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IUCN Red List Categories

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IUCN Red List Categories IUCN Red List Categories The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ 1 The Red List Categories IUCN Extinct (EX) + Possibly Extinct Categories Extinct in the Wild (EW) CR(PE) or CR(PEW) Threatened categories Critically Endangered (CR) Adequate data Extinction Endangered (EN) Risk Vulnerable (VU) Evaluated Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) _ All species Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE) Can anyone tell me how many IUCN Red List Categories there are? [TRAINER’S NOTE: let the participants put forward suggestions before revealing the answer] 1. There are nine IUCN Red List Categories. All of the world’s species (except micro-organisms, as I mentioned earlier in the workshop) can be placed into one of these categories: 2. [CLICK] The majority of species currently sit in the Not Evaluated (NE) category; these are not listed on the IUCN Red List website (we don’t have the resources to maintain a full list of all the world’s species in our database). Not Evaluated means that no Red List assessment has been attempted for these species, often because there are insufficient funds or experts available to attempt to even find out if there enough data exist to be able to evaluate its extinction risk. We have no idea whether these species are at a high or a low risk of extinction, or if they are already extinct. 3. [CLICK] All of the species that have had available data compiled for them and have had their extinction risk evaluated will fall into one of the other eight categories. [CLICK] If there are insufficient data available to be able to determine an appropriate Red List Category that reflects the species’ extinction risk, then the Data Deficient (DD) category is used. There may be no information available at all, or lots of the wrong type of information (i.e., no information on population trends, or population size, or range area, or threats), or there may be major taxonomic debates around the species making it impossible to say what the population or range is. Both the Not Evaluated and Data Deficient categories are very important because they both mean that we don’t know whether the species has a high or low risk of extinction, or if they are even already be extinct. These species are often overlooked by policymakers, so we should all make an effort to promote these species as priorities for future red listing efforts where this is realistically achievable. 4. [CLICK] The remaining seven categories are used for species that have sufficient information available for them; each of these threat categories indicates the species’ relative extinction risk. [CLICK] Least Concern (LC) species have the lowest current risk of becoming extinct. This is usually used for widespread and abundant species, but it may also be used if: • The species has a very restricted range but there are no current or potential threats that realistically could rapidly cause the species to become extinct (e.g., small island endemics with no threats). Or; • Widespread species that are undergoing very slow population declines. In these cases, although current extinction risk is relatively low, some conservation measures may be warranted to prevent them moving into a higher threat category in future. 5. [CLICK] Species that have a higher risk of extinction but are not yet actually threatened are placed in the Near Threatened (NT) category. Usually, these species almost meet the thresholds or requirements for a threatened category, and very little additional pressure is likely to rapidly push them into a threatened category. However, there is another scenario where a species may be listed as Near Threatened: if the species is highly dependent on conservation actions, without which its status would very quickly deteriorate to qualify it for a threatened category, it can be listed as NT. A classic example of this type of Near Threatened listing is the White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum). This speices is 2 carefully protected throughout its range; without this protection it is extremely likely that poaching would rapidly result in the species becoming threatened. 6. [CLICK] Moving higher up the extinction risk scale, the three categories Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), and Critically Endangered (CR) highlight those species at the highest risk of becoming extinct. [CLICK] Species listed in any of these categories are referred to as “threatened”. The Red List criteria are used to determine which threatened category a species should be listed in: we will cover the Red List Criteria in detail later. [CLICK] The CR category also has a special flag (the Possibly Extinct flag) that can be attached to identify species that may already be Extinct or Extinct in the Wild, but more information is required to confirm this. Note that this is not a separate Red List category; it is a flag that is specific to the CR category only. 7. [CLICK] Extinct in the Wild (EW) highlights species that are now only known to exist in captivity (e.g., zoos, botanical gardens, etc.) or as populations introduced to areas outside of their natural range for non-conservation purposes. For this category there must be evidence that there have been many repeated surveys within the species’ known range and in suitable habitat and that the species has not been found. 8. [CLICK] When even all of the captive individuals have died, the species becomes Extinct (EX). The same rules for repeated surveys for EW applies to the EX category. [CLICK] As a species moves through the categories from Least Concern its extinction risk increases until it finally reaches the Extinct category. Unless, of course, we can implement conservation actions to prevent that from happening, which is the main purpose of the Red List. 2 Red List Categories Changing Red List Category There are various reasons for a species to change category: • NON-GENUINE change • New information • Taxonomic changes • Incorrect data used previously • Criteria revision (version 2.3 (1994) versus version 3.1 (2001)) • Knowledge of the criteria • GENUINE status change IUCN tries to ensure that species are reassessed at least once every 10 years (resources permitting). Through this reassessment process, species can change Red List category. There are various reasons why a species would change category: not all category changes reflect a genuine change in status. [CLICK] Often the change is for non-genuine reasons, which include: [CLICK] New information becoming available since the previous assessment, allowing the Red List status to be refined; [CLICK] Taxonomic changes, such as several species being merged together into one species or one species being split into several separate species; [CLICK] Sometimes the previous assessment used incorrect data (for example, the data may actually have referred to a different species) and the reassessment fixes the error; [CLICK] For species with very old assessments (pre-2001) being reassessed now, they may change status because the Red List Criteria were revised between 1996 and 2001 and some of the criteria thresholds were slightly modified through that process. So the species may not meet the revised thresholds for a threatened category, but his doesn’t necessarily mean they have improved in status. [CLICK] The assessors for the previous assessment may have misunderstood the IUCN Red 3 List Criteria and consequently miscalculated one or more of the parameters for their assessment, and the reassessment corrects this error. This scenario is a reminder of how important it is to understand the terms used in the Red List Criteria. [CLICK] Other changes in Red List reflect a genuine change in status for the species. These species are very important to highlight in the Red List as they are genuine priorities for conservation action. 3 Red List Categories The Five Year Rule Red List LC Status Genuine deterioration in NT status: uplist to higher VU threat category immediately EN CR Time For genuine changes, there are certain rules outlined in detail in the Red List Guidelines: [CLICK] Where a species is genuinely deteriorating in status, it must be uplisted to a higher Red List Category immediately. 4 Genuine Improvements: The Five Year Rule Downlist to lower threat category only Red List status when the higher category thresholds have not been met for FIVE years NT VU EN CR CR Time (yrs) First CR thresholds 5 years Reassess and assessment: no longer met Can reassess and update alter status CR documentation, but category must appropriately remain as for first assessment : CR For species that are showing a genuine improvement in status, it is important to be certain that this improvement is going to continue before downlisting it to a less threatened category. Therefore a five year time lag is implemented in the Red List Categories and Criteria as a precautionary measure. In the example shown on the screen, a species is initially assessed as CR. Two years later, the species shows a significant improvement and the CR thresholds are no longer met and it now actually qualifies for EN. However, although this species can be reassessed and the supporting information attached to the assessment can be updated, [CLICK] its Red List Category should remain as Critically Endangered for at least 5 years after the point where the species no longer qualifies for the higher category. The reason for keeping the species in the CR category is because one of two things may happen. [ClLICK] Either the status of the species will continue to improve (shown by the green line in the figure), or [CLICK] the observed improvement may be temporary and the population may begin to 5 deteriorate again (shown by the red line). For example, the “improvement” may just be a positive fluctuation in population size, or it may not be practical to maintain the implemented conservation measures long enough to ensure the species’ status continues to improve.
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