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1 Contested Cities: Social Change, State Action and International Intervention

General and comparative Ascherson, N. Black Sea: the Birthplace of Civilisation and Barbarism (London: Jonathan Cape, 1995) Berger, S. & A. Smith (eds) Nationalism, Labour and Ethnicity, 1870–1939 (Manchester: University Press, 1999) Engman, M., F.W. Carter, A.C. Hepburn & C.G. Pooley (eds) Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing/New York University Press, 1992) Gee, M., T. Kirk & J. Steward (eds) The City in Central Europe: Culture and Society from 1800 to the Present (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999) Hepburn, A.C. (ed.) Minorities in History (London: Edward Arnold, 1978) Hroch, M. Social Conditions of National Revival in Europe (Cambridge: University Press, 1985) Hroch, M. In the National Interest: Demands and Goals of European National Movements of the Nineteenth Century (Prague: Charles University, 1996) Ignatieff, M. Blood & Belonging: Journeys into the New Nationalism (London: BBC Books, 1993) Kerswill, P.E. & A. Williams, ‘Mobility and social class in dialect levelling: evidence from new and old towns in England’, in K. Mattheier (ed.) Dialect and Migration in a Changing Europe (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 2000) Kotek 1996a: J. Kotek, S. Susskind & S. Kaplan (eds) Brussels and Jerusalem: from Conflict to Solution (Jerusalem: Truman Institute, 1996) Kotek 1996b: J. Kotek, (ed.) L’Europe et ses villes-frontiéres (Bruxelles: editions complexe, 1996) Laponce, J.A. Languages and their Territories (London: University of Toronto Press, 1987) Lehan, R. The City in Literature (Berkeley: University of Californian Press, 1998) Lynch, J. A Tale of Three Cities: Comparative Studies in Working Class Life (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan – 1998) [Belfast, Bristol, Dublin] Minority Rights Group, World Dictionary of Minorities (London: MRG, 1990) Mitchell, B.R. International Historical Statistics, 1750–1988 (3rd edn New York: Stockton Press, 1992) Preston, P. & P. Simpson-Housley (eds) Writing the City: Eden, Babylon & the New Jerusalem (London: Routledge, 1994) *Roth, P. American Pastoral (London: Jonathan Cape, 1997)

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Other cities Cohen, G.B. The Politics of Ethnic Survival: Germans in Prague, 1861–1914 (Princeton: University Press, 1981) Davies, N. & R. Moorhouse, Microcosm: Portrait of a Central European City [Wroclaw] (London: Jonathan Cape, 2002) Gardner-Chloros, P. Language Selection and Switching in Strasbourg (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991) Glettler, M. ‘The Slovaks in Budapest and Bratislava, 1850–1914’, in M. Engman et al. (eds) Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe (Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing, 1992) Gounaris, B.C. ‘Thessaloniki, 1830–1912: history, economy and society’, in I.K. Hassiotis (ed.) Queen of the Worthy: Thessaloniki, vol. 1 History and Culture (Thessaloniki: Paratiritis, 1997) Hamalainen, P.K. In Time of Storm: Revolution, Civil War & the Ethnolinguistic Issue in Finland (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1979) Henderson, K. Slovakia: the Escape from Invisibility (London: Routledge, 2002) Laitin, D.D. ‘Linguistic revival: politics and culture in Catalonia’, in Comparative Studies in Society and History, 31 (1997), pp. 297–317 McRae, K.D. Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies: Finland (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1997) Petridis, P.B. ‘Thessaloniki, 1912–40: a period of political and social transition’, in I.K. Hassiotis (ed.) Queen of the Worthy: Thessaloniki, vol. 1 History and Culture (Thessaloniki: Paratiritis, 1997) Papagiannopoulos, A. History of Thessaloniki (Thessaloniki: Rekos, 1982, 1997) Rubes, J. ‘The case of Prague: a frontier city of the past’, in J. Kotek, S. Susskind & S. Kaplan (eds), Brussels and Jerusalem: from Conflict to Solution (Jerusalem: Truman Institute, 1996) Sayer, D. ‘The language of nationality and the nationality of language: Prague, 1780–1920’, in Past & Present, 153 (November 1996), 164–210 Schoolfield, G.C. Helsinki of the Czars: Finland’s Capital, 1808–1918 (Columbia SC: Camden House, 1996) Siguan, M. Multilingual Spain (Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1993) Woolard, K.A. Double Talk: Bilingualism and the Politics of Ethnicity in Catalonia (Stanford: University Press, 1989) Zafiris, C. The Thessaloniki Handbook (Athens: Exandas Books, 1997)

2 From Danzig to Gda´nsk

Askenazy, S. Dantzig and Poland (trans. from Polish. Engl. edn London: Allen & Unwin, 1921) Bacon, G.C. ‘Danzig Jewry: a short history’, in Danzig 1939: Treasures of a Destroyed Community (New York: The Jewish Museum, 1980) Burleigh, M. Germany Turns Eastward: a Study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich (Cambridge: University Press, 1988) Bibliography 243

Chwin, Stefan, Hanemann (Gdan´sk: Wydawnictwo Marabuk, 1995, Engl. edn forthcoming: Harcourt) Cies´lak, E. & C. Biernat, History of Gdan´sk (Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Morskie, 1988) Davies, N. God’s Playground: a History of Poland, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon, 1981) Donald, R. The Polish Corridor and its Consequences (London: Thornton, Butterworth, n.d. c.1929) Friedrich, K. The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772 (Cambridge: University Press, 2000) Gayre, G.R. Teuton and Slav on the Polish Frontier (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1944) *Grass, Günter, Unkenrufe: ein Erzählung (Göttingen: Stedl, 1992); English edn: The Call of the Toad (London: Secker & Warburg, 1992) *Grass, Günter, Die Blechtrommel (1st edn 1959). Engl. edn The Tin Drum (London: Secker & Warburg, 1962) Grass, Günter, ‘The Jewish community of Danzig, 1930–39’, in Society, 29, vi (Sept.1992), pp. 69–83 Hagen, W.W. Germans, Poles and : the Nationality Conflict in the Prussian East, 1772–1914 (Chicago: University Press, 1980) Headlam-Morley, J. A Memoir of the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (London: Methuen, 1972) Holtom, P. ‘Kaliningrad and the Versailles experiment: a warning from Danzig’ (Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham, www.crees.bham.ac.uk, 2001) *Huelle, P., Weiser Dawidek (1st edn 1987) Engl. edn Who was David Weiser? (London: Bloomsbury, 1991) Jerzak, K. ‘The City that is no More, the City that will Stand Forever: Danzig/Gdan´sk as Homeland in the Writings of Günter Grass, Pawel Huelle and Stefan Chwin’, in M. Cornis-Pope & J. Neubauer (eds), History of the Literary Cultures in East-Central Europe: Junctures and Disjuntures in the 19th and 20th Centuries, vol. ii (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 3 vols, forthcoming) Kimmich, C.M. The Free City: Danzig and German Foreign Policy, 1919–34 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968) Kulczycki, J.J. School Strikes in Prussian Poland, 1901–07: the Struggle over Bilingual Education (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981) Levine, H.S. Hitler’s Free City: a History of the Nazi Party in Danzig, 1925–39 (Chicago: University Press, 1973) Mallek, J. ‘A political triangle: ducal Prussian estates, Prussian rulers and Poland. The policy of the city of Königsberg versus Poland, 1525-1701’, in Parliaments, Estates and Representations, 15 (1995), pp.25–35. Mason, J.B. The Danzig Dilemma: a Study in Peacemaking by Compromise (Stanford: University Press, 1946) Nelson, H.I. Land and Power: British and Allied Policy on Germany’s Frontier, 1916–19 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963) Pollmann K.E. ‘The parliamentary representation of the national minorities in the German Kaiserreich, 1867–1918’, in G.Alderman et al. (eds) Governments, Ethnic Groups and Political Representation (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1993) Schenk, D. Hitlers Mann in Danzig: Albert Forster und die NS-Verbrechen in Danzig- Westpreußen (Bonn: J.H.W. Dietz, 2000) 244 Bibliography

