Person 1: the Indian Independence Movement Encompassed Activities

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Person 1: The Indian Independence Movement encompassed activities and ideas aiming to end the East India Company rule and the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent. The very first organised militant movements were in Bengal, but they later took movement in the then newly formed Indian National Congress with prominent moderate leaders seeking only their basic right to appear for Indian Civil Service examinations, as well as more rights, economic in nature, for the people of the soil. The early part of the 20th century saw a more radical approach towards political self-rule proposed by leaders such as the Lal, Bal, Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh. Person 2: The last stages of the self-rule struggle from the 1920s onwards saw Congress adopt Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi's policy of nonviolence and civil resistance, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's constitutional struggle for the rights of minorities in India, and several other campaigns. Activists Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Bhagat Singh preached armed revolution to achieve self-rule. Poets and writers such as Rabindranath Tagore, Subramaniya Bharathi, Allama Iqbal, Josh Malihabadi, Mohammad Ali Jouhar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay and Kazi Nazrul Islam used literature, poetry and speech as a tool for political awareness. Person 3: The First World War began with an unprecedented outpouring of support towards Britain from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt. India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti colonial activities. .

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Excerpt • Temple University Press Introduction An Indian in Washington India and America are located on opposite sides of the earth; therefore it is natural for America to think that we walk upside down, and for us to think that Americans walk upside down. —Pandita Ramabai, The Peoples of the United States (1889) The Sufferance of the Foreigner n late September 1905, the Indian nationalist Lajpat Rai had gathered with a group of tourists in the rotunda of the U.S. Capitol, when a guide directed Itheir attention to the works of art surrounding them. Plastered on the ceil- ing was The Apotheosis of Washington, a fresco featuring the first U.S. presi- dent on a celestial throne, flanked on each side by figures from classical Greco-Roman and nouveau American mythology (Figure I.1). Just below, The Frieze of American History encircled the rotunda with its selective time- line, and at eye level were enormous neoclassical canvases depicting scenes from the American Revolution and the conquest of the Americas. From ceil- ing to floor, the artwork of the Capitol presented a set of interwoven images that moved seamlessly from the mythological to the historical, containing within it, it would seem, a visual argument: The United States was the heir apparent of Western empire. At the dawn of the new century, as America extended its imperial reach across the globe, who would have thought to see otherwise? In Washington, DC, during a three-week tour of the East Coast, Lajpat Rai discussed his visit in an editorial for the Panjabee, an English-language weekly based out of Lahore.
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OCR Document
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