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EU Coalition Explorer

Results of the EU28 Survey on coalition building in the

an initiative of

Results for

© ECFR 2017 Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Findings Luxembourg

Coalition Potential Preferences Policies Ranks 1 to 14 Top 3 for LU Ranks 15 to 28 Luxembourg ranks overall #12 at Preferences Luxembourg ranks #4 at ‘ ’ Top 3 for LU 1. UK 2. Findings 1. #4 3. AT #14 Q1 Most Contacted 2. IE NL Q14 Deeper Integration BE Belgium 3. Austria BG 1. Belgium Q16 Expert View of Decision-Making Q17 Public View HR Croatia #13 Q2 Shared Interests 2. 3. CY 85% 52% All EU member states 50% 56% CZ Czech Rep. 1. Cyprus 4% 19% Legally bound core 14% 13% DK #10 Q3 Most Responsive 2. Belgium 2% 15% Coalition of states 14% 8% EE 3. AT MT 0% 8% Only national level 22% 23% FI LU EU EU LU FR France DE Germany EL HU Partners Networks IE Luxembourg ranks overall #14 at Partners Voting for IT Top 3 for LU Belgium LV Luxembourg 1. Croatia Top 8 for LU LT #15 Q10 Foreign and Development Policy 2. BE DE LV Austria LU Luxembourg 3. AT IT RO MT Germany 1. BE HR NL #23 Q11 Security and Defense Policy 2. Latvia PL 3. Austria France PT LU 1. AT BE RO #12 Q12 Economic and Social Policy 2. Latvia Netherlands SK Slovakia 3. Croatia SI Croatia 1. Slovakia ES #8 Q13 Fiscal Policy 2. Estonia Latvia SE 3. Belgium UK UK Italy

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Most contacted Votes for Luxembourg

“In your view or experience, which other governments Of 1352 votes by would your own government generally contact first 394 respondents, Luxembourg received Q1 and/or most on EU matters? (select to five)” 26 (1.9%)

5% Affluent 7 Share of EU Affluent Seven  5% Founding 6 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  1% Big 6 1% Southern 7 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 19% Belgium Share of 6% Ireland votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 6% Netherlands Croatia Luxembourg 5% Austria country Cyprus Malta 3% Italy 3% Romania   Czech Rep. Netherlands 2% France Denmark  Poland  1% Denmark Estonia Portugal  1% Germany 1% Portugal Finland  Romania France  Slovakia Germany  Slovenia Greece Spain  Hungary  Sweden Ireland UK 

Preferences Overview Most Contacted Shared Interests Top % Most Responsive 10+ % Most Disappointing 5-9 % 1-4 %

Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Shared Interests Votes for Luxembourg

“In your view or experience, which other EU member states Of 1594 votes by generally share many of your own country’s interests and 406 respondents, Luxembourg received Q2 preferences on EU policies? (select up to five)” 50 (3.1%)

8% Founding 6 Share of EU Affluent Seven  4% Affluent 7 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  4% Big 6 3% Southern 7 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 19% Belgium Share of 12% Germany votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 7% France Croatia Luxembourg 6% Ireland country Cyprus Malta 4% Netherlands 4% Slovenia   Czech Rep. Netherlands 3% Austria Denmark  Poland  3% Portugal Estonia Portugal  2% Italy 2% Sweden Finland  Romania 1% Denmark France  Slovakia 1% Spain Germany  Slovenia Greece Spain  Hungary  Sweden Ireland UK 

Preferences Overview Most Contacted Shared Interests Top % Most Responsive 10+ % Most Disappointing 5-9 % 1-4 %

Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Most Responsive Votes for Luxembourg

“In your view or experience, which other governments Of 1201 votes by or EU member states have shown to be most responsive 342 respondents, Luxembourg received Q3 or are easiest to work with? (select up to five)” 49 (4.1%)

9% Founding 6 Share of EU Affluent Seven  6% Affluent 7 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  5% Big 6 5% Southern 7 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 20% Cyprus Share of 17% Belgium votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 14% Austria Croatia Luxembourg 14% Malta country Cyprus Malta 11% Germany 9% Netherlands   Czech Rep. Netherlands 8% France Denmark  Poland  7% Greece Estonia Portugal  7% Ireland 5% Slovenia Finland  Romania 4% Italy France  Slovakia 3% Bulgaria Germany  Slovenia 3% Romania 2% Spain Greece Spain  1% Denmark Hungary  Sweden Ireland UK 