Stone, G. ‘The language of Cassubian Literature and the question of a literary standard’, in Slavonic & East European Review, 50 (1972), pp.521–9 Szermer, B. Gda´nsk Past and Present (Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, 1971) Tighe, Carl, Gda´nsk: National Identity in the Polish–German Borderlands (London: Pluto Press, 1990) Twersky, I. (ed.) Danzig, Between East and West: Aspects of Modern Jewish History (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1985) Wandycz, P.S. The Lands of Partitioned Poland, 1795–1918 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974) Ward, P. Polish Cities: Travels in Cracow & the South, Gda´nsk, Malbork and Warsaw (Cambridge: Oleander Press, 1988) Whomersley, C.A. ‘The international legal status of Gda´nsk, Klaipeda and the former East Prussia’, in The International and Comparative Law Journal, 42, iv (Oct. 1993), pp.919–27

3 Resistance: the survival of Italian:

Ara, A. ‘Italian educational policies towards national minorities, 1860–1940’, in J. Tomiak (ed.), Schooling, Educational Policy and Ethnic Identity (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1991) Ballinger, P. History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans (Princeton: University Press, 2002) *Berger, J. G: a Novel (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972) Cattaruzza, M. ‘Slovenes and Italians in Trieste’, in M. Engman et al., Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe, 1850–1940 (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992) Cattaruzza, M. Trieste nel’Ottocento:Le Trasformazioni di una Societá Civile (Udine: Del Bianco Editore, 1995) Duroselle, J-B. Le Conflict de Trieste, 1943–54 (Brussels: L’Université Libre, 1966) Gardner, M. ‘War shadow in Trieste’, in Times Higher Education Supplement, 20 May 1994 Hametz, M. ‘The Carabinieri stood by: the Italian State and the “Slavic Threat” in Trieste, 1919–22’, in Nationalities Papers, 29, iv (2001), pp.559–74 Hametz, M. A Central European Port-City and an Italian Border Town: Trieste, 1918–54 (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, forthcoming 2003–04) McCourt, J. The Years of Bloom: James Joyce in Trieste, 1904–20 (Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2000) Mazzolini, A. ‘Italy’s foreign policy and Italian minorities in Slovenia and ’ (University of Bradford MA thesis, 1995) Melik, V. ‘The representation of Germans, Italians and Slovenes’, in G. Alderman et al. (eds), Governments, Ethnic Groups and Political Representation (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1993) Mihelic, D. The Political Element in the Port Geography of Trieste (University of Chicago: Department of Geography, 1969) Moodie, A.F. The Italo-Yugoslav Boundary: a Study on Political Geography (London: Philip, 1945) Morris, J. Trieste and the Meaning of Nowhere (London: Faber, 2001) Novak, B.C. Trieste, 1941–1954: the Ethnic, Political and Ideological Struggle (Chicago: University Press, 1970) Bibliography 245

Rabel, R.G. Between East and West: Trieste, the United States and the Cold War, 1941–1954 (London: Duke University Press, 1988) Rusinow, D. Italy’s Austrian Heritage, 1919–1946 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969) Sluga, G. ‘Trieste, ethnicity and the cold war, 1945–54’, in Journal of Contemporary History, 29, ii (1994), pp. 285–304 Sluga, G. The Problem of Trieste and the Italo-Yugoslav Border: Difference, Identity and Sovereignty in Twentieth-century Europe (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001) Stranj, P. The Submerged Community: an A-Z of the Slovenes in Italy (Trieste: Editoriale Stampa Triestina, 1989. Rev. Engl. Edn 1992) Webster, R.A. Industrial Imperialism in Italy, 1908–15 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975) Whittam, J.R. ‘Drawing the line: Britain and the emergence of the Trieste question, Jan.1941–May 1945’, in English Historical Review, 419 (April 1991), pp. 346–70 www.eblul.org:8080/eblul. Search site for ‘Trieste’ (reports by S.T. Jobbins, R. Heinola, A. Cameron and R. van Ditzhuyzen)

4 Peaceful Reconquest: Montreal

Bélanger, C. Quebec History website, Marianopolis College, Montreal (http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory, 2000) Bradbury, B. Working Families: Age, Gender and Daily Survival in Industrialising Montreal (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993) Copp, T. The Anatomy of Poverty: the Condition of the Working Class in Montreal, 1897–1929 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974) Germain, A. & D. Rose Montréal: the Quest for a Metropolis (Chichester: John Wiley, 2000) Heintzman, R. ‘The political culture of Quebec, 1840–1960’, in Canadian Journal of Political Science, 16, i (March 1983) Jenkins, K. Montreal: Island City of the St. Lawrence (New York: Doubleday, 1966) Laponce, J. ‘The City centre as conflictual space in the bilingual city: the case of Montreal’, in J. Gottman (ed.) Centre & Periphery: Spatial Variation in Politics (Beverley Hills, Ca.: Sage Publications, 1980) Levine, M.V. The Reconquest of Montreal: Language Policy and Social Change in a Bilingual City (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990) Lewis, R. ‘The segregated city: class residential patterns and the development of industrial districts in Montreal, 1861 and 1901’, Journal of Urban History 17, ii (Feb 1991), pp. 123–52 Lewis, R. Manufacturing Montreal: the Making of an Industrial Landscape (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000) *MacLennan, H. The Two Solitudes (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1945) McRoberts, K. Quebec: Social Change and Political Crisis (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 3rd edn 1988) McRoberts, K. Misconceiving Canada: the Struggle for National Unity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997) Marsan, J-C. Montreal in Evolution (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1981) 246 Bibliography

National Library of Canada website (2002), http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/primeministers Prévost, R. Montreal: a History (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1993; orig. French edn 1991) Richler, M. Oh Canada! Oh Quebec! Requiem for a Divided Country (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992) *Roy, G. Bonheur d’occasion (Montreal: Editions Pascal, 1945). English edn: The Tin Flute (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1980) *Roy, G. Alexandre Chenevert (Montreal: Beauchemin, 1954). English edn: The Cashier (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1955) Rudin, R. The Forgotten Quebecers: a History of English-speaking Quebec, 1759–1980 (Quebec: Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture, 1985) Sancton, A. Governing the Island of Montreal: Language Differences & Metropolitan Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985)

