this work), Mar Garachana and Joe Hilferty (because of their comments and support at the Cognitive Linguistics Seminar in the Universitat de Barcelona), Aurora Ferré and Toni Adrover (for their help and financial support at every moment of my career), Maria Brufau, Maria Pérez and Eduard Pérez (for their encouragement and help at several stages in the development of this dissertation), all my pupils at El Carme School in Sant Sadurní d’Anoia (they have helped me so many times...), all my colleagues at El Carme School (they have always helped me when I have needed it), and last but not least Txell Adrover and Pol and Jan Adrover (who have given me unflinching support throughout my frequently exhausting writing process and who have had to put up not only with my exhaustion but also with my not infrequent irritability). -
Cognitive Linguistics
Cognitive Linguistics An Introduction Vyvyan Evans and Melanie Green Cognitive Linguistics This book is dedicated to the memory of Larry Trask, 1944–2004, linguist, scholar, teacher, colleague, mentor and friend. COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS AN INTRODUCTION Vyvyan Evans and Melanie Green EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS © Vyvyan Evans and Melanie Green, 2006 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh Typeset in Sabon and Gill Sans by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester, and printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wilts A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7486 1831 7 (hardback) ISBN 0 7486 1832 5 (paperback) The right of Vyvyan Evans and Melanie Green to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Contents Preface xix Acknowledgements xxiii Abbreviations, symbols and transcription xxv Part I Overview of the Cognitive Linguistics Enterprise Introduction 3 1 What does it mean to know a language? 5 1.1 What is language for? 6 1.1.1 The symbolic function of language 6 1.1.2 The interactive function of language 9 1.2 The systematic structure of language 11 1.2.1 Evidence for a system 12 1.2.2 The systematic structure of thought 14 1.3 What do linguists do? 15 1.3.1 What? 15 1.3.2 Why? 16 1.3.3 How? 16 1.3.4 Speaker intuitions 16 1.3.5 Converging evidence 17 1.4 What it means to know a language 18 1.5 Summary 20 Further reading 22 Exercises 23 v COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS: AN INTRODUCTION 2 The nature of cognitive -
Why Cognitive Linguistics Requires Embodied Realism
Why cognitive linguistics requires embodied realism MARK JOHNSON and GEORGE LAKOFF In our book Metaphors We Live By (1980), we presented evidence that taking the existence of conceptual metaphor seriously would require a massive rethinking of many foundational assumptions in the Western philosophical tradition concerning meaning, conceptualization, reason, knowledge, truth, and language. In the twenty years between that book and Philosophy in the Flesh (1999), a mushrooming body of additional empirical evidence from linguistics, psychology, cognitive neuroscience, and anthropology became available, which not only reinforced our original claims about the pervasive, constitutive nature of conceptual metaphor, but also revealed implications for traditional philosophy that were even more devastating than we at first imagined. What we saw, especially in light of sweeping, rapid developments in cognitive neuroscience, was that meaning is grounded in our sensorimotor experience and that this embodied meaning was extended, via imaginative mechanisms such as conceptual metaphor, metonymy, radial categories, and various forms of conceptual blending, to shape abstract conceptu- alization and reasoning. What the empirical evidence suggests to us is that an embodied account of syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and value is absolutely necessary for an adequate understanding of human cognition and language. You cannot simply peel off a theory of conceptual metaphor from its grounding in embodied meaning and thought. You cannot give an adequate account of conceptual metaphor and other imaginative structures of understanding without recognizing some form of embodied realism. The reasons are discussed at length in Philosophy in the Flesh (1999: chapters 3, 4, and appendix). As Grady (1997) and Johnson (1997) have (jointly) observed, there is a system of hundreds of primary conceptual metaphors that we all learn by the age of four or earlier on the basis of ‘‘conflations’’ in our experience—cases where source and target domains are coactive in our experience. -
From Cognitive Linguistics to Social Science: Thirty Years After Metaphors We Live By
Michiel Leezenberg University of Amsterdam From Cognitive Linguistics to Social Science: Thirty Years after Metaphors We Live By In the thirty years since the appearance of Metaphors We Live By , cognitive linguistics has developed into a flourishing autonomous branch of inquiry. Interdisciplinary contacts, however, have largely been restricted to literary studies and the cognitive sciences and hardly extended towards the social sciences. This is the more surprising as, in 1970s anthropology, metaphor was seen as a key notion for the study of symbolism more generally. This contribution explores the cognitive linguistic view of social and cultural factors. Lakoff and Johnson appear ambivalent regarding the relation between culture and cognition; but they share the belief, elaborated in detail by Gibbs and Turner (2002), that cultural factors can be accounted for in terms of cognitive processes. This view runs into both methodological and philosophical difficulties. Methodologically, it assumes that cultural factors can be reduced to cognitive processes; philosophically, it boils down to a Cartesian emphasis on inner experience explaining outer phenomena. There are substantial anti-Cartesian strains both in contemporary philosophy and in a major current of Eighteenth- Century philosophy. The latter, in particular, emphasized the importance of embodiment and metaphor in cognition. As an alternative, I will sketch a more consistently semiotic- and practice-oriented approach that proceeds from linguistic practices to cognitive processes rather than the other way around. It takes practices as irreducibly public and normative; on this approach, so-called linguistic ideologies (Silverstein 1979) play a constitutive role in both linguistic practice and language structure. This alternative builds on recent developments in linguistic anthropology and the work of Peirce and Bakhtin. -
The Body in Space Dimensions of Embodiment
Final Draft: The Body in Space © 2006-7 Rohrer To appear in Body, Language and Mind The Body in Space: Dimensions of Embodiment © 2006-7 Tim Rohrer Colorado Advanced Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado Department of Cognitive Science, University of California at San Diego rohrer @ cogsci.ucsd.edu Final draft for the Body, Language and Mind anthology Citation information: Rohrer, Tim. “The Body in Space: Embodiment, Experientialism and Linguistic Conceptualization.” In Body, Language and Mind, vol. 2 . Zlatev, Jordan; Ziemke, Tom; Frank, Roz; Dirven, René (eds.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, forthcoming 2007. ABSTRACT Recent research from a large number of fields has recently come together under the rubric of embodied cognitive science. Embodied cognitive science attempts to show specific ways in which the body shapes and constrains thought. I enumerate the standard variety of usages that the term “embodiment” currently receives in cognitive science and contrast notions of embodiment and experientialism at a variety of levels of investigation. The purpose is to develop a broad-based theoretic framework for embodiment which can serve as a bridge between different fields. I introduce the theoretic framework using examples that trace related research issues such as mental imagery, mental rotation, spatial language and conceptual metaphor across several levels of investigation. As a survey piece, this chapter covers numerous different conceptualizations of the body ranging from the physiological and developmental to the mental and philosophical; theoretically, it focuses on questions of whether and how all these different conceptualizations can form a cohesive research program. Keywords : Embodiment; frames of reference; cognitive neuroscience; cognitive linguistics; mental rotation 1.