Preferences Overview Most Contacted Shared Interests Top % Most Responsive 10+ % Most Disappointing 5-9 % 1-4 %

Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Most Disappointing Votes for Luxembourg

“In your view or experience, which other governments Of 1123 votes by or EU member states have disappointed your own 326 respondents, Luxembourg received Q4 government? (select up to five)” 18 (1.6%)

4% Visegrád 4 Share of EU Affluent Seven  2% Affluent 7 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  1% Big 6 1% Founding 6 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  1% Southern 7 Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 8% Hungary Share of 4% Belgium votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 4% Denmark Croatia Luxembourg 3% UK country Cyprus Malta 2% Czech Rep. 1% Italy   Czech Rep. Netherlands 1% Poland Denmark  Poland  1% Spain Estonia Portugal  Finland  Romania France  Slovakia Germany  Slovenia Greece Spain  Hungary  Sweden Ireland UK 

Preferences Overview Most Contacted Shared Interests Top % Most Responsive 10+ % Most Disappointing 5-9 % 1-4 %

Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Big Six Overall EU Policy Ranking by Luxembourg

“Based on your view or experience, please rank the six large EU member states according to their overall influence on EU policy Q5 over the past five years. (first rank being the most influential)”

EU Affluent Seven First Rank Second Rank Third Rank Big Six Southern Seven Founding Six Visegrád Four Germany France UK France Italy UK Austria Italy Belgium Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Croatia Luxembourg Cyprus Malta Czech Rep. Netherlands Denmark Poland Estonia Portugal Finland Romania Fourth Rank France Slovakia Fifth Rank Sixth Rank Germany Slovenia Poland Italy Spain Italy Poland Spain UK Greece Spain Hungary Sweden Ireland UK

Influence Overview Big Six Overall EU Policy Big Six Fiscal Policy Big Six Foreign and Security Policy Affluent Seven Other Number of respondents: 3. Size of rectangles corresponds with respondents’ respective rankings. Countries with equal values are sorted from A-Z.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Big Six Fiscal Policy Ranking by Luxembourg

“Please rank the six large EU member states according to their influence on EU fiscal policy over the past five years. Q6 (first rank being the most influential)”

EU Affluent Seven First Rank Second Rank Third Rank Big Six Southern Seven Founding Six Visegrád Four Germany France UK FranceUK Italy SpainItaly Austria Italy Belgium Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Croatia Luxembourg Cyprus Malta Poland UK Czech Rep. Netherlands Italy Denmark Poland Estonia Portugal Finland Romania Fourth Rank France Slovakia Fifth Rank Sixth Rank Germany Slovenia SpainItaly Italy Spain PolandSpain PolandItaly UKPoland Spain UK Greece Spain Hungary Sweden Ireland UK

Influence Overview UK Poland Italy Big Six Overall EU Policy Germany Poland Big Six Fiscal Policy Big Six Foreign and Security Policy Affluent Seven Other Countries Number of respondents: 3. Size of rectangles corresponds with respondents’ respective rankings. Countries with equal values are sorted from A-Z.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Big Six Foreign and Security Policy Ranking by Luxembourg

“Please rank the six large EU member states according to their influence on EU foreign, security and defence policy over the Q7 past five years. (first rank being the most influential)”

EU Affluent Seven First Rank Second Rank Third Rank Big Six Southern Seven Founding Six Visegrád Four France Germany France Germany UK UK Germany Austria Italy Belgium Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Croatia Luxembourg Cyprus Malta Czech Rep. Netherlands Denmark Poland Estonia Portugal Finland Romania Fourth Rank France Slovakia Fifth Rank Sixth Rank Germany Slovenia Poland Italy Italy Poland Spain Spain Italy Greece Spain Hungary Sweden Ireland UK

Influence Overview Big Six Overall EU Policy Big Six Fiscal Policy Big Six Foreign and Security Policy Affluent Seven Other Countries Number of respondents: 3. Size of rectangles corresponds with respondents’ respective rankings. Countries with equal values are sorted from A-Z.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Affluent Seven Ranking by Luxembourg First Rank Austria Belgium Netherlands

“Based on your view or experience, please rank the list of affluent seven EU member states according to their overall influence on EU Q8 policy over the past five years. (first rank being the most influential)”