5 Peaceful Contest: Brussels

Buyst, E. ‘Economic aspects of the nationality problem in 19th & 20th century Belgium’, in A. Teichova, H. Matis & J. Patek (eds) Economic Change & the National Question in Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge: University Press, 2000) De Lannoy, W. ‘The Brussels urban region in the twentieth century: a socio- geographical analysis’, in E. Witte & H. Baetens Beardsmore (eds) The Interdisciplinary Study of Urban Bilingualism in Brussels (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1987) De Metsenaere, M. ‘The impact of geolinguistic and social processes on the lan- guage siutation in Brussels’, in E. Witte & H. Baetens Beardsmore (eds) The Interdisciplinary Study of Urban Bilingualism in Brussels (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1987) Deprez, K. & L. Vos (eds) Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities, 1780–1995 (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998) Detant, A. ‘The Flemings in Brussels’, in J. Kotek, S. Susskind & S. Kaplan, (eds) Brussels and Jerusalem: from Conflict to Solution (Jerusalem: Truman Institute, 1996) De Vriendt, S. & R. Willemyns, ‘Linguistic Research on Brussels’, in E. Witte & H. Baetens Beardsmore (eds) The Interdisciplinary Study of Urban Bilingualism in Brussels (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1987) Donaldson, B.C. Dutch: a Linguistic History of Holland and Belgium (Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 1983) Favell, A. & M. Martiniello, ‘Multi-national, multi-cultural and multi-levelled Brussels: national and ethnic politics in the “Capital of Europe’’’, ESRC Transnational Communities Working Paper Series WPTC-99-04, April 1999, available on-line at www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk Falter, R. ‘Belgium’s peculiar way to federalism’, in K. Deprez, & L. Vos (eds) Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities, 1780–1995 (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998) Govaert, S. ‘A Brussels identity? A speculative interpretation’, in K. Deprez, & L. Vos (eds) Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities, 1780–1995 (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998) Bibliography 247

Hasquin, H. ‘Brussels, the Francophone point of view’, in J. Kotek, S. Susskind & S. Kaplan (eds) Brussels and Jerusalem: from Conflict to Solution (Jerusalem: Truman Institute, 1996) Hermans, T (ed.), The Flemish Movement: a Documentary History, 1780–1990 (London : Athlone Press, 1992) Louckx, F. ‘Ethnolinguistic enclosure patterns in post-war Brussels’, in E. Witte & H. Baetens Beardsmore (eds) The Interdisciplinary Study of Urban Bilingualism in Brussels (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1987) Lorwin, V.R. ‘Linguistic pluralism and political tension in modern Belgium’, in J.A. Fishman (ed.), Advances in the Sociology of Language vol. 2 (The Hague & Paris: Mouton, 1972) McRae, K.D. Conflict & Compromise in Multilingual Societies: vol. 2 Belgium (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1986) Obler, J.L. ‘Assimilation and the moderation of linguistic conflict in Brussels’, in Administration, 22 (Winter 1974), pp.400–32 Pas, Wouter ‘Institutionalising ethnic diversity in post-conflict situations: working paper on the case of Brussels’ (www.peaceproject.at/PPdocs) Polansky, J.L. Revolution in Brussels, 1787–1793 (Hanover, NH & London: New England University Press, 1987) Saey, P., C. Kesteloot & C. Vandermotten, ‘Unequal economic development at the origin of the federalisation process, in K. Deprez & L. Vos (eds) Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities, 1780–1995 (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998) Van Velthoven, H. ‘The process of language shift in Brussels: histrocial back- ground and mechanisms’, in E. Witte & H. Baetens Beardsmore (eds) The Interdisciplinary Study of Urban Bilingualism in Brussels (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1987) Vos, L. ‘The Flemish national question’, in K. Deprez, & L. Vos (eds) Nationalism in Belgium: Shifting Identities, 1780–1995 (Basingstoke: Macmillan – now Palgrave Macmillan, 1998) Witte 1987: E. Witte, & H. Baetens Beardsmore (eds) The Interdisciplinary Study of Urban Bilingualism in Brussels (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1987) Witte 1992: E. Witte & M. De Metsenaere, ‘The Flemings in Brussels’, in M. Engman et al. (ed) Ethnic Identity in Urban Europe (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1992), pp. 13–38 Witte 1999: E. Witte, & H. Van Velthoven, Language and Politics: the Situation in Belgium in an Historical Perspective (Brussels: VUB Press, 1999) Witte 2000: E. Witte, J. Craebeckx & A. Meynen, Political History of Belgium from 1830 Onwards (Brussels: VUB Press, 2000) http://www.vub.ac.be/POLI/elections (2003) Zolberg, A.R. ‘The making of Flemings and Walloons: Belgium, 1830–1914’, in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 5, ii (Autumn 1974), pp.179–235

6 The Failure of Chronic Violence: Belfast

Bardon, J. Belfast: an Illustrated History (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1982) Boal, F.W. Shaping a City: Belfast in the Late Twentieth Century (Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, Queen’s University, 1995) 248 Bibliography

Bollens, S.A. On Narrow Ground: Urban Policy and Ethnic Conflict in Jerusalem and Belfast (State University of New York Press, 2000) Bruce, S. The Red Hand: Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland (Oxford: University Press, 1992) Buckland, P.J. The Factory of Grievances: Devolved Government in Northern Ireland, 1921–39 (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1979) Budge, I. & C. O’Leary, Belfast: Approach to Crisis. A Study of Belfast Politics, 1613–1970 (London: Macmillan, 1973) Burton, F. The Politics of Legitimacy: Struggles in a Belfast Community (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978) *Caulfield, M.F. The Black City (London: Jonathan Cape: 1952) Darby, J. Scorpions in a Bottle: Conflicting Cultures in Northern Ireland (London: Minority Rights group, 1997) Darby, J. Intimidation and the Control of Conflict in Northern Ireland (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1986) Elliott, M. The Catholics of Ulster (London: Allen Lane, 2000) Farrell, S. Rituals and Riots: Sectarian Violence & Political Culture in Ulster, 1784–1886 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2000) Gray, J. City in Revolt: James Larkin & the Belfast Dock Strike of 1907 (Belfast: Blackstaff Press, 1985) Griffin, B. The Bulkies: Police & Crime in Belfast, 1800–1865 (Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1997) Harris, R. Prejudice and Tolerance in Ulster (Manchester: University Press, 1972) Hepburn, A.C. The Conflict of Nationality in Modern Ireland (London: Edward Arnold, 1980) Hepburn, A.C. A Past Apart: Studies in the History of Catholic Belfast, 1850–1950 (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1996) Hirst, C. Religion, Politics & Violence in Nineteenth-century Belfast: the Pound and Sandy Row (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2002) Howe, S. Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture (Oxford University Press, 2000) Jones, E. A Social Geography of Belfast (London: Oxford University Press, 1960) *McLaverty, M. Lost Fields (London: Jonathan Cape, 1942) *McLaverty, M. Call my Brother Back (London: Longman, 1939) Maguire, W.A. Belfast (Keele: Ryburn Publishing, 1993) *Moore, B. The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne (London: André Deutsch, 1955) Morgan, A. Labour & Partition: the Belfast Working Class, 1905–23 (London: Pluto Press, 1991) Phoenix, E. Northern Nationalism: Nationalist Politics, Partition and the Catholic Minority in Northern Ireland, 1890–1940 (Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1994) Smith, D.J. & G. Chambers, Inequality in Northern Ireland (Oxford: University Press, 1991) Sutton, M. ‘Bear in mind these dead’: an Index of Deaths from the Conflict in Ireland, 1969–93 (Belfast: Beyond the Pale Publications, 1994), updated to the end of 2001 on cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton (2002) *Tomelty, J. The Apprentice (London: Jonathan Cape, 1953) Bibliography 249

