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Task Force 3 Interim Report on Gender Equality

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Task Force 3 Interim Report on Gender Equality Task Force 3 Interim Report on Gender Equality February 1, 2004 Coordinators Nancy Birdsall Amina J. Ibrahim Geeta Rao Gupta Comments are welcome and should be directed to: Caren Grown at [email protected] Note to the reader This Interim Report is a preliminary output of the Millennium Project Task Force on Education and Gender Equality. The recommendations presented herein are preliminary and circulated for public discussion. Comments are welcome and should be sent to the e-mail address indicated above. The Task Force will be revising the contents of this document in preparation of its Final Task Force report, due December 2004. The Final Task Force report will feed into the Millennium Project’s Final Synthesis Report, due to the Secretary-General by June 30, 2005 Disclaimer This publication does not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), its Executive Board or its Member States. The Millennium Project is the independent advisory body to United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan that is commissioned with recommending, by June 2005, operational strategies for meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This includes reviewing current innovative practices, prioritizing policy reforms, identifying frameworks for policy implementation, and evaluating financing options. The Project’s ultimate objective is to help ensure that all developing countries meet the MDGs. As a United Nations-sponsored initiative, the Millennium Project proceeds under the overall guidance of the Secretary-General and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Administrator Mark Malloch Brown in his capacity as chair of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG). Professor Jeffrey Sachs directs the Project, which brings together the expertise of world-class scholars in both developed and developing countries, United Nations agencies, and public, non-governmental, and private-sector institutions. Ten Task Forces carry out the bulk of the Millennium Project’s analytical work with support from a small secretariat based at UNDP headquarters in New York. The Task Forces and their Coordinators are listed below. Task Force Task Force Coordinators • Mari Pangestu 1 - Poverty and Economic Development • Jeffrey Sachs • Pedro Sanchez 2 - Hunger • M.S. Swaminathan • Nancy Birdsall 3 - Education and Gender Equality • Amina Ibrahim • Geeta Rao Gupta • Mushtaque Chowdhury 4 - Child Health and Maternal Health • Allan Rosenfield • Agnes Binagwaho 5 - HIV/AIDS, Malaria, TB, Other Major • Jaap Broekmans Diseases and Access to Essential • Paula Munderi Medicines • Josh Ruxin • Burton Singer • Yolanda Kakabadse Navarro 6 - Environmental Sustainability • Don Melnick • Roberto Lenton 7 - Water and Sanitation • Albert Wright • Pietro Garau 8 - Improving the Lives of Slum Dwellers • Elliott Sclar • Patrick Messerlin 9 - Open, Rule-Based Trading Systems • Ernesto Zedillo • Calestous Juma 10 - Science, Technology and Innovation • Lee Yee Cheong Additional information on the Millennium Project is available on its website at www.unmillenniumproject.org Millennium Project Task Force on Education and Gender Equality Interim Report From Promises to Action: Recommendations for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women1 February 2004 1 This interim report was prepared by Caren Grown and Geeta Rao Gupta. The authors would like to thank Suzan Atwood, Eva Roca, and Zahia Khan for their assistance. The report incorporates significant passages from Task Force background papers by Carmen Barroso and Francoise Girard, Mala Htun, Joanne Vanek and from a paper commissioned by the World Bank by Caroline Moser and Annalise Moser. Please address comments to Caren Grown at [email protected]. Table of Contents Page Executive Summary iii. Section I. Introduction 1 Section II. The Task Force Perspective 4 Definition of Gender Equality 6 Section III. The MDGs and the History of Goal-Setting for Gender 7 Equality Targets to Achieve Goal 3 8 Section IV. Progress Toward the Goal 10 Primary Education 10 Secondary Education 14 Gender Parity in Non-Agricultural Wage Employment 16 Gender Parity in National Parliaments 18 Summary of Progress Made toward Gender Equality 19 Section V. Strategic Priorities: Sub-Populations and Issues 20 Strategic Priority #1: Strengthen Opportunities for Secondary Education 21 for Girls and Eliminate Gender Gaps at That Level Education and Women’s Empowerment 22 Labor Market Returns 23 Fertility and Mortality 23 Health and Physical Integrity 24 HIV/AIDS 26 Interventions to Increase Gender Parity in Secondary Education 26 Strategic Priority #2: Guarantee Sexual and Reproductive Rights and 27 Health Maternal Health