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Volunteering and Place-Belonging: the Case of Historical and Environmental Interest Groups in the National Forest

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Volunteering and Place-Belonging: the Case of Historical and Environmental Interest Groups in the National Forest VOLUNTEERING AND PLACE-BELONGING: THE CASE OF HISTORICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INTEREST GROUPS IN THE NATIONAL FOREST FELICITY SARAH TOWNS, BSc. MA QTLS Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy JULY 2014 i Abstract This thesis investigates volunteering and place-belonging amongst historical and environmental interest groups in The National Forest. With the main focus on the nature of environmental and local historical interest groups, the volunteers who are involved with these groups and their senses of belonging and relationships with place. Based on a review of 59 environmental and historical interest groups, 41 interviews, seven ethnographic participations and consideration of various group documents this study investigates the composition of these environmental groups, the volunteers who choose to be involved with these groups and their senses of belonging and relationships with the changing places they are active within. The geographical study area focuses on a specific place which has recently undergone significant landscape changes in relation to the designation of the area as The National Forest. Within The National Forest there are a number of voluntary environmental and historical interest groups operating, which have, through the nature of their interests, developed particular relationships with places. This thesis is based within the wider context of environmental and historical interest volunteering. The groups considered are centred round often interrelated local historical and environmental interests, involving active volunteering in and around the area designated as The National Forest. The scene is set for this research with a critical review of literature relating to volunteering, relationships with place and the development of voluntary environmental and historical interests. ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my supervisors Charles Watkins and Susanne Seymour for their continued support and interest over the last ten years. They have remained supportive and positive throughout, even when I was struggling to fit everything in, and given up a lot of their time to read through work, discuss ideas and ask questions about the research. Thank you to Carol Morris for her constructive comments and approachable, friendly attitude during my upgrade. Thank you to all the volunteers who gave up their time to provide valuable personal stories of their environmental and historical interest experiences, for welcoming me at group events and for providing me with a range of documentation and additional group information, without which my research could not have gone ahead. Thank you to Heather and Rebecca for taking the time to proof read my thesis in time for submission, and to Kate for reading sections of work and providing constructive comments. Thank you to all my friends who have encouraged me along the way and shown an interest in my crazy decision to do a part-time PhD whilst working full-time. Thank you my mum and dad who have been so supportive and always encouraged me to achieve whatever I set out to do. Thank you to Dan for putting up with all the paper scattered about the house and the time I had to spend working on my PhD over the years. And a special mention, to little Sophie for not arriving until after the viva voice had been completed and behaving so well when she attended the last few supervisions with me. iii Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Summary of Chapters 7 Chapter 2: Literature Review 10 Introduction 10 Volunteers and Volunteering 11 o Who Volunteers? 12 o Why Volunteer? 18 Place 25 o Volunteering, Motivations and Place 29 Voluntary Interests in Local History and the Environment 34 o The Amateur Tradition 36 o Local and Industrial History 40 o Natural History 43 Conclusion 48 Chapter 3: Methodology 55 . Introduction 55 . Choosing the Methodology 56 . Research Area and Sources 64 . Semi-Structured Interviews 71 . Ethnographic Observations 77 . Textual & Iconographic Analysis 83 . Approaches to Analysis 86 . Conclusion 89 Chapter 4: Characteristics of Environmental and Historical Interest Groups in the National Forest 92 . Introduction 92 . Group Formation 96 o Reasons for Formation 103 . Group Composition 111 . Group Ethos 122 iv . Group Activities and Funding 127 . Advertising and Communicating 140 o Links and Developments 140 o Websites 144 o Group Documents 159 . Case Studies 168 o RSPB Burton and South Derbyshire Local Group 168 o Friends of Eureka Park 175 o Charnwood Sunday Group 185 o The Magic Attic 190 . Conclusion 196 Chapter 5: Environmental and Historical Interest Group Volunteers in the National Forest 198 . Introduction 198 . Who Are These Volunteers? 