Wright, F. Two Lands on One Soil: Ulster Politics before Home Rule (Dublin: Gill & MacMillan, 1996)

7 The Failure of Acute Violence: Jerusalem

*Agnon, S.Y. Temol Shilshom (1st edn 1945). Engish edn: Only Yesterday (Princeton: University Press, 2000) Bollens, S.A. On Narrow Ground: Urban Policy and Ethnic Conflict in Jerusalem and Belfast (State University of New York Press, 2000) Dumper, M. The Politics of Jerusalem since 1967 (New York & Chichester: Columbia University Press, 1997) Gilbert, M. Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City (London: Chatto & Windus,1985) Gilbert, M. Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century (London: Pimlico, 1996) Hassan, S. & S. Kouba ‘Local politics in Jerusalem’, in J. Kotek, S. Susskind & S. Kaplan (eds) Brussels and Jerusalem: from Conflict to Solution (Jerusalem: Truman Institute, 1996) Karmi, G. (ed.) Jerusalem Today: What Future for the Peace Process (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1996) Khalidi, R. Palestinian Identity: the Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997) Klein, M. Jerusalem: the Contested City (London: Hurst & Co. 2001) Kotek 1996a: J. Kotek, S. Susskind & S. Kaplan (eds) Brussels and Jerusalem: from Conflict to Solution (Jerusalem: Truman Institute, 1996) Mattar, P. The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988) Nashashibi, N.E. Jerusalem’s Other Voice: Ragheb Nashashibi and Moderation in Palestinian Politics, 1920–48 (Exeter: Ithaca Press, 1990) *Oz, A. Panther in the Basement (London: Vintage, 1997) Parfitt, T. The Jews in Palestine, 1800–1882 (Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 1987) Romann, M. & A. Weingrod Living Together Separately: Arabs & Jews in Contemporary Jerusalem (Princeton: University Press, 1991) Sharkansky, I. Governing Jerusalem: Again on the World’s Agenda (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996) Spolsky, B. & R.L. Cooper The Languages of Jerusalem (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991) Wasserstein, B. Divided Jerusalem: the Struggle for the Holy City (London: Profile Books, 2001) Index

Abdullah, King of Jordan Ashkenazim, 195, 209, 215, 230 (1882–1951), 203, 204 assimilation, ethnic, 11, 15, 76, 101, Abu Dis, 212 n., 216, 219 105, 106, 136, 167, 225, 227, 230, ‘Abu Mazen’, see Mahmoud Abbas 235 Acheson, Dean (1893–1971), 86, 88 Ataturk, Mustapha Kemal African-Americans 8, 188 (1881–1938), 23–4 Agnon, S.Y. (1888–1970), 197 Atlantic Ocean, 38, 127 Agrarian League (Germany), 44 Australia, 61, 170 Ahmedabad, xi Austria, 4, 11, 14, 16, 21, 22, 39, 65, Airey, Lt-Gen Sir T.S. (1900–83), 82, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 88 80, 133, 134, 196, 197, 234 Albania, 76 Alexander, Field-Marshal Harold Baghdad, 189 (1891–1969), 80 Balfour, Arthur J. (1848–1930), 198, Algemeen Beschaafd Nederlands (ABN) 204 see Dutch language Balfour Declaration (1917), 5, 194, Algiers, 10 198, 204, 238 aliva, 196 Balkans, 23, 24, 67, 72, 92 Allied Military Government (AMG, Ballinger, Pamela, anthropologist, 92 Trieste), 65, 79, 81–9, 240 Baltic Sea, 34, 38, 46, 64 Alsatian language, 27–8, 229 Banja Luka, 226 America, United States of, 1, 2, 8, 48, banks, 43, 69, 93, 102, 120, 150 49, 55, 73, 79, 80, 81, 83, 88, 89, Barak, Ehud (b. 1942), 218 90, 91, 99, 102, 114, 122, 125, Barcelona, xi, 11, 25–6 126, 127, 170, 178, 180, 186, 188, Bassovizza, 81n. 193, 203, 219, 240 Beilin, Yossi (b. 1948), 217, 218, 219 Ames, Sir Herbert B. (1863–1954), 103 Beirut, 11 Amman, 205, 206 Belfast, x, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 32, 45, Anglicans, 162, 163, 172 101, 104, 138, 158–88, 222–3, anti-semitism, 11, 13, 58, 122, 231 225–34, 236, 238 Antwerp, 132, 135, 136, 137, 139, Belfast Corporation Act (1896), 140, 157, 225 172 Arabs, 189–221, 223, 230, 231, 236, Belgium, 128–57, 232, 236–7 240 Belgrade, 81, 87, 92 Arab Higher Committee, 199, 200, Belgrade Agreement (1945), 81 202 Ben-Gurion, David (1886–1973), 189, Arabic language, 196, 197, 212, 202 218, 220, 230 Berlin, 14, 32, 51, 54, 55, 200, 201, Arafat, Yasser (b. 1929), 211, 216, 234 217n., 219 Berne, 237 archaeology, 227 Bethlehem, 201, 216 Armenians, 24, 192 bilingualism, 19, 20, 27, 76, 84, 99, Asians, 163 105, 114–17, 119, 120, 124, 136,

250 Index 251

138, 139, 142, 143, 146, 151, 153, Catalan language, 25–6 155, 223, 237 Catholics, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 21, Bill 22 (1974), 117 22, 36–40, 42, 44, 50, 56, 59, 69, Bill 101 (1977), 118, 119, 120, 122, 77, 98, 99, 100–1, 103, 105–6, 126 107–9, 115–16, 120, 122, 132, Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), 43, 44 134, 135, 138, 140, 141, 144, 152, Bloc québecois, 124 158–88, 222, 226, 228–9, 232, Boer War (1899–1902), 107 235, 236 Bolsheviks, 17, 18, 45 Catholic Centre Party (of Germany), Bosnia, 226 50, 51, 56 Bourassa, Henri (1868–1952), 107, Catholic Party (of Belgium), 138, 140 109 Cattaruzza, Marina, historian, 13 Bourassa, Robert (1933–96), 117, 126 Ceynowa, Florian (1817–81), 31n. Brabant, 130, 137, 142, 229 Charlemagne, Emperor (AD 742–814), Brandenburg, 35, 38 33 Bratislava/Pressburg/Pozsony/Prespor Charles University, Prague, 13 ek, 5, 10, 14–16, 225 Chicoutimi, 122 Brel, Jacques (1929–78), 128, 144, 145 Chrétien, Jean (b. 1934), 123 n. Christian Democratic Party (Italy), 87 Breton language, 134 Christianity, Christians, 11, 23, 58, Brezigar, Bojan, 93 87, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, Britain, British, 1, 5, 8, 20, 24, 40, 47, 205, 206, 219 49, 54, 56, 72, 79, 80, 82, 88, 89, Churchill, Winston S. (1874–1965), 98–100, 102, 103, 105, 106, 114, 22, 79–80, 81, 91, 166–7, 238 122, 132, 135, 161–5, 170–4, 176, Chwin, Stefan (b. 1949), 59 178, 179, 180, 183, 185, 192–5, Clemenceau, Georges (1841–1929), 198, 199, 200–4, 222, 226, 235, 48 236, 238, 240 Coceani, Bruno (1893–1978), 62, 78 British North America Act, 1867 (BNA Columbus, Christopher (1451–1506), Act), 99, 101 96 Brusseleir (dialect), 8, 131, 229 Comintern, 77, 239 Brussels, 2–3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 32, 128–57, Commission des écoles catholiques de 163, 167, 225, 226, 227, 228–32, Montréal (CECM), 106 234–5, 239 Communism, Communists, 16, 45, Brussels-Capital, 144–157 50, 53, 61, 74, 75, 77–8, 79, 80, Brussels Metropolitan Council, see 81, 82, 83–4, 85, 86, 87, 88, 91, Brussels-Capital 92, 233, 240 Budapest, 14, 15, 16, 225 Concentration camps Bulgaria, 4, 24 Stutthof, 57 , 23, 189 Risiera di San Sabba, 78, 81 n. Connolly, James (1868–1916), 173 Cairo, 189 Conservative Party (Canada), 108, Calvinists, 36, 132, 133 see also 109, 123 Presbyterians Conservative Party (United Camp David, 214, 218, 232 Kingdom), 163, 170, 171, 172, Cartier, Jacques (1491–1557), 96 173 see also Ulster Unionist Canada, 5, 95–127, 175, 237 Party Castilian, see Spanish language Crete, 201 Catalonia, Catalans, 25–6 Conservative Party (Trieste), 70 252 Index

