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Organic Approaches to Insect Pest Management on Vegetable Crops , Oregon , Oregon Hedstrom Chris Dept

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Organic Approaches to Insect Pest Management on Vegetable Crops , Oregon , Oregon Hedstrom Chris Dept Organic Approaches to Insect Pest Management on Vegetable Crops , Oregon , Oregon Hedstrom Chris Dept. of Agriculture Celeste Welty Extension Entomologist March 2019 The goal The reality Search for a weak link in life cycle Ecological context The crop field: • Crops • Pests • Natural enemies The agricultural landscape: • Crop fields • Woodlands • Hedgerows • Ditches Crop ecology: is food chain balanced or unbalanced? carnivores (parasitoid wasps) producer (mustard) herbivore herbivore (imported (cabbage cabbage- maggot) worm) Pest management actions • Strategies –Do nothing –Eradication –Prevention –Suppression • Tactics –Cultural –Mechanical –Biological –Behavioral –Microbial –Chemical Issues of scale • Large farms vs small farms vs gardens • Monoculture vs polyculture • Same crop • Same possible pests • Different intensity of infestation • Different tactics • Different economics Organic vs other approaches • Willingness to use tactics: –More knowledge intensive –More labor intensive –More expensive (?) –Include chemicals: yes or no? • More concern with restoring checks & balances • More willing to tolerate damage Biological Control • Control of pest by other organisms that act as natural enemies –Conservation –Augmentation • Common natural enemies –Predators –Parasitoids Biological Control: Predators • Develop at expense of more than one prey item • Predator often larger than prey • Prey usually killed & consumed quickly Predatory Beetles larva adult • Lady beetles adult adult • Ground beetles larva adult • Rove beetles • Soldier beetles Predatory True Bugs • Stink bugs – Spined soldier bug – Twospotted stink bug • Flower bugs adult – Minute pirate bug – Insideous flower bug • Damsel bugs • Assassin bugs nymph Predatory Flies larva adult • Hover flies larva (flower flies) • Aphid midges adult • Robber flies Lacewings • Green lacewings • Brown lacewings Other Predators • Wasps: –Yellowjackets • Thrips: –Black hunter thrips • Mites: –Phytoseiid mites Biological Control: Parasitoids • Develop at expense of a single host • Lay egg in or on host insect • Host is usually killed slowly • Enemy usually smaller than host Parasitoids: typical life cycle Categories of parasitoids • Endoparasites –Develop inside body of host • Ectoparasites –Feed externally, attach to outside of host Life Cycle of Parasitoid Hyposoter wasp attacking caterpillar Life Stages of Parasitoid Trichogramma wasp attacking caterpillar egg Parasitoids • Some wasps – Braconid wasps • On hornworm: Cotesia congregata • On imported cabbageworm: Cotesia glomeratus • On aphids: Diaeretiella rapae – Ichneumonid wasps • On diamondback: Diadegma insulare Parasitoids • Some wasps – Braconid wasps • On hornworm: Cotesia congregata • On imported cabbageworm: Cotesia glomeratus • On aphids: Diaeretiella rapae – Ichneumonid wasps • On diamondback: Diadegma insulare – Other wasps • On whiteflies: Encarsia • On caterpillar eggs: Trichogramma Parasitoids • Tachinid flies eggs adult –On squash bug: Trichopoda pennipes –On striped cucumber beetle: Celatoria setosa adult pupa Parasitoids • Some species attack eggs ** • Some species attack larvae • Some species attack pupa • Some species attack adults ** prevent the most damage Our smartphone app! • Name: Good Bugs + • Platforms: –For iPhone & Android • Now free (was $2.99) • Topics: –Natural enemies: i.d., biology, mgmt –Pollinators –Native plants that support them & Vertebrate predators eat insects! • Bats • Toads • Birds • Geese • Hogs Biological control by conservation of local natural enemies: tactics • Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides • Provide resources: –Pollen & nectar (refuge) –Spray sugar/protein mix –Winter shelter –Alternate prey (banker plants) • Attract with lures Insectary planting as refuge for natural enemies Phacelia nasturtium sweet alyssum cilantro • Adult parasitoids need nectar dill • Adult predators need pollen • Plant flowering border to enhance biocontrol Conservation of local species • Commercial lures –Spined soldier bug –Ladybug –General Conservation of local species • Spray sugar/protein food source: –‘Pred Feed’ • 2.5 kg/hectare in cotton –‘Insect Food’ from Rincon-Vitova • 0.5 – 1 lb per gallon water Conservation of local species • Provide diversity of habitats –Hedgerows –Windbreaks Biological control by augmentation of local natural enemies • Tactics: –Buy from insectary –Collect and transfer generalists Augmentation: Collect & transfer • What to do? –Hunt for generalist predators –Collect them –Transfer them to crop • Who, where, when? –Ladybugs on Spirea in May –Lacewings & aphid midges on apple leaves in early June –Damsel bugs on alfalfa, April-June