199 . The Significance on Early Experiences on Volunteering 200 o Family Influences 201 o Activities 204 o Rural Experiences 207 o School Experiences 209 . Changing Attitudes 213 . Catalysing Voluntary Action 216 o Lifelong Interests 219 o Moving 221 o Retirement 223 o Unemployment 225 o Getting Older 226 . Motivations, Involvement and Contributions 229 o Personal Benefits and Wider Responsibilities 229 o Commitment 235 o Amateurs and Experts 237 . Case Studies 241 o Volunteer 2: Eric 242 v o Volunteer 5: Emily 249 o Volunteer 17: Fred 253 o Volunteer 30: Alice 256 . Conclusion 260 Chapter 6: Relationships with Places: involvement and belonging 267 . Introduction 267 . Environmental and Historical Interest Group Places 269 o Meeting Places 270 o Not Just a Meeting Place 275 . Belonging and Community 288 o Volunteering and Integration into the Local Community 296 . Changing Places 299 o A New Place Identity 311 o Difficulties – Different Place Experiences 316 . Case Studies 320 o Claymills Pumping Engine Trust 321 o Friends of Rosliston Wood 325 o Charley Heritage Group 330 o South Derbyshire Mining Preservation Group 339 . Conclusion 347 Chapter 7: Conclusion 355 Contributions to Knowledge 356 Further Research 363 Bibliography 365 Other References 399 Appendix 411 vi List of Figures Figure 2.1: Table showing percentage of adults involved in formal and volunteering (at least once a month unless otherwise stated) in 2007/2008 (p.15) Figure 2.2: Table of Volunteer Typology and Activities (p.20) Figure 2.3: Membership of Environmental Groups (thousands) 1960-1995 (p.46) Figure 3.1: Map of The National Forest (p.65) Figure 3.2: Table of Local History and Environmental Interest Groups in The National Forest 2003-2008 and Contact made as part of this research (p.68) Figure 3.3: Group Documents Considered (p.84) Figure 3.4: Early Coding Tree (p.88) Figure 3.5: Developed Coding Tree (p.89) Figure 4.1: Groups (County) Locations (p.94) Figure 4.2: Group Locations on Map of The National Forest (showing tree cover March 2011) (p.95) Figure 4.3: Decades of Groups’ Formation (p.96) Figure 4.4: Reasons for Group Formation (p.104) Figure 4.5: Groups’ Management Structures (p.112) Figure 4.6: Membership Composition (p.113) Figure 4.7: An Older Volunteer at a Claymills Pumping Engine Trust Steaming Event in March 2008 (p.115) Figure 4.8: Site Plan of Claymills Pumping (p.116) Figure 4.9: Group Sizes (p.121) Figure 4.10: Attitudes (p.124) Figure 4.11: Group Activities (p.128) Figure 4.12: Frequency of Group Meetings (p.135) Figure 4.13: Entrance to the Magic Attic (p.135) Figure 4.14: Group Charges (p.138) Figure 4.15: Links between Groups (p.141) Figure 4.16: Table of Group Websites (p.145) Figure 4.17: Updated Website Status for Groups (p.147) Figure 4.18: Willington History Group Website 2012 (p 150) Figure 4.19a: Derbyshire Bat Conservation Group Website 2011 (p.152) Figure 4.19b: Derbyshire Bat Conservation Group Website 2013 (p.152) Figure 4.20: LANDshapes Project Website November 2008 (p.154) vii Figure 4.21: Derbyshire Mammal Group Online Record Form (p.157)* Figure 4.22: Burton and South Derbyshire RSPB Local Group Online Quiz (p.158)* Figure 4.23: Graph of Groups that Produce Publications (p.159) Figure 4:24 Information Covered in Group Documents (p.160) Figure 4.25: Table of South Derbyshire Writers Group/Mining Preservation Group Projects (p.162) Figure 4.26a Front Cover of ‘Out of the Dark’ book (p.166)* Figure 4.26b: Front Cover of ‘Into the Light’ book (p.166)* Figure 4.27: Branston Water Park (p.171) Figure 4.28: Willington Gravel Pits (p.171)* Figure 4.29: Burton and South Derbyshire RSPB Local Group Indoor Meetings Programme 2012-13 (p.172) Figure 4.30: Burton and South Derbyshire RSPB Local Group Field Trips 2012-13 (p.173) Figure 4.31: Eureka Park Memorial Gates (p.178) Figure 4.32: Eureka Park (p.179) Figure 4.33: Front Cover of Eureka Park Heritage Booklet (p.181)* Figure 4.34: Eureka Park Notice Board (p.184) Figure 4.35: Extract from Billhooks and Biscuits, August 2005 (p.189)* Figure 6.1: Thringstone House (p.271) Figure 6.2: All Saints Church (p.273) Figure 6.3: Willington Old School (p.274)* Figure 6.4: Repton Village Hall (p.275) Figure 6.5: Sharpe’s Pottery (Main Entrance) (p.276) Figure 6.6: Sharpe’s Pottery (Side View) (p.277) Figure 6.7: Sharpe’s Pottery (Main Entrance after recent renovations) (p.278) Figure 6.8: Measham Museum (p.281)* Figure 6.9: Hough Windmill, Swannington c1930 (p.283)* Figure 6.10: Hough Windmill, Swannington before the Swannington Heritage Trust began restoration 1994 (p.284)* Figure 6.11: Hough Windmill, Swannington after restoration 2002 (p.285)* Figure 6.12: Sence Valley before Restoration (p.306)* Figure 6.13: Sence Valley after Restoration (p.306) Figure 6.14: Claymills
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