Constantinople, v, 6, 11, 23, 194, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 195, 198 151, 152, 157, 225, 229, 234, 235, Constitution Act (1791), 99 237 corpus separatum, 201, 203, 240 Counter-Reformation, 36, 132 Eastern Townships, Quebec, 100 clergy, priests, 12, 36, 38, 56, 69, 76, Eden, Sir Anthony (1897–1977), 80, 77, 100, 101, 105–6, 108, 109, 89 114, 138, 166, 170 Edinost (Slovene Nationalist Party and Craeybeckx, Lode (1897–1976), 157 newspaper), 68, 73, 75 Croatia, Croats, 23, 66, 67, 69, 72, 73, education, 3, 6, 12, 26, 27, 44, 48, 54, 74, 77, 78, 84, 87, 91, 92, 238 60, 91, 101, 108, 111, 112, 114, Cullen, Cardinal Paul (1808–73), 170 116, 118, 120, 12, 122, 142, 143, Czech, Czechs, 5, 6, 11–16, 17, 21, 32, 154, 176, 186, 194, 211, 212, 213, 69, 229 217, 218, 224, 234 Czechslovakia, 4–5, 14–16, 84, 156 see primary, 3, 5, 41, 52, 68, 76, 106, also Slovakia 116, 125, 151, 235 secondary, 3, 15, 41, 52, 76, 106, D’Annunzio, Gabriele (1863–1938), 134, 151, 235 73, 74 university, 3, 5, 6, 13, 17, 19, 21, Danzig/Gdan´sk, x, xi, 2, 4, 5–7, 9, 10, 22, 25, 52, 53, 92, 107, 125, 21–3, 29–61, 62, 64–5, 203, 225, 138, 141, 142, 188, 199, 204, 228, 230, 232, 234–6, 238–40 205, 212, 218, 235–6 Dayan, Moshe (1915–81), 207 Egypt, 201, 202, 206, 214, 219 Deir Yassin, 202 Elbe, River, 33 De Lorean, John (b. 1925), 186 Elbing, 36, 56 demography, 2–3, 7, 8, 13, 15, 19, 22, emigration, 42, 170, 228 44, 47, 53, 67, 98, 100, 101, 108, England, English, 9, 39, 95, 159, 162, 109–10, 113, 115, 121, 137, 146, 171, 231 151, 153, 157, 160, 169–70, English language, x, 25, 95–127, 184–5, 188, 195, 205, 208, 210, 157, 212, 220, 225, 235, 237 214, 217, 221, 225, 227, 235, 237, Enlightenment, 38 240 see also population eruv, 208 Derry/Londonderry, 179 European Bureau of Lesser-Used Deutschtum, 11 Languages, 93 Devlin, Joe (1871–1934), 176 European Union, 61, 130, 146, 147, dialect, 8, 21, 25–6, 29, 36, 44, 66–7, 156 130–1, 132, 133, 134, 137, 139, Expo ‘67 (Montreal), 111, 114 229–30 Eyskens, Gaston (1905–88), 154 docks, see ports Drapeau, Jean (1916–99), 110, 111, Fascism, Fascists, 20, 62, 72–9, 81, 82, 112, 113, 119, 126, 227 86, 91, 92, 235, 238 Dublin, 10, 13, 20, 159, 160, 163, Famine (Ireland, 1845–9), 100, 167, 167, 170, 171, 173, 174, 224, 225, 169, 172 236 Fini, Gianfranco (b. 1952), 92 Duplessis, Maurice (1890–1959), 109, Finland, 16–20, 228, 237 110, 112 First World War, 4, 10, 15, 24, 32, 44, Dutch language (incl. Flemish 58, 66, 71, 107, 109, 141, 174, dialects), 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 178, 204, 235 136, 137, 138–9, 140, 141, 142, Fitzgerald Plan (1945), 201 Index 253

Fiume/, 73, 74, 79, 82 German National Party (of Danzig), flamenpolitik, 141, 143, 144 49 Flamingants, 139, 140, 144 Geyl, Pieter (1887–1966), 132 Flanders, 128–57, 225, 226, 228, 230, Giunta, Francesco (1887–1971), 74 234, 237, 239 Glasgow, 101 Flemish language/dialects, see Dutch Glettler, Monika, historian, 16 Flemish National Union (VNV), 144 Glubb ‘Pasha’, Sir John (1897–1986), foibe, 81 203 Forster, Albert (1902–52), 53, 54, 57, Gmina Polska, 51 58 Government France, French, 17, 25–8, 39, 48, 52, central, 2, 6, 14, 16, 24, 25, 27, 37, 72, 95–9, 133, 134, 135, 141, 157, 39, 43, 44, 48, 50, 56, 73, 78, 163 80, 88, 98, 123–5, 127, 134, , x, 5, 7, 21, 24, 148, 154–5, 170–1, 174, 185, 25–8, 95–127, 128–157, 225, 194, 195, 200, 204, 205, 208, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 210, 213, 215, 216, 217, 234, 232, 235, 236, 237 235, 236, 237 French Revolution, 5, 39, 40, 134, regional, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 25, 98, 102, 163 108, 110–11, 112–3, 116–17, franchise, electoral, 19, 50, 74, 87, 119, 123, 127, 141, 150, 155, 140, 141, 167, 179, 194, 227, 236 156, 160, 175–6, 177, 178, 179, francisation, 121, 236 see also verfrans- 180, 234, 236–7 see also ing Flanders, Northern Ireland, Franco, Francisco (1892–1975), 25n., Quebec, Stormont 107 local, 6, 13, 66, 67, 68, 70, 83, 86, free cities, x, 2, 4, 5, 36, 39, 40, 45, 101, 104, 106, 109, 111–14, 46, 48, 50–8, 64, 83–9, 234, 236, 116, 119, 143, 148, 150–1, 161, 239–40 see also corpus separatum 171, 172, 176, 178, 194, 200–1, Freemasonry, 70, 135 206, 207–8, 209–12, 216–17, Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ), 126 224, 233–4 Frederick II, King of Prussia Government of Ireland Act (1920), (1712–86), 21, 35 n., 39 174 Grass, Günther, 29, 31n., 32, 61 Galilee, 200 Great Northern War (1700–21), 38 Gaspé peninsula, 100 Greece, 4, 23–5, 195 Gaza, 200, 215n., 206, 214, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221 Habsburgs, x, 3, 6, 11, 14, 21, 32, 64, Gazeta Gdan´ska, 44 65–71, 72, 74, 79, 131–3, 227 Gdan´sk, see Danzig Hadassah Hospital, 205 Gdynia, 52–3, 54, 55, 57, 60, 234, 239 Haifa, 208, 213 Gendron Commission, 116, 117 hair colour, 222 genocide, 4, 57–8, 238 haluka, 195, 197 George, David Lloyd (1863–1945), 48 Hamalainen, P.K., historian, 233 Germany, 5, 13, 16, 21–2, 27, 33, 35, Hamas, 210, 220 42, 44–61, 72, 77, 78, 141, 199, hamula, 211 201, 234, 238, 239 Hanseatic League, 34, 49, 52 , 1, 11–16, 20–3, Haram-al-Sharif, 192, 199, 212, 218, 26–9, 29–61, 62, 65, 68, 232, 227 234, 235, 236, 238 haredim, see Jews, ultra orthodox 254 Index