EU Affluent Seven Big Six Southern Seven Founding Six Visegrád Four Second Rank Third Rank Fourth Rank Belgium Luxembourg Sweden Austria Finland Netherlands Luxembourg Austria Austria Italy Belgium Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Croatia Luxembourg Cyprus Malta Czech Rep. Netherlands Denmark Poland Estonia Portugal Finland Romania France Slovakia Fifth Rank Sixth Rank Seventh Rank Germany Slovenia Denmark Netherlands Sweden Denmark Sweden Finland Belgium Greece Spain Hungary Sweden Ireland UK

Influence Overview Big Six Overall EU Policy Big Six Fiscal Policy Big Six Foreign and Security Policy Affluent Seven Other Countries Number of respondents: 3. Size of rectangles corresponds with respondents’ respective rankings. Countries with equal values are sorted from A-Z.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Foreign and Development Policy Votes for Luxembourg

“Which other EU member states would Of 1756 votes by your government see as essential partners 285 respondents, Luxembourg received Q10 in Foreign and Development Policy?” 41 (2.3%)

4% Founding 6 Share of EU Affluent Seven  3% Big 6 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  3% Southern 7 2% Affluent 7 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  1% Visegrád 4 Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 7% Croatia Share of 5% Belgium votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 5% Germany Croatia Luxembourg 5% Latvia country Cyprus Malta 4% Austria 4% Italy   Czech Rep. Netherlands 4% Romania Denmark  Poland  3% France Estonia Portugal  2% Bulgaria 2% Finland Finland  Romania 2% Hungary France  Slovakia 2% Netherlands Germany  Slovenia 2% Slovenia 2% Spain Greece Spain  2% Sweden Hungary  Sweden 1% Denmark Ireland UK  1% Portugal

Partners Overview Foreign and Development Policy Security and Defense Policy Top % Economic and Social Policy 10+ % Fiscal Policy 5-9 % 1-4 %

Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Security and Defense Policy Votes for Luxembourg

“Which other EU member states would Of 1662 votes by your government see as essential partners 285 respondents, Luxembourg received Q11 in Security and Defense Policy?” 20 (1.2%)

2% Affluent 7 Share of EU Affluent Seven  2% Founding 6 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  1% Big 6 1% Southern 7 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 6% Belgium Share of 6% Croatia votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 5% Latvia Croatia Luxembourg 4% Austria country Cyprus Malta 3% Sweden 2% Bulgaria   Czech Rep. Netherlands 2% Finland Denmark  Poland  2% Germany Estonia Portugal  2% Italy 2% Netherlands Finland  Romania 2% Spain France  Slovakia Germany  Slovenia Greece Spain  Hungary  Sweden Ireland UK 

Partners Overview Foreign and Development Policy Security and Defense Policy Top % Economic and Social Policy 10+ % Fiscal Policy 5-9 % 1-4 %

Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Economic and Social Policy Votes for Luxembourg

“Which other EU member states would Of 1567 votes by your government see as essential partners 279 respondents, Luxembourg received Q12 in Economic and Social Policy?” 51 (3.3%)

5% Founding 6 Share of EU Affluent Seven  4% Affluent 7 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  4% Big 6 4% Southern 7 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  1% Visegrád 4 Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 9% Austria Share of 9% Belgium votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 8% Latvia Croatia Luxembourg 6% Croatia country Cyprus Malta 5% France 4% Germany   Czech Rep. Netherlands 4% Italy Denmark  Poland  4% Netherlands Estonia Portugal  4% Portugal 4% Romania Finland  Romania 4% Sweden France  Slovakia 3% Finland Germany  Slovenia 3% Spain 3% UK Greece Spain  2% Bulgaria Hungary  Sweden 2% Hungary Ireland UK  2% Slovenia

Partners Overview Foreign and Development Policy Security and Defense Policy Top % Economic and Social Policy 10+ % Fiscal Policy 5-9 % 1-4 %

Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Fiscal Policy Votes for Luxembourg

“Which other EU member states would Of 1203 votes by your government see as essential partners 279 respondents, Luxembourg received Q13 in Fiscal Policy?” 52 (4.3%)