Spirea : bridal wreath • Often infested by spirea aphid in May • Good source of ladybugs & lacewings Banker plants for biocontrol by conservation & augmentation • Banker plant = a plant infested by a pest • Provide a ‘nursery’ of alternate food for the natural enemy • Must be a very host-specific pest! • Example: hanging baskets of wheat infested with grain aphids in greenhouse tomatoes Guardian plants for augmentation bicontrol • Used in greenhouse • Dual-purpose: – Pull pests: like an indicator plant or trap crop – Support natural enemies: like banker plants • Benefits –Saves scouting time –Need fewer shipments from insectary • Example: marigolds in pepper; beans in tomato; lantana in herbs Starting augmentation biocontrol • Focus on one crop • Select natural enemy – Do before season starts – Learn biology & ecology • Decide on protocol – Monitor pest – Use threshold to plan releases – Place orders early • Release – Observe quality control • Evaluation Ratio of enemy to pest?? • 1:10 a general rule • ‘Safe balance ratio’: • 1-7 pests/enemy • ‘Unsafe balance ratio’ • 10-20 pests/enemy Trichogramma (say: TRICK – o – gram – ma) • Tiny wasps • Lay their eggs in pest eggs • The most widely augmented enemy in the world Biocontrol of European corn borer • Egg parasitoid • Trichogramma ostriniae healthy –New species, 1980s • Research trials –Sweet corn: since 1991 • MA, NY parasitized –Peppers: 2002 – 2012 • VA, NY, PA, ME, MA, MD, DE Trichogramma ostriniae on sweet corn • 1st: inundative, every 2-3 days • Later: inoculative, early –Eggs glued on cards –Inoculative: One release of 30,000 wasps per acre when crop is knee-high –Place on plants or on wood stakes –Place at 1 or more sites per acre –Parasitism up to 52 days after release • Does not overwinter in NY Trichogramma ostriniae on peppers • 4 releases –1 week apart –mid July - mid August • Number released –1st: 90,000/A –then 120,000/A Cultural controls • Crop location • Crop rotation • Variety selection • Tillage • Mulching • Delayed planting • Trap cropping • Maintenance • Fertilizer • Irrigation Cultural Controls • Under-utilized tactics: –Delayed planting –Trap cropping –Combined delayed planting + trap cropping • Best as part of multi-tactic plan Delayed planting • Cucumber beetle –Problem if plant in late May –Less problem if plant in mid-June • Squash vine borer –Same • Bean leaf beetle –Peak populations in May, July –Fewer in June Adjust planting date for Cabbage Maggot • Crop most susceptible if in seedling stage when new adults are laying eggs • Emergence of the adults: – on different calendar dates each year – but always at the same time that certain well known plants are flowering GEN. PLANT AVG. BLOOM (Ohio) 1 yellow rocket early May 2 day lilies late June 3 Canada thistle early August 4 New England aster early Sept. Trap cropping • Lure pest away from main crop to a more attractive crop • Once the pest infests trap crop: –Leave it (sacrifice) or –Hand-pick pests from trap crop or –Spray trap crop with insecticide Trap cropping cash crop perimeter trap crop • Planting time options –Same time –2 weeks early for trap crop Perimeter trap crop • Collards around cabbage • Diamondback moth Cantaloupes surrounded by perimeter trap crop of buttercup squash Trap cropping examples Main crop Trap crop Target pest cabbage collards diamondback moth cabbage kale harlequin bug cucumber hubbard squash cucumber beetles peppers sweet corn (late) Europ. corn borer potato eggplant Colo. potato beetle To weed or not to weed? • Some weeds act as trap crop – Smartweed in sweet corn for Japanese beetle • Weeds are alternate hosts of some pests – Remove horsenettle to control pepper maggot – Remove curly dock to control rhubarb curculio Tillage • Deep thorough plowing affects: – Cutworms – Wireworms – Stalk borer (pupae) – Corn earworm (pupae) – Squash vine borer (pupae) • Reduced tillage becoming more common (for soil conservation) Irrigation • Affects diamondback moth – Sprinkler irrigation – 5 minutes at dusk – Daily – Disrupts flight and mating Fertilizer • Some pests like plants with excess nitrogen (e.g. some aphids) • Others opposite Reflective Mulch • repels immigrating winged aphids Cultural control: trade-offs E.g. Straw Mulch • Benefits –Moisture retention –Weed suppression –Reduces soil splash –Reduces fungal spore dispersal • Makes some pest problems worse –E.g. cucumber beetles, slugs Mechanical Controls • Exclusion • Removal Row covers • 1o for temperature control • Also block pests Row covers to exclude pests • Key pests –Worms on cole crops –Beetles on beans –Leafhoppers on beans • Disease vectors –Beetles on cucumbers (before flowering) Row covers to exclude pests • Install on day of planting • Remove – When first flowers appear (cucurbits) – At final harvest (broccoli, beans) Row covers to exclude pests • Lightweight –‘Agri-bon 15’, ‘Insect Barrier’ –90% light transmission (vs 70-85%
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