Har Homa, 217 Irish Transport & General Workers’ Hasquin, Hervé (b. 1942), 146n. Union (ITGWU), 45, 173 Headlam-Morley, James (1863–1929), Islamic Jihad, 210, 215 47–8, 49, 52, 235 Isonzo River, 80, 82 Hebrew language, 196, 197, 199, 212, Istanbul, see Constantinople 220, 229–30 Istria, 66, 72, 83, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 226 Helsinki/Helsingfors, 2, 3, 10, 11, Italy, Italians, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 23, 60–94, 16–20, 225, 229, 233, 237 106, 115–16, 123, 125, 126, 163, Herzl, Theodore (1860–1904), 197 225, 226, 227, 229, 231, 232, 233, Himmler, Heinrich (1900–45), 57 236, 238, 239–40 Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), 1, 53–7, 65 , 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, Hohenzollerns, 32, 36, 37, 39, 40 70, 74, 76, 84, 236 Houde, Camilien (1889–1958), 110 Italian Peace Treaty (1947), 79, 84, housing, 6, 7, 8, 61, 146, 166, 172, 85, 90 178–9, 180–1, 184–5, 187, 208, italianitá, 65, 69, 78, 238 213–14, 217, 221, 231, see also planning Jacobins, 134 Holy , 26, 35n., 36 Jaffa, 23, 195, 202 Hroch, Miroslav, historian, 12, 18 Jericho, 206, 215 Huelle, Pawel (b. 1957), 60 Jerusalem, x, xi, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 32, Hull, Quebec, 225 138, 189–221, 222–3, 226, 227, Hungary, Hungarian, 12, 13, 14, 15, 228, 229–230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 16, 17, 71, 72, 78, 225 236, 238, 240 Husayni family, 194, 198, 199, 203, Jews, 3, 5, 9, 12, 14, 21, 22, 23–4, 41, 205, 211, 215, 216 50, 56, 57–58, 62, 78, 122, 163, Hussein, Sherif (d. 1931), 198 189–221, 223, 226–7, 229–32, 236, 238, 240 immigration, 6, 15, 23, 26, 67–8, 98, Jewish Agency, 200, 202 106, 118, 121–3, 126–7, 147, ultra-orthodox Jews, 3, 196, 208, 196–7, 199, 201, 202, 205, 207, 209, 216, 220, 232 210, 231–2 Johnston, William (1829–1902), 171 intermarriage (between ethnic Jordan, Kingdom of, 192, 200, 202, groups), 9, 11, 91, 105, 115, 146, 203, 204–6, 209, 210, 211, 212, 147, 149, 151, 167, 209, 228, 229 215, 219, 240 international agencies, 4 see also Joseph II, Emperor, 134 League of Nations, United Judezmo, see Ladino Nations Julian region/Venezia Guilia/Julijska intifada, 214, 215, 219 Krajina, 64, 72, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, Iraq, 202, 205 79, 80, 82, 83 Irgun Zvai Leumi, 199, 201, 202, 203 Ireland, Irish, v, xi, 1, 8, 10, 17, 99, Kafka, Franz (1883–1924), 12, 13 100–1, 103–4, 106, 115, 122, 137, Kashubia, Kashubes, 28–32, 39, 41, 158–88, 42, 43, 44, 47, 53, 60, 64–5 Ireland, Northern 8, 160–1, 163, Kashubian language, 29, 31 n., 40, 174–88, 225, 226, 236 41, 44 Irish Municipal Corporations Act Klein, Menachem, political scientist, (1840), 172 220 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 175, Knesset, 204, 209, 214 180, 182, 183, 187, 188 koineisation, 229n. Index 255

Kollek, Teddy (b. 1911), 207–11, 215, Licensing Act (Northern Ireland, 216, 233 1923), 177 Königsberg, 37n. Likud, 208, 209, 210, 214, 216, 218 kulturkampf, 44 Lista per Trieste, 92 literacy, illiteracy, 15, 25, 141, 172 labour, labour movement, 9, 26, 44, Ljubljana, 71, 78, 92, 225, 236 51, 74, 160, 173–4, 176, 178, 179, Lombardy, 66 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 208, 209, London, 99, 103, 122, 125, 133, 160, 210, 213, 214, 216, 217, 231, 233 161, 163, 180, 196, 224, 236 Ladino (Judezmo) language, 24, 196, London Agreement (1954), 90 220, 230 London Conference (1913), 24 Laitin, David, social scientist, 24, 229 London Pact (1915), 72, 73 language, x, 1, 2, 3, 8–9, 11, 12, 14, 16, Luce, Clare Boothe (1903–87), 89 18, 21, 25, 27–8, 29–31, 32, 34, 36, Lutherans, 35, 36, 37 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 52, 59, 64, 65, Lvov/Lviv/Lwow, 4, 22 68, 70, 75–7, 84, 93, 95–127, 128–157, 162, 165, 194, 196–7, Macedonia, 23 211, 212, 222, 223–5, 234–7 MacLennan, Hugh (1907–90), 94 language laws, 20, 116, 118, 121, Madrid, 26, 215 140, 142, 143, 144, 150, 152, Magyar, see Hungarian 154, 234, 236–7 Mahmoud Abbas (b.1935), 217, 218, language policy, 6, 143, 220 219 language shift, 8, 13, 131, 139, 151, Mamluks, 192 157, 167–8, 224, 229–30 Mandate, League of Nations see also dialect British (in Palestine), 3, 5, 7, 192, Laponce, J.A., political scientist, 224 199, 200–1, 204, 206, 211, 238 Larkin, James (1876–1947), 173 French (in Syria), 198 la survivance, 105, 106, 114, 123, 228 Martin, Méderic (1869–1946), 110, language, 36 112 Laurier, Sir Wilfrid (1841–1919), 108, Marxism, 70, 72, 92, 233 see also 123, 125 Communism Laurin, Camille (1922–99), 118 Mecca, 192, 198 Lausanne, Treaty of (1923), 24 Mecˇiar, Vladimir (b. 1942), 16 Laval, city of, 97, 112 Mediterranean Sea, 64, 66, 72, 200 Lavergne Law (1910), 116 Methodists, 9 Lebanon, 199, 202, 206 metropole, ethnic, 225, 226 League of Nations (LN), 4, 5, 48–9, Milan, 74, 77 50–1, 52, 54–6, 73, 192, 198, 239 Military Conscription Bill (1917), 107 Le Devoir, 107 millet system, 194 Lees, Lynn H. historian, 178 mixed marriage, see intermarriage Lehi (‘Stern Gang’), 201, 202, 203 mobility, social, 9, 13, 109, 118, 134, Levesque, René (1922–87), 116, 117, 138, 139, 167, 168, 228–9, 230 118 Montefiore, Sir Moses (1784–1885), Liberal Party (Belgium), 134, 135 196 Liberal Party (Canada/Quebec), 107, Montreal, x, 2–3, 5–6, 7, 9, 25, 32, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 95–127, 130, 147, 157, 163, 117, 119, 120, 123, 125, 126 226–9, 230–2, 234–9 Liberal Party (United Kingdom), 163, Montreal Urban Community 166, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174 (MUC), 113 256 Index

