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Home , Don Lincoln, Massless particle

MEET THE TIME MAGAZINE OF THE YEAR: THE HIGGS !

Saptaparna Bhattacharya July 11th - 22nd, 2016 Symmetry Breaking Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking

Stable equilibrium

Unstable equilibrium Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking The decays to a and a . The muon is a stable particle that can be detected using a cloud chamber.

Notice that the muon and the neutrino are of the same kind. This is a . There are and that are produced when and taus decay. These decay chains involve interactions different from the one shown here. Connecting this back to the cosmic ray story

Muon decay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%27s_interaction Connecting this back to the cosmic ray story

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi%27s_interaction May 18, 2012 Boulder Colorado J. Incandela UCSB/CERN ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ down to below the ? particles Suppose there is a force field that somehow filling slows the universe idea:An ingenious So, (m=0) you get for a massless particle move at the speed of light Massless particles say otherwise! forces had to be massless but the data seemed to that carry Particles interactions, physicists hit a snag of fundamental forces and theory While developing the modern This wouldThis make them have mass ! moving at the speed of light is This the equation for a particle has But if a particle E=mc Speed of light: And in fact, have mass? why do any particles What 2

if a particle of mass if a particle c = 186,000 miles/second What is this Higgs particle? Higgs isthis What m is at rest. So p then E 2 =(mc E 2 =(mc E=pc 2 ) 2 +(pc) is 2 ) mass?

2 2 May 18, 2012 Boulder Colorado J. Incandela UCSB/CERN Higgs Field Interaction Courtesy of Stefan Spanier (UT) Courtesy I found a very nice explanation of the Higgs field

Don Lincoln https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joTKd5j3mzk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IElHgJG5Fe4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HneiEA1B8ks May 18, 2012 Boulder Colorado J. Incandela UCSB/CERN to conditions around here pp physics at the LHC corresponds LHC LHC Physics Highlights to conditions around here HI physics at the LHC corresponds

Beyond the Higgs! May 18, 2012 Boulder Colorado J. Incandela UCSB/CERN From Joe’s talk Where the largest and smallest things meet smallestthings and largest the Where May 18, 2012 Boulder Colorado J. Incandela UCSB/CERN ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ There areThere other possibilities but is aSUSY favorite 94 (remember E=mc ordinary We is now know in the universe that only of the ~5% energy Provides great dark matter candidate Provides great dark can happily predict this amount theories SUSY % is dark matter % is dark From Joe’s talk 2 ). The Dark Side The Dark May 18, 2012 Boulder Colorado J. Incandela UCSB/CERN ▪ ▪ An important very basic symmetry very An important ◾ ◾ ◾ partner (Boson) and vice versa partner there is an integer spin () For each ½-integer spin particle They areThey heavier (or else we’d have seen them already). spins Their are different by ½ unit to particles of partners Complete spectrum From Joe’s talk (SUSY) Supersymmetry WHY IS BEYOND THE STANDARD MODEL PHYSICS NEEDED?

Running of couplings: no route to unification. SUSY offers a solution.

Addresses the hierarchy problem.

We know about ~27% of the universe is made up of dark matter from cosmological evidence. Supersymmetry offers a dark matter candidate.

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SAPTAPARNA BHATTACHARYA, JULY, 29TH 2015 Feynman diagram of processes that produce DM Direct detection versus indirect detection

https://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/lin/research_DM.en.html Production of dark matter

http://www-sk.icrr.u-tokyo.ac.jp/xmass/publist/20111104-moriyama-subaru3rd-proc.pdf Dark matter

https://home.cern/about/physics/dark-matter Dark energy

https://home.cern/about/physics/dark-matter Statistics of this class!

• Over 10 GB of simulation files generated

• Over 2000 lines of code written

• About 30 emails exchanged for demonstrations, particle data group booklets etc.

• About 350+ slides combining all lectures

• About 560 plots generated