6% Founding 6 Share of EU Affluent Seven  6% Southern 7 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  5% Big 6 4% Affluent 7 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  1% Visegrád 4 Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 14% Slovakia Share of 13% Estonia votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 12% Belgium Croatia Luxembourg 11% Latvia country Cyprus Malta 8% Austria 7% France   Czech Rep. Netherlands 7% Portugal Denmark  Poland  6% Croatia Estonia Portugal  6% Italy 5% Germany Finland  Romania 5% Spain France  Slovakia 4% Finland Germany  Slovenia 3% Netherlands 3% Romania Greece Spain  3% Slovenia Hungary  Sweden 3% UK Ireland UK 

Partners Overview Foreign and Development Policy Security and Defense Policy Top % Economic and Social Policy 10+ % Fiscal Policy 5-9 % 1-4 %

Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Commitment to Deeper Integration Votes for Luxembourg

“In your opinion, which EU member Of 2046 votes by states are committed to deeper 348 respondents, Luxembourg received Q14 integration or ‘more Europe’?” 218 (10.7%)

12% Founding 6 Share of EU Affluent Seven  12% Visegrád 4 votes by Big Six  Southern Seven  11% Affluent 7 11% Big 6 group Founding Six  Visegrád Four  9% Southern 7 Austria Italy  Belgium Latvia 19% UK Share of 15% Slovakia votes by Bulgaria Lithuania 14% Croatia Croatia Luxembourg 13% Belgium country Cyprus Malta 13% France 13% Ireland   Czech Rep. Netherlands 13% Netherlands Denmark  Poland  13% Poland Estonia Portugal  12% Austria 12% Germany Finland  Romania 12% Hungary France  Slovakia 11% Czech Rep. Germany  Slovenia 11% Denmark 10% Lithuania Greece Spain  10% Malta Hungary  Sweden 10% Romania  10% Slovenia Ireland UK 9% Latvia 9% Luxembourg 9% Portugal 8% Finland Policies Overview 8% Italy 8% Spain Commitment to Deeper Integration 8% Sweden Top % Importance of Coalitions 6% Estonia 5% Bulgaria 10+ % Preferred Actor Level 5% Greece 5-9 % 1-4 % Preferred Actor Level (Public View) Rounded results. 0% shares not shown.

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Preferred Actor Level Votes by Luxembourg

“What actor level would your All EU member Legally bound core Coalition of Only national country prefer for the following states: of member states: member states: level: Q16 list of policy projects?” 85% of votes 4% of votes 2% of votes 0% of votes

Countries Policies Integrated foreign Common defense Common Common policy in Common Common develop- and security policy  structures  and coast guard  justice & home affairs  and asylum policy  ment assistance p.  EU Affluent Seven Big Six Southern Seven Founding Six Visegrád Four Austria Italy Belgium Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Croatia Luxembourg Common Common Common Common Common China Cyprus Malta policy  policy  policy  policy  policy  Czech Rep. Netherlands Denmark Poland Estonia Portugal Finland Romania France Slovakia Germany Slovenia Greece Spain Hungary Sweden Better governance Fully completed Common social Common energy Single Ireland UK for the  single  policy  policy  policy  Number of respon- Policies Overview dents: 3. Share Commitment to Deeper Integration of ‘’t know’ votes shown by Importance of Coalitions open circles Preferred Actor Level Preferred Actor Level (Public View)

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer Preferred Actor Level (Public View) Votes by Luxembourg

“What actor level would your All EU member Legally bound core Coalition of Only national country prefer for the following states: of member states: member states: level: Q17 list of policy projects?” 56% of votes 13% of votes 8% of votes 23% of votes

Countries Policies Integrated foreign Common defense Common border police Common policy in Common immigration Common develop- and security policy  structures  and coast guard  justice & home affairs and asylum policy  ment assistance p.  EU Affluent Seven Big Six Southern Seven Founding Six Visegrád Four Austria Italy Belgium Latvia Bulgaria Lithuania Croatia Luxembourg Common Russia Common Ukraine Common Syria Common MENA Common China Cyprus Malta policy policy  policy  policy  policy  Czech Rep. Netherlands Denmark Poland Estonia Portugal Finland Romania France Slovakia Germany Slovenia Greece Spain Hungary Sweden Better governance Fully completed Common social Common energy Single climate Ireland UK for the eurozone  policy  policy  policy  Number of respon- Policies Overview dents: 15 Commitment to Deeper Integration Importance of Coalitions Preferred Actor Level Preferred Actor Level (Public View)

 Luxembourg  Design Findings Chapters Preferences Influence Partners Policies ecfr.eu/eucoalitionexplorer