Morgan Line (1945), 80, 81 Official Languages Act (of Canada, Morocco, 205 1969), 124 Mottlawa River, 34n. Oqniwo, 43 Mount Scopus, 199, 202, 204, 205 Olmert, Ehud (b. 1945), 208, 216 Mufti, see Husayni family Olympic Games (1976, Montreal), mukhtars, 210 111, 114 Mulroney, Brian (b. 1939), 123 Ontario, 99, 101n., 225 Munich, 61 Orange Order, 162, 164 & n., 165, municipality, see government, local 171, 172, 173 Muslims, 24, 189, 192, 193, 194, 195, Orient House, 216, 218 196, 197, 198, 199, 205–6, 208, Orthodox Church (Greek, Russian), 210, 213, 218, 219, 227 206 Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), 74, Osimo Accords (1975), 90, 92 75, 76, 77, 78, 234 Oslo Accords (1993), 215, 216, 218 ostflucht, 43, 235 Nabi Musa, 198, 205 Ostmarkenverein/Eastern Marches Naples, 79 Society/‘Haketa’, 44 Napoleon I (1769–1821), 39, 40, 134 Osvobodilna Fronta (OF), 77, 78 Narodni Dom (Slovene National Ottawa, 99, 100, 102, 108, 119, 123, House), 70, 74, 227 124, 225 Nashashibi family, 194, 199, 200, 211 Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, 3, 6, 23, National Germanic League of Clerks, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 44 200, 230 National Liberal Party (of Trieste), 66, 70, 73, 74, 75 Palestine, Palestinians, 23, 58, National Liberation Committee (CLN, 189–221, 223, 226, 228, 232, 240 Trieste region), 77, 79, 80, 81 Palestine Liberation Organisation Nationalist Party (Ireland), 166, 170, (PLO), 206, 210, 211, 212, 214, 172, 173, 174, 176 215, 216, 217 Nazis, Nazism, 4, 14, 16, 22, 27, 32, Palmerston, Lord (1784–1865), 195 51, 52, 53–8, 61, 62, 78–9, 144, Paris, 133, 134 146, 199, 200, 201, 231, 234, 236, Parti québecois (PQ), 108n., 111, 116, 238, 239 117, 119, 120, 123, 125 Negev, 200 partition, 4, 11, 22, 23, 37, 38, 85, 87, Netanyahu, Binyamin (b. 1949), 216 89, 90, 112, 132, 142, 175, 185–6, Netherlands, 5, 32, 131–5, 139, 157 200, 201, 202, 203, 204–7, 211, New Brunswick, 124 220, 226, 227, 231, 232, 234, 236, New Zealand troops, 80 239, 240 Nicosia, 4, 10, 186, 229, 231, 232 patois, see dialect Nitti, Francesco S. (1868–1953), 73 peasants, 3, 17, 29, 32, 39, 139, 144, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 165, 196, 224, 235 (NATO), 156 Peel Commission (1937), 200 Northern Ireland Civil Rights Peres, Shimon (b. 1923), 218 Association (NICRA), 180 Pirenne, Henri (1862–1935), 132 Nuremberg Laws, 56, 58 planning, urban, 6, 146, 181, 185–6, Nyland, 18 202, 210, 216–17, 221 see also housing O’Connell, Daniel (1775–1847), 172 pluralism, ethnic, 10, 227 Oder, River, 21, 23, 33 Po River, 80 Index 257

Poland, Polish, 4, 5, 7, 20, 22–3, 29, Quebec Act (1774), 99 31–2, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40–1, Quebec City, 98, 99, 100, 110, 112, 42–4, 46–61, 64–5, 201, 231, 232, 122, 225, 235 234, 235, 236, 238, 239 Quiet Revolution, 111, 114, 115, 120, Polish Corridor (1919–39), 47, 57, 121 234 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Rabin, Yitzhak (1922–95), 216, 217, 33, 35, 36, 37, 61 218 Polish nobility, see szlachta race, 27, 37, 57, 222 Policy Studies Institute, 184, 186, radio, 55, 58, 59, 93, 111 187, railways, 26, 47, 48, 50, 54, 56, 66, Pomerania, 31n., 34, 35, 39, 42, 43, 71, 10, 102, 103, 195 44, 45 Ramallah, 216 population, 1, 4, 5, 13, 14, 15, 17, 21, Rauschning, Hermann (1887–?), 54, 58 23–6, 34, 36–40, 42–5, 47, 48, 53, Rebellion Losses Act (1849), 106 54, 56–60, 66–7, 69, 70, 72, 75, Red Army, 4, 57, 58, 59 76, 82–4, 86, 88, 97, 99–100, 101, religion, 2, 11, 21, 36, 40, 62, 108, 102, 104, 112–15, 120, 122, 124, 120, 132, 140, 161, 165, 192, 194, 128, 130, 132–5, 146, 147, 149, 197, 207, 211, 222–3, 224, 229 see 150, 153, 155, 156, 159–61, 163, also race 166, 169, 174, 175, 178, 181–6, Republika Srpska, 226 193, 194, 195, 197, 200, 205–8, Rhineland crisis (1936), 55 210, 213, 220, 235 see also Ribbentrop, Joachim von demography (1893–1946), 201 ports, 45, 47–50, 52, 56, 65–6, 67, 72, Richler, Mordecai (1931–2001), 119n. 79, 90, 100, 103, 137, 145, 159, Riel, Louis (1844–85), 107 163, 164, 165, 239 Riga, 47 Poznan/Posen, 54 Rilker, Rainer M (1875–1926), 95 Prague, 2, 4–5, 6, 10, 11–14, 16, 32, riots, rioting, 2, 7, 89, 101, 106, 107, 44, 56, 65, 71, 225, 229, 234 116, 144, 152, 158, 164, 166, 167, Presbyterians, 162, 163, 172, 223, 236 171, 179, 198, 199, 200, 231 priests, see clergy Rome, 71, 78, 80, 89, 170, 192 proportional representation (PR), 176 Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945), Protestant School Board of Greater 55, 79, 80 Montreal (PSBGM), 106, 120 Rothschild family, 196, 198 Protestants, 8, 14, 15, 20, 21, 37, 39, Roy, Gabrielle (1909–83), 95, 106, 119 40, 42, 44, 59, 98, 100–1, 103, Royal Irish Constabulary 104, 106, 120, 122, 132, 135, (1836–1922), 171, 176 158–88, 222, 226, 229, 232 Royal Proclamation Act (1763), 99 Provençal language, 134 Royal Ulster Constabulary (from Prussia, Prussians, 26, 31–44, 47, 49, 1922), 176 56, 57, 60, 230 Rumanian language, 24 Prussian Colonisation Commission, Russia, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 32, 38, 43 39, 40, 42, 45, 46, 47, 52, 56, 58, Pula/Pola, 79, 82 59, 60, 72, 79, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, Punta Sottile, 90 195, 196, 206, 232, 238