and Sexually Transmitted Infections 28 Nutrition and Reproductive Health 28 Reproductive Health of Adolescents 29 Linkages between Reproductive Health and Other Domains of 31 Gender Equality Interventions for Sexual and Reproductive Rights and Health 33 Strategic Priority #3: Invest in Gender-Responsive Infrastructure to 37 Reduce Women’s and Girls’ Time Poverty Transport 37 Water and Sanitation 38 Energy 40 Interventions for Gender-Responsive Infrastructure 44 i Page Strategic Priority #4: Guarantee Women’s Property and Inheritance 44 Rights and Reduce Discrimination in Labor Markets Property and Inheritance Rights 44 Rationale 44 Interventions for Property Rights 50 Reduce Gender Inequality in the Labor Market 52 Rationale 52 Interventions to Decrease Gender Inequality in Employment 56 Strategic Priority #5: Increase Women’s Representation in Political 58 Bodies Rationale 59 Interventions to Increase Political Representation of Women 60 Strategic Priority #6: End Violence Against Women 63 Rationale 63 Prevalence of Violence Against Women 64 Interventions for Reducing Violence Against Women 66 Section VI. Making It Happen 70 Enabling Environment at the National Level 71 Effective National Women’s Machineries 71 Increasing Women’s Representation in Legislative Bodies 75 Mechanisms for Assessing Progress and Holding Stakeholders 75 Accountable Knowledge of the Costs of Gender Inequality and Financing of 77 Interventions to Promote Equality and Women’s Empowerment An Enabling International Environment 83 Gender Mainstreaming in International Agencies 83 Mainstreaming Gender into Donor-Country Policy Processes 84 Donor Incentives for Institutionalizing Gender 85 Improved International Data Systems 85 Section VII. Conclusion 86 References 88 Annexes 114 Annex 1: Indicators for Tracking Progress Toward Goal 3 114 Annex 2: Tables A.2.1 and A.2.2 117 Annex 3: A Review of Women’s Political Participation 127 ii Executive Summary Introduction Many decades of organizing and advocacy by women’s organizations and networks across the world have resulted in the global recognition of the contributions that women make to economic development and the costs to societies of persistent inequalities between women and men. The success of those efforts is evident in the promises made by nation states over the past two decades through international forums. The inclusion of gender-equality and women’s empowerment as the third Millennium Development Goal is a reminder that many of those promises have not been kept, while simultaneously offering yet another international policy opportunity to implement them. The Millennium Project Task Force on Education and Gender Equality, an expert advisory group commissioned by the UN Secretary-General, has been assigned to take a systematic look at the means to achieve significant improvements in gender equality and the empowerment of women in the developing world. This interim report, a main product of the Task Force’s deliberations, is an input to a longer-term project and builds on the analysis presented in the Task Force’s background paper, “Promises to Keep” (Grown et al. 2003). It is not the “final word” of the Task Force, but a channel through which the Task Force can convey its current thinking about priorities to be taken by donor countries, key international technical agencies, and developing country governments. The Task Force will consult with a wide range of stakeholders over the next year on the main recommendations in this report. The results of these consultations will inform the final report of the Task Force. Over the past three decades women have made some gains, particularly in health and education. Despite these gains, it is clear that the first deadline for the MDG target of Goal 3 - eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and at all levels of education no later than 2015 – will be missed. This will be the first visible MDG failure. But instead of serving as an opportunity to underscore the failures of the international community, 2005 should be used to issue a clarion call for re- energizing efforts so that the second deadline for the target -- 2015 -- is honored. The Task Force Perspective The Task Force has adopted an operational framework of gender equality that consists of three dimensions: • The capabilities domain refers to basic human abilities as measured through education, health and nutrition. These are fundamental to individual well-being. • The access to resources and opportunities domain refers primarily to equality in the opportunity to use or apply basic capabilities through access to economic assets (such as land, property or infrastructure) and resources (such as income and employment) as well as political opportunity. iii • The security domain is defined to mean reduced vulnerability to violence and conflict, which result
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