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Bibliography * indicates a novel 1 Contested Cities: Social Change, State Action and International Intervention General and comparative Ascherson, N. Black Sea: the Birthplace of Civilisation and Barbarism (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995) Berger, S. & A. Smith (eds) Nationalism, Labour and Ethnicity, 1870–1939 (Manchester: University Press, 1999) Engman, M., F.W. Carter, A.C. Hepburn & C.G. Pooley (eds) Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing/New York University Press, 1992) Gee, M., T. Kirk & J. Steward (eds) The City in Central Europe: Culture and Society from 1800 to the Present (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999) Hepburn, A.C. (ed.) Minorities in History (London: Edward Arnold, 1978) Hroch, M. Social Conditions of National Revival in Europe (Cambridge: University Press, 1985) Hroch, M. In the National Interest: Demands and Goals of European National Movements of the Nineteenth Century (Prague: Charles University, 1996) Ignatieff, M. Blood & Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism (London: BBC Books, 1993) Kerswill, P.E. & A. Williams, ‘Mobility and social class in dialect levelling: evidence from new and old towns in England’, in K. Mattheier (ed.) Dialect and Migration in a Changing Europe (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2000) Kotek 1996a: J. Kotek, S. Susskind & S. Kaplan (eds) Brussels and Jerusalem: from Conflict to Solution (Jerusalem: Truman Institute, 1996) Kotek 1996b: J. Kotek, (ed.) L’Europe et ses villes-frontiéres (Bruxelles: editions complexe, 1996) Laponce, J.A. Languages and their Territories (London: University of Toronto Press, 1987) Lehan, R. The City in Literature (Berkeley: University of Californian Press, 1998) Lynch, J. A Tale of Three Cities: Comparative Studies in Working Class Life (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan – 1998) [Belfast, Bristol, Dublin] Minority Rights Group, World Dictionary of Minorities (London: MRG, 1990) Mitchell, B.R. International Historical Statistics, 1750–1988 (3rd edn New York: Stockton Press, 1992) Preston, P. & P. Simpson-Housley (eds) Writing the City: Eden, Babylon & the New Jerusalem (London: Routledge, 1994) *Roth, P. American Pastoral (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997) 241 242 Bibliography Smith, P., K. Koufa & A. Suppan (eds) Ethnic Groups in International Relations (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing/New York University Press, 1991) Wright, F. Northern Ireland: a Comparative Analysis (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1987) Other cities Cohen, G.B. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914 (Princeton: University Press, 1981) Davies, N. & R. Moorhouse, Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City [Wroclaw] (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002) Gardner-Chloros, P. Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991) Glettler, M. ‘The Slovaks in Budapest and Bratislava, 1850–1914’, in M. Engman et al. (eds) Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing, 1992) Gounaris, B.C. ‘Thessaloniki, 1830–1912: history, economy and society’, in I.K. Hassiotis (ed.) Queen of the Worthy: Thessaloniki, vol. 1 History and Culture (Thessaloniki: Paratiritis, 1997) Hamalainen, P.K. In Time of Storm: Revolution, Civil War & the Ethnolinguistic Issue in Finland (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1979) Henderson, K. Slovakia: the Escape from Invisibility (London: Routledge, 2002) Laitin, D.D. ‘Linguistic revival: politics and culture in Catalonia’, in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31 (1997), pp. 297–317 McRae, K.D. Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies: Finland (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1997) Petridis, P.B. ‘Thessaloniki, 1912–40: a period of political and social transition’, in I.K. Hassiotis (ed.) Queen of the Worthy: Thessaloniki, vol. 1 History and Culture (Thessaloniki: Paratiritis, 1997) Papagiannopoulos, A. History of Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki: Rekos, 1982, 1997) Rubes, J. ‘The case of Prague: a frontier city of the past’, in J. Kotek, S. Susskind & S. Kaplan (eds), Brussels and Jerusalem: from Conflict to Solution (Jerusalem: Truman Institute, 1996) Sayer, D. ‘The language of nationality and the nationality of language: Prague, 1780–1920’, in Past & Present, 153 (November 1996), 164–210 Schoolfield, G.C. Helsinki of the Czars: Finland’s Capital, 1808–1918 (Columbia SC: Camden House, 1996) Siguan, M. Multilingual Spain (Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1993) Woolard, K.A. Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia (Stanford: University Press, 1989) Zafiris, C. The Thessaloniki Handbook (Athens: Exandas Books, 1997) 2 From Danzig to Gda´nsk Askenazy, S. Dantzig and Poland (trans. from Polish. Engl. edn London: Allen & Unwin, 1921) Bacon, G.C. ‘Danzig Jewry: a short history’, in Danzig 1939: Treasures of a Destroyed Community (New York: The Jewish Museum, 1980) Burleigh, M. Germany Turns Eastward: a Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich (Cambridge: University Press, 1988) Bibliography 243 Chwin, Stefan, Hanemann (Gdan´sk: Wydawnictwo Marabuk, 1995, Engl. edn forthcoming: Harcourt) Cies´lak, E. & C. Biernat, History of Gdan´sk (Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1988) Davies, N. God’s Playground: a History of Poland, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981) Donald, R. The Polish Corridor and its Consequences (London: Thornton, Butterworth, n.d. c.1929) Friedrich, K. The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772 (Cambridge: University Press, 2000) Gayre, G.R. Teuton and Slav on the Polish Frontier (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1944) *Grass, Günter, Unkenrufe: ein Erzählung (Göttingen: Stedl, 1992); English edn: The Call of the Toad (London: Secker & Warburg, 1992) *Grass, Günter, Die Blechtrommel (1st edn 1959). Engl. edn The Tin Drum (London: Secker & Warburg, 1962) Grass, Günter, ‘The Jewish community of Danzig, 1930–39’, in Society, 29, vi (Sept.1992), pp. 69–83 Hagen, W.W. Germans, Poles and Jews: the Nationality Conflict in the Prussian East, 1772–1914 (Chicago: University Press, 1980) Headlam-Morley, J. A Memoir of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (London: Methuen, 1972) Holtom, P. ‘Kaliningrad and the Versailles experiment: a warning from Danzig’ (Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, www.crees.bham.ac.uk, 2001) *Huelle, P., Weiser Dawidek (1st edn 1987) Engl. edn Who was David Weiser? (London: Bloomsbury, 1991) Jerzak, K. ‘The City that is no More, the City that will Stand Forever: Danzig/Gdan´sk as Homeland in the Writings of Günter Grass, Pawel Huelle and Stefan Chwin’, in M. Cornis-Pope & J. Neubauer (eds), History of the Literary Cultures in East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjuntures in the 19th and 20th Centuries, vol. ii (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3 vols, forthcoming) Kimmich, C.M. The Free City: Danzig and German Foreign Policy, 1919–34 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968) Kulczycki, J.J. School Strikes in Prussian Poland, 1901–07: the Struggle over Bilingual Education (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981) Levine, H.S. Hitler’s Free City: a History of the Nazi Party in Danzig, 1925–39 (Chicago: University Press, 1973) Mallek, J. ‘A political triangle: ducal Prussian estates, Prussian rulers and Poland. The policy of the city of Königsberg versus Poland, 1525-1701’, in Parliaments, Estates and Representations, 15 (1995), pp.25–35. Mason, J.B. The Danzig Dilemma: a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise (Stanford: University Press, 1946) Nelson, H.I. Land and Power: British and Allied Policy on Germany’s Frontier, 1916–19 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963) Pollmann K.E. ‘The parliamentary representation of the national minorities in the German Kaiserreich, 1867–1918’, in G.Alderman et al. (eds) Governments, Ethnic Groups and Political Representation (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1993) Schenk, D. Hitlers Mann in Danzig: Albert Forster und die NS-Verbrechen in Danzig- Westpreußen (Bonn: J.H.W. Dietz, 2000) 244 Bibliography Stone, G. ‘The language of Cassubian Literature and the question of a literary standard’, in Slavonic & East European Review, 50 (1972), pp.521–9 Szermer, B. Gda´nsk Past and Present (Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, 1971) Tighe, Carl, Gda´nsk: National Identity in the Polish–German Borderlands (London: Pluto Press, 1990) Twersky, I. (ed.) Danzig, Between East and West: Aspects of Modern Jewish History (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1985) Wandycz, P.S. The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795–1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974) Ward, P. Polish Cities: Travels in Cracow & the South, Gda´nsk, Malbork and Warsaw (Cambridge: Oleander Press, 1988) Whomersley, C.A. ‘The international legal status of Gda´nsk, Klaipeda and the former East Prussia’, in The International and Comparative Law Journal, 42, iv (Oct. 1993), pp.919–27 3 Resistance: the survival of Italian: Trieste Ara, A. ‘Italian educational policies towards national minorities, 1860–1940’, in J. Tomiak (ed.), Schooling, Educational Policy and Ethnic Identity (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1991) Ballinger, P. History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans (Princeton: University Press, 2002) *Berger, J. G: a Novel (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972) Cattaruzza, M. ‘Slovenes and Italians in Trieste’, in M. Engman et al., Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe, 1850–1940 (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992) Cattaruzza, M. Trieste nel’Ottocento:Le Trasformazioni di una Societá Civile (Udine: Del Bianco Editore, 1995) Duroselle, J-B. Le Conflict de Trieste, 1943–54 (Brussels: L’Université Libre, 1966) Gardner, M. ‘War shadow in Trieste’, in Times Higher Education Supplement, 20
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  • The Causes of Religious Wars: Holy Nations, Sacred Spaces, and Religious Revolutions

    The Causes of Religious Wars: Holy Nations, Sacred Spaces, and Religious Revolutions

    The Causes of Religious Wars: Holy Nations, Sacred Spaces, and Religious Revolutions By Heather Selma Gregg Master’s of Theological Studies (1998) Harvard Divinity School B.A., Cultural Anthropology (1993) University of California at Santa Cruz Submitted to the Department of Political Science In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 2004 Copyright 2003 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved 1 2 The Causes of Religious Wars: Holy Nations, Sacred Spaces, and Religious Revolutions by Heather Selma Gregg Submitted to the Department of Political Science on October 27, 2003 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Abstract In the wake of September 11th, policy analysts, journalists, and academics have tried to make sense of the rise of militant Islam, particularly its role as a motivating and legitimating force for violence against the US. The unwritten assumption is that there is something about Islam that makes it bloodier and more violence-prone than other religions. This dissertation seeks to investigate this assertion by considering incidents of Islamically motivated terrorism, violence, and war, and comparing them to examples of Christian, Jewish, Buddhist and Hindu bellicosity. In doing so, it aims to evaluate if religious violence is primarily the product of beliefs, doctrine and scripture, or if religious violence is the result of other factors