Quebec, Province of, 98–127, Sadat, Anwar (1918–81), 214 Quebec National Assembly, 124 St Cyril & Methodius Society, 68, 76 258 Index

St Laurent, Louis (1882–1957), 123 Spain, 23, 25–6, 133, 195, St Lawrence River, 96, 114 Spanish language, 25, 196 St Lawrence Boulevard, 104, 227 Stalin, Joseph V. (1879–1953), 79, 81, St Leonard, Montreal, 116, 123, 125 84, 85, 90, 239 Samuel, Sir Herbert (1870–1963), 198 Stern Gang, see Lehi Sarajevo, 11, 226 Strasbourg, 11, 25, 26–8 Sarmatia, 37 sumud, 213, 228 Scheldt River, 132, 135 Sudetenland, 14, 22, 28 Schiffrer, Carlo (1902–70), 62, 81 Suez Canal, 65 Schopenhauer, Joanna (1766–1838), Supreme Muslim Council, 199, 205 41 Svevo, Italo (1861–1928), 62 Schuster, Rudolf (b. 1934), 16 Sweden, Swedes, 16–20, 37, 228, 237 Schutz Staffeln (SS) 56, 57 Swedish People’s Party, 20, 228 Scots, 100, 103, 159, 162 Syria, 198, 202, 206 Second World War, 4, 22, 27, 103, Szlachta (Polish nobility), 37, 39 143, 181, 186, 206 segregation, ethnic residential, 7, 12, Tannenberg, battle of (1410), 35 13, 24, 45, 68, 103–4, 126, 136, Tanzimat reforms, 194 148, 149, 151, 161, 166–7, 168, Tel Aviv, 192, 200, 204, 208, 213, 173, 178, 183–4, 186, 199, 205, 226, 208, 212, 221, 231, 232 television, 93, 107n., 122, 123, 148, Serbia, Serbs, 72, 92, 226 180 Segregation, workplace, 68–9, 168–9, Temple Mount, see Haram-al-Sharif 172, 212–13, 230–1 Teutonic Knights, 34, 35 Sephardim, 195, 209, 215, 230 Thernstrom, Stephan, historian, 178 Sharon, Ariel (b. 1928), 212, 219 Thessaloniki, xii, 4, 5, 6, 10, 20, 23–5, shipyards, 45, 59, 61, 233 238 Silesia, 21, 23 Thirty Years’ War (1618–48), 38 Sinn Féin (Irish republican party), Thorn/Torún, 35, 36, 38 174, 176, 187 Tito, Josip Broz (1892–1980), 65, Six Day War (1967), 206 79–81, 85–6, 87, 89, 90, 239 skin colour, 1, 222 Toronto, 99, 102, 103, 113, 127 Split, 74 trade unionism, see labour movement Stormont, 179, 180 Transjordan, see Jordan Slovakia, Slovaks, 4, 12, 13, 14–16, transport, 3,4,6, 97, 212, 224 see also 225 ports, railways Slovenia, Slovenes, 6, 13, 64–94, 225, Treaty of Westphalia (1648), 132 226, 229, 230, 236, 238, Trieste, x, 2, 3–6, 9–10, 13, 23, 40, 45, Smuts, Jan Christiaan (1870–1950), 62–94, 128, 167, 225–8, 230–3, 49 235–6, 238–40 Social democrats, see socialists Free Territory of Trieste (FTT), 83–9, Socialism, socialists, 9–10, 15, 17, 18, 90, 240 20, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 62, Triestino, 8, 66, 229 68, 70, 71, 73, 75, 138, 140, 152, Tripartite Proposal (1948), 84, 85, 88 155, 173, 179, 196, 233 see also Triple Alliance, 72 labour movement Trois Riviéres, 122 Sopot/Zoppot, 44, 60 Trudeau, Pierre E. (1919–2000), 116, South Tyrol, 234 123, 124, 125 Soviet Union (USSR), see Russia Truman, Harry S. (1884–1972), 22, 81 Index 259

Turkey, Turks, 24, 192, 193, 194, 195, Vosges mountains, 27 196, 198, 205, 220 Turkish language, 24, 196, 220 wages, salaries, personal income, 103, Turku/Åbo, 17 118, 120, 126, 168, 188, 230 Wailing Wall, see Western Wall Ulster, 161, 162, 171, 174, 178, 226, Wallonia, Walloons, 132, 134, 135, 227, 239 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, Ulster Unionist Party, 174, 176 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 174 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 230, 239 Union nationale, 109, 111, 113, 116, War Measures Act, 126 117 Warsaw, 40, 50, 59 United Irishmen, Society of, 163 West Bank (Palestine), 200, 207–21 United Nations Organisation (UNO), Western Wall, 192, 203, 207, 226–7 5, 83, 90, 192, 201, 202, 203, 207, Westerplatte, 56 219, 239–40 West Island Fusion Committee, 113 UN Special Commission on white-collar workers, 2, 54, 69, 150, Palestine (UNSCOP), 201–2, 151, 164, 166, 176, 224, 230 203 Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924), 47, United States of America see America, 48, 49, 73 United States of women, 10, 69, 139, 140, 142, 165, Universities, see education 168, 170, 177, 182, 213 World War One, see First World War Vatican, 203, 206 World War Two, see Second World Venetia, 65, 66 War Venice, 71 Wright, Frank A., historian, 164, 166 verfransing, 134, 138, 144, 146, 151 Wroclaw/Breslau, 4, 10, 20–3, 225, Verlooy, J.B. (1746–97), 133 234, 238 Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 22, 47, 50, 53, 54, 239 Yom Kippur War (1973), 210 Vienna, 1, 13, 14–16, 32, 65, 66–67, Yemen, 205 70, 71, 78 Yiddish language, 196, 197, 220, 230 Vienna, Congress of (1815), 5, 40 Yugoslavia, 3, 4, 7, 65, 72, 74, 76–7, Vietnam war, 180 79–94 Vilnius/Vilna,/Wilno, 4, 11 Yugoslav Army, 65, 80 violence, 2, 7, 13, 77, 83, 104, 111, Yugoslav Partisans, 65, 78–9 see also 126, 128, 152, 158, 161, 165, 175, Osvobodilna Fronta 179, 183, 186, 187–8, 189, 201, 210, 215, 225, 231, 239 Zwiazek Polaków, 51 Vistula, River, 29, 32, 33, 39, 48 Zionism, Zionists, 58, 189–221, 223, Vlaamsblok, 148, 156